Risk factors for central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection: a 1073-patient study

We intended to evaluate the risk factors for catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI) with central venous (CV) catheters. For the hub of the CV line, we used three-way stopcocks in the first year of the study and closed needleless connectors (NCs) in the second year. Background factors included the age and sex of patients; the ward; the specialty service; the CV catheter and its days of placement; and the staff compounding the intravenous infusion, i.e., either nurses, who disinfect hands-free, or pharmacists using clean benches. Outcome factors included positive culture from the blood-related samples and the body temperature estimate. Of a total of 29 221 device-days in 1073 patients, positive cultures showed an overall incidence of 2.26 per 1000 device-days. Multivariate analysis showed a higher odds ratio of positive cultures for the ICU (odds ratio [OR], 4.415; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.054–9.490]) and for CV catheter placement for more than 30 days (OR, 7.529; 95% CI, 4.279–13.247), but no significance for male sex (OR, 1.752; 95% CI, 0.984–3.119) or for pharmacists’ compounding (OR, 2.150; 95% CI, 0.974–4.749). Univariate analysis showed no significance for the following factors: age more than 70 years (OR, 0.968; 95% CI 0.561–1.641), the surgery service (OR, 1.029; 95% CI, 0.582–1.818), double-lumen CV catheters (OR, 0.841; 95% CI, 0.465–1.521), or the NC (1.107; 95% CI, 0.673–1.821). We conclude that the theoretical benefit of the NC, the abolished dead space in the hub, contributed little to the outcomes of blood-related culture. The hands-free disinfection may have resulted in comparable odds ratios for the nurses and the pharmacists compounding the infusions.     

血液透析患者中心静脉导管发生相关血流感染危险因素的Meta分析

目的 通过Meta分析了解留置中心静脉导管的血液透析患者发生导管相关血流感染的危险因素。 方法 计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、Embase数据库,检索时限为建库至2020年12月31日,使用RevMan 5.3进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入20篇文献,包括29项相关危险因素,有统计学意义的危险因素包括合并糖尿病（OR=2.55）、血清白蛋白<30 g/L（OR=2.35）、CD4+细胞<200个/μl（OR=3.02）、急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ≥20分（OR=2.41）、股静脉置管（OR=1.94）、导管留置时间≥14 d（OR=3.20）、使用带隧道带涤纶套导管（OR=2.83）。 结论 合并糖尿病、低血清白蛋白、CD4+细胞<200个/μl、急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ≥20分、股静脉置管、导管留置时间≥14 d、使用带隧道带涤纶套导管是留置中心静脉导管的血液透析患者易发生导管相关血流感染,护理人员应充分关注该类患者。     

Each lumen is a potential source of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative rates of microbial colonization of individual lumens in triple-lumen central venous catheters (CVCs) and calculate the chance of detecting catheter-related blood stream infection (CRBSI) if only one lumen is sampled. DESIGN: Prospective evaluation of CVCs from suspected and nonsuspected CRBSI cases. SETTING: University teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Triple-lumen CVCs from 50 cases of suspected CRBSI (a raised peripheral white blood cell count, temperature >37 degrees C, and/or local signs of infection at the catheter skin entry site) were evaluated. For comparison, 50 triple-lumen CVCs routinely removed at the end of use were evaluated. MEASUREMENTS: In both groups, peripheral blood cultures were taken before CVC removal. After CVC removal, each lumen was sampled in vitro using the endoluminal brush, and the tip was then cultured using the Maki roll technique. MAIN RESULTS: CVCs causing CRBSI had significant microbial colonization in one, two, or three lumens in ten (40%), ten (40%), or five (20%) cases, respectively. Overall, random sampling of only one lumen in CVCs causing CRBSI had a 60% chance of detecting significant colonization. CONCLUSIONS: If only one CVC lumen is sampled, a negative result does not reliably rule out infection. Each lumen of multiple-lumen CVCs should be considered as a potential source of CRBSI.     

中心静脉导管相关血流感染的研究进展

中心静脉导管相关血流感染已经成为医院最常见的医院内获得性感染之一.作者结合国内外最新的研究进展,对中心静脉导管相关血流感染的流行病学、发病机制、诊断及预防和护理进行综述.     

血液肿瘤患儿中心静脉导管相关血流感染的危险因素分析

目的 探讨中心静脉导管(CVC)相关血流感染(CRBSI)在儿童血液肿瘤患者中的相关危险因素,为降低发生率及预防反复CRBSI提供临床指导.方法 收集2015年1月1日-2020年12月31日血液科行经外周静脉置入中心静脉置管(PICC)及完全植入式静脉输液港(PORT)植入的血液肿瘤患儿的基本信息,回顾性分析CRBS...     

"Targeting to zero" in pediatric oncology: a review of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections

Reducing or eliminating hospital acquired infections is a national quality of care priority. The majority of the 12,400 children diagnosed with cancer each year require long-term intravenous access to receive intensive and complex therapies. These children are at high risk for infection by nature of their disease and treatment, which often involves use of a central venous catheter (CVC). Throughout the nation, nurses assume frontline responsibility for safe, quality CVC care to minimize the risk of potentially life-threatening infections. Substantial financial and human costs are associated with CVC-related bloodstream infections, including prolonged hospital lengths of stay and increased care required to treat these infections. The purpose of this review of the literature is to summarize existing adult and pediatric data on CVC-related bloodstream infections and explore nursing models of CVC care that may improve pediatric oncology patient outcomes.     

中心静脉导管溶栓相关性血流感染的原因分析及预防

目的分析中心静脉导管溶栓相关性血流感染的原因并探讨预防措施。方法选择中心静脉导管血栓患者750例,采用尿激酶和华法林进行溶栓治疗。分析患者溶栓后血流感染病原菌分布情况及各类病原菌的耐药率,探讨溶栓相关性血流感染的预防措施。结果 750例中心静脉导管血栓患者中有60例发生血流感染,感染率为8%。60例感染者中,存在60株3大类病原菌(革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌、真菌),其中以革兰氏阳性菌为主(占68.33%),革兰氏阳性菌中主要致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(占58.34%)。3大类病原菌感染患者主要就诊科室为普外科和内分泌科。股静脉置管发生感染的比率(8.07%)较高,不同置管部位感染率差异不显著(P0.05)。置管时间越长感染率越高,置管时间21 d的患者感染率为21.43%,显著高于置管时间7 d患者的感染率3.14%。金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、氯霉素的耐药率达100%,完全不耐庆大霉素;9株表皮葡萄球菌完全耐万古霉素(100%),完全不耐氯霉素和庆大霉素;大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南的耐药率高达100%,几乎不耐氨苄西林,对其他药物如头孢唑林、头孢他啶、庆大霉素等具有一定耐药性。结论临床应依据患者感染病原菌种类和药敏试验结果选择合适的抗菌药物,以降低中心静脉导管溶栓相关性血流感染的发病率。     

Use of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection prevention practices by US hospitals

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent to which US acute care hospitals have adopted recommended practices to prevent central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSIs). PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Between March 16, 2005, and August 1, 2005, a survey of infection control coordinators was conducted at a national random sample of nonfederal hospitals with an intensive care unit and more than 50 hospital beds (n=600) and at all Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers (n=119). Primary outcomes were regular use of 5 specific practices and a composite approach for preventing CR-BSIs. RESULTS: The overall survey response rate was 72% (n=516). A higher percentage of VA compared to non-VA hospitals reported using maximal sterile barrier precautions (84% vs 71%; P=.01); chlorhexidine gluconate for insertion site antisepsis (91% vs 69%; P<.001); and a composite approach (62% vs 44%; P=.003) combining concurrent use of maximal sterile barrier precautions, chlorhexidine gluconate, and avoidance of routine central line changes. Those hospitals having a higher safety culture score, having a certified infection control professional, and participating in an infection prevention collaborative were more likely to use CR-BSI prevention practices. CONCLUSION: Most US hospitals are using maximal sterile barrier precautions and chlorhexidine gluconate, 2 of the most strongly recommended practices to prevent CR-BSIs. However, fewer than half of non-VA US hospitals reported concurrent use of maximal sterile barrier precautions, chlorhexidine gluconate, and avoidance of routine central line changes. Wider use of CR-BSI prevention practices by hospitals could be encouraged by fostering a culture of safety, participating in infection prevention collaboratives, and promoting infection control professional certification.     

The pathogenesis of catheter-related bloodstream infection with noncuffed short-term central venous catheters

OBJECTIVE: Short-term, noncuffed, percutaneously inserted central venous catheters (CVCs) are widely used and cause more than 250,000 bloodstream infections (BSIs) in hospitals each year in the United States. We report a prospective study undertaken to determine the pathogenesis of CVC-related BSI. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective cohort study in a university hospital 24-bed medical-surgical intensive care unit. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients participating in two randomized trials during 1998-2000-one studying the efficacy of a 1% chlorhexidine-75% alcohol solution for cutaneous antisepsis and the other a novel chlorhexidine-impregnated sponge dressing-formed the study population; CVC-related BSIs were considered to be extraluminally acquired if concordance was identified solely between isolates from catheter segments, skin, and blood cultures and intraluminally acquired if concordance was demonstrated only between hub or infusate and blood culture isolates, as confirmed by DNA subtyping of isolates from blood and catheter sites or infusate. RESULTS: Of 1,263 catheters (6075 CVC days) prospectively studied, 35 (2.7%) caused BSI (5.9 per 1000 CVC days); 27 were caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Overall, 45% of infections were extraluminally acquired, 26% were intraluminally derived, and the mechanism of infection was indeterminate in 29%. In the pooled control groups of the two trials, 25 CVC-related BSIs occurred (7.0 per 1000 CVC days), of which 60% of infections were extraluminally acquired, 12% were intraluminally derived and 28% were indeterminate. In contrast, CVC-related BSIs in the treatment groups were most often intraluminally derived (60%, p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Most catheter-related BSIs with short-term percutaneously inserted, noncuffed CVCs were extraluminally acquired and derived from the cutaneous microflora. Strategies achieving successful suppression of cutaneous colonization can substantially reduce the risk of catheter-related BSI with short-term CVCs.     

Influence of insertion site on central venous catheter colonization and bloodstream infection rates

OBJECTIVE: To compare colonization and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI) rates among three insertion sites (subclavian, internal jugular, femoral) used for central venous catheter (CVC) placement. DESIGN: Twenty-four-month prospective study, with relative effects analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression. SETTING: Eight-bed intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Four hundred and ten critically ill patients requiring CVC placement. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: All short-term multi-lumen CVCs, including antimicrobial-coated devices, were studied with management standardized. Six hundred and five CVCs (4,040 catheter days) were analyzed. Colonization and CR-BSI incidence were, respectively, 15.1 (95% CI 13.5-21.0) and 1.8 (95% CI 1.2-4.2) per 1,000 catheter-days. Colonization was higher at the internal jugular (HR 3.64; 95% CI 1.32-10.00; p=0.01) and femoral (HR 5.15; 95% CI 1.82-14.51; p=0.004) sites than at the subclavian site. The femoral site carried a greater risk of being colonized by non-S. epidermidis species than the subclavian and internal jugular sites combined (HR 4.15; 95% CI 1.79-9.61; p=0.001). CVCs inserted in the Department of Emergency Medicine were more colonized than those inserted in the ICU or operating room (HR 2.66; 95% CI 1.27-5.56; p=0.01), and CVCs were less colonized in females than in males (HR 0.49; 95% CI 0.26-0.89; p=0.02). No difference in CR-BSI rates was noted between the three sites. CONCLUSIONS: Colonization was lowest at the subclavian site. Regional differences exist with respect to type of pathogen isolated. Colonization was influenced by insertion location and gender. The incidence of CR-BSI was not different.     

抗感染中心静脉导管预防导管相关性血流感染的效果

目的评价抗感染中心静脉导管在预防导管相关性血流感染（CRBSI）中的临床价值。方法采用随机数字法,将850例肿瘤患者随机分为实验组420例（采用抗感染中心静脉导管）和对照组430例（采用普通中心静脉导管）,比较两组CRBSI发生率,分析导管相关性血流感染病原菌的种类与特点。结果发生CRBS166例,其中实验组25例,对照组41例,两组导管留置7d前CRBSI感染牢差异无统计学意义（χ2=0．06,P〉0．05）,7d后实验组CRBSI感染率较对照组低,差异有统计学意义（χ2分别为3．91,4．30,P〈0．05）。实验组减少导管相关性血流感染的病原体主要为革兰阳性菌。结论抗感染中心静脉导管可明显减少导管相关性血流感染的发生,有很大的临床价值。     

Impact of oligon central venous catheters on catheter colonization and catheter-related bloodstream infection

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a new antimicrobial treatment for central venous catheters in comparison with a traditional treatment, by assessing the catheter colonization and catheter-related bloodstream infection rates in two groups of patients. DESIGN: Multiple-center, prospective randomized study. SETTING: The medical and surgical departments of ten institutions. PATIENTS: Patients requiring a central venous catheter for medical or surgical pathologies between June 2000 and November 2001. INTERVENTIONS: Patients in the control group received a conventional benzalkonium-treated double-lumen central venous catheter, while patients in the oligon group received an oligon-treated (polyurethane combined with silver, carbon, and platinum) catheter with the same characteristics. Data collection included demographics, preexisting clinical conditions, main pathology, catheter insertion, and management data. Catheter colonization was defined as the growth of > or = 15 colony-forming units in culture of catheter segments by the roll-plate method, or > or = 1000 colony-forming units for the sonication method, and catheter-related bloodstream infection was defined as isolation of the same organism from the colonized catheter and from the peripheral blood of a patient with clinical signs of bloodstream infection. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data were obtained from 545 catheters. Of these, 132 catheters (24.2%) were positive for colonization. Patients in the oligon group demonstrated a lower risk for catheter colonization in the overall population (relative risk, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-0.86; p = .003) and in the surgical subgroup (relative risk, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.76;p = .001). Significant differences between groups were detected for coagulase-negative staphylococci and Gram-negative bacilli colonization rates. Twenty-one patients (3.8%) were positive for catheter-related bloodstream infection, without significant differences between control and oligon groups. CONCLUSIONS: Oligon treatment is effective in limiting the catheter colonization rate. Due to the limited amount of events, this study lacked the power to detect significant differences in terms of catheter-related bloodstream infection rate.     

集束化护理在预防中心静脉导管相关性血流感染中的循证实践

目的 探讨集束化护理在预防中心静脉导管相关性血流感染中的应用并评价其效果。方法 纳入重症医学科在岗护士76名。选取2019年3-6月入住重症医学科留置中心静脉导管(central venous catfeter,CVC)的87例患者为对照组,2019年11月-2020年2月入住重症医学科留置CVC的83例患者为观察组,对照组采用常规护理,观察组采用基于循证实践的集束化护理,比较证据应用前后,ICU护士对CRBSI预防及管理的认知水平及2组中心静脉置管患者CRBSI的发生率。结果 最佳证据应用后,ICU护士对CRBSI预防及管理的相关知识得分高于应用前(t=16.367,P＜0.001),观察组导管相关性血流感染的发生率为明显低于对照组(χ²=4.088,P=0.043)。 结论 基于最佳证据的集束化护理措施的应用,可提升护理人员对证据相关知识的掌握程度,提高规范执行率,降低中心静脉导管相关性血流感染发生率,提高护理质量。     

应用乙醇封管技术预防中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的研究

综述了应用乙醇封管技术预防中心静脉导管相关性血流感染（CRBSI）的研究现状,提出乙醇封管技术还存在很多争议,如乙醇浓度、乙醇在管腔内保留的时间、是否联用抗凝剂、是否联合全身性抗生素治疗、乙醇的慢性中毒反应等。应用乙醇封管技术预防CRBSI还需要多中心、大样本的随机对照实验,为这项技术的应用提供强有力的证据。     

Isolation of Staphylococcus epidermidis intermediately resistant to vancomycin in a case of central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection

The emergence and spread of vancomycin resistance among staphylococci, although rarely described in Japan to date, are major clinical concerns. We describe a case of central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection in which Staphylococcus epidermidis intermediately resistant to vancomycin (minimum inhibitory concentration, 8 μg/ml) was isolated. The patient fully recovered with removal of the intravenous catheter.     

最大无菌屏障与中心静脉导管相关血流感染关系的Meta分析

目的 探讨最大无菌屏障与预防中心静脉导管相关血流感染的相关性.方法 采取Meta分析法,对医院重症监护室或肿瘤患者实施中心静脉置管时采用最大无菌屏障来预防导管相关血流感染的作用进行研究和分析.结果 依据本研究标准,将8篇个案研究资料纳入分析范围,根据异质性检验水准(d=0.1),选择随机效应模型分析,结果显示最大无菌屏障可降低中心静脉导管相关血流感染发生率(OR =0.35,95％ CI =0.24 ～0.53;P＜0.01).结论 最大无菌屏障可降低中心静脉导管相关血流感染发生率,可作为导管相关血流感染重要预防措施.     

Prevention of infection: central venous catheters

This article demonstrates how with set protocols, training and meticulous attention to detail, sepsis can be almost eradicated in central venous catheters.     

万古霉素封管治疗中心静脉导管金黄色葡萄球菌感染的疗效观察

目的 观察万古霉素、浓肝素钠溶液交替封管对中心静脉导管金黄色葡萄球菌感染的疗效.方法 选取空军总医院血液净化中心金黄色葡萄球菌导致的中心静脉导管相关血流感染(catheter-re lat ed bloodstream infection,CRBSI)20例,万古霉素、浓肝素钠溶液每6h交替封管,同时全身应用万古霉素.结果 20例CRBSI患者中,糖尿病肾病的比例明显高于非CRBSI组,2组比较有统计学差异(45% 比19.6%,χ2>2=4.73,P＜0.05);经过万古霉素、浓肝素钠溶液交替封管,20例CRBSI患者中14例有效,有效率为70%,5例拔管,拔管率25%,1例死亡;有效病例的血红蛋白[(96.5±19.2)g/L比(92.2 ±22.1)g/L,t=2.4,P＜0.05]、血白蛋白[(35.6±3.8)g/L比(32.7±4.2)g/L,t=2.3,P＜0.05]水平高于无效病例,差异有统计学意义.结论 万古霉素、浓肝素钠溶液交替封管可以明显降低金黄色葡萄球菌导致的CRBSI的拔管率.