微囊藻毒素的检测与污染控制技术研究进展

微囊藻毒素是富营养化的淡水水体中常见的藻类毒素,由于其毒性大,分布广,结构稳定,成为水环境中的潜在危害物质之一.随着世界各国对微囊藻毒素的重视,中国也在相关水质标准中增添了微囊藻毒素这一指标.因此,水环境中微囊藻毒素的检测与控制越来越凸显其重要性.笔者系统地介绍了近几年国内外对饮用水中微囊藻毒素的检测技术和污染控制技术的研究状况,提出开发高效、廉价的藻毒素处理技术将成为今后的一个研究方向.     

水环境中微囊藻毒素检测技术研究进展

微囊藻毒素主要是由蓝绿藻产生的一类毒素,是淡水水体污染范围最广的一类藻毒素。随着水体受藻类毒素污染频度的增加,微囊藻毒素受关注的程度亦日渐加大,对自然水体中微囊藻毒素的检测和控制也变得越来越重要,而检测更是控制的基础。选择一种快速、经济、敏感的检测水环境中微囊藻毒素的方法已必不可少。笔者较详细地综述了目前国内外微囊藻毒素的各种检测方法及其成果,指出了其优缺点,并在此基础上,展望了自然水体中微囊藻毒素检测方法的发展方向。     

螺旋藻类保健食品生产原料及产品中微囊藻毒素污染现状调查

为了观察微囊藻毒素对螺旋藻类保健食品的污染状况 ,于 2 0 0 2年 7～ 8月份对江苏、云南、福建和广东我国主要螺旋藻生产基地的 33份水源水、1 60份养殖用水、86份螺旋藻浆、70份螺旋藻原料粉进行了微囊藻毒素的测定 ,同时随机采集了上述四省的 1 9种 71份市售螺旋藻产品 ,用ELISA法对样品的微囊藻毒素进行测定。结果提示 :水源水中的 1 2份自来水样中均未检测出微囊藻毒素 ,9份地下水样中有 6份、1 2份地表水样中有 8份检测出不同污染水平的微囊藻毒素 ;1 60份螺旋藻养殖场池水和 86份螺旋藻浆中的微囊藻毒素平均污染水平分别是 2 0 7 9pg ml和 31 9ng g ,两者相差 1 53倍 ;70份螺旋藻原料粉中的微囊藻毒素平均污染水平是 2 0 6 4ng g;1 9种 71份市售螺旋藻产品中总微囊藻毒素污染水平平均为 31 7 2ng g,其中主要剂型是片剂和胶囊 ,片剂和胶囊中的微囊藻毒素污染平均水平分别为 1 4 2 7ng g和 2 2 2 6ng g。提示螺旋藻生产过程和市售产品中均有不同程度的微囊藻毒素污染 ,通过服用螺旋藻而摄入的微囊藻毒素对人类健康的影响不可忽视 ,有必要进行深入研究 ,制定符合我国特点的藻类保健食品中微囊藻毒素限量标准     

我国水源水及饮用水中微囊藻毒素的污染现状及影响因素研究

微囊藻毒素是地表水中常见的藻毒素,广泛分布于全世界各种类型的水域。目前已知微囊藻毒素-LR具有极强的肝毒性,达到极低浓度即可对人体健康造成严重危害,因此对于集中式供水水源地正遭受微囊藻毒素污染的报道尤为引人关注。本文综述了近年来关于我国水源水及出厂水中微囊藻毒素的污染现状及与疾病的关系,探讨了微囊藻毒素浓度变化的相关影响因素,为加强对水源水及饮用水中微囊藻毒素的监测和治理,保护人民群众的身心健康提供科学的依据。     

江西鄱阳湖微囊藻毒素污染及其在鱼体内的动态研究

为了解淡水湖泊微囊藻毒素污染水平和掌握其在鱼体内的动态变化 ,2 0 0 0年 7月和 10月份采集了江西鄱阳湖的水样及鱼样 ,用ELISA法对样品的微囊藻毒素进行测定。结果显示 ,7月份和 10月份各采样点水样都有蓝藻的污染 ,蓝藻已成为鄱阳湖的优势藻种。 10月份各点微囊藻毒素高于 7月份 ,10月份污染较重的采样点 (岸边、永修河 )微囊藻毒素平均含量 888 8pg ml,是污染轻的采样点 (蚌湖 1、蚌湖 2和大湖池 )微囊藻毒素平均含量 83 6pg ml的 10倍左右 ,其中以永修河水最高为 10 3 6 9pg ml。各采样点鱼肌肉和鱼肝样中都可以测出微囊藻毒素 ,10月份鱼肌肉微囊藻毒素含量约是 7月份肌肉的 1 2～ 2倍 ,10月份鱼肝微囊藻毒素含量约是 7月份鱼肝脏的 2～ 2 0倍。污染较重的采样点 (岸边、永修河 ) 10月份鱼肝微囊藻毒素平均含量为 2 7 2ng g,明显高于污染轻的采样点 (蚌湖 1、蚌湖 2和大湖池 ,平均含量 2 8ng g)。本研究为微囊藻毒素对水产品的污染和制订其在水产品中的限量标准提供依据     

淡水湖泊微囊藻毒素的污染和毒理学研究

微囊藻毒素是淡水湖泊蓝藻产生的一类肽类毒素 ,它的产生受到藻类的遗传和环境因素共同影响。微囊藻毒以肝脏为靶器官 ,通过多种作用引起肝细胞坏死 ,抑制蛋白磷酸酶 1(PP1)和蛋白磷酸酶 2A(PP2A)的活性 ,具有致癌性 ,是肿瘤促进剂。微囊藻及其毒素的污染已成为一个受人关注的公共卫生问题。由于微囊藻毒素污染的广泛性、持续性以及它所具有的热稳定性和水溶性 ,可能存在潜在的食品安全问题。本文综述了微囊藻及其毒素的污染、微囊藻毒素的产生原因和毒理学研究现状 ,预防的基本原则 ,并就其在食品安全方面将要开展的工作提出了一些建议     

饮用水源水中微囊藻毒素与蓝藻相关性研究

[目的]了解S市饮用水源中微囊藻毒素与浮游藻类的污染状况,并初步探讨微囊藻毒素 LR浓度与蓝藻细胞密度之间的关系。[方法]对S市饮用水源中微囊藻毒素及浮游藻类进行了为期1年的动态监测。[结果]藻细胞密度和藻毒素浓度呈现出明显的季节波动,在夏秋初季节形成污染高峰,最大值分别达到8.78×10 6个/L和2 .3 8μg/L ;而藻类种属构成比也有一定的季节性差异,含较多产毒藻种的蓝藻类在夏秋季节比例最高,而硅藻则在冬春季节达到最大密度;另一方面,水源中微囊藻毒素 LR的浓度与蓝藻细胞密度成正相关关系。[结论]有必要加强城市供水系统中藻类(特别是蓝藻)及其毒素污染的监测,而以饮用水源中蓝藻细胞密度作为一个预警指标是一个切实可行的方法.     

太湖淡水螺体内微囊藻毒素污染动态研究

目的了解太湖淡水螺体内微囊藻毒素的污染状况及其富集规律。方法实验模拟环形螺生长环境,在养殖水中添加8μg/L的微囊藻毒素,实验为期50 d,每隔10 d进行取样。同时,2011年5月和7月,采集太湖梅梁湾两个监测点的水样和环形螺,采用液质联用方法测定水样和环形螺中可食组织、不可食组织中微囊藻毒素含量。结果养殖试验中各组织均有微囊藻毒素积累,可食组织中积累量缓慢持续上升,不可食组织中毒素积累呈波浪形上升;不可食组织(最大值为9.44μg/kg)对毒素的积累能力明显大于可食组织(最大值为1.6μg/kg)。两个监测点螺蛳的可食部分和不可食部分中均检微囊藻毒素,不可食部分微囊藻毒素含量是可食部分的5.4~11.7倍。结论太湖环形螺体内存在微囊藻毒素污染,且存在富集作用。     

微囊藻毒素对鱼类毒性效应的研究进展

微囊藻毒素是由蓝藻产生的一类藻毒素.含一定浓度微囊藻毒素的水体可引起水生动物的不良反应,特别是鱼类.该文通过综述微囊藻毒素对鱼类胚胎孵化和发育的影响、对鱼类行为和生长的影响、在鱼类组织中的积累、对鱼类组织器官的影响,总结微囊藻毒素对鱼类的毒性效应.微囊藻毒素主要在鱼类肝脏中积累,还可在消化道和肌肉等组织中积累.在饥饿状...     

014 微囊藻毒素污染状况、检测及其毒效应

随着水体污染逐渐加重,出现富营养化而导致的蓝藻水华日趋普遍,微囊藻毒素污染已成为一个全球关注的环境问题.微囊藻毒素是淡水湖泊、水库蓝藻产生的一类具有生物活性的环状七肽物质,它的产生受到藻类的遗传和环境因素共同影响,它能抑制蛋白磷酸脂酶1(PP1)和2A(PP2A)的活性,是一种强烈的肝脏肿瘤促进剂,并具有心、肾及胃肠毒性.本文概述了近年来在微囊藻毒素的结构特性、污染状况、检测及其毒效应等方面的研究进展.     

某湖周围水厂源水及出厂水微囊藻毒素调查

应用酶联免疫吸附试验对于１９９６年８月至９月间从某湖周围７个自来水厂的源水和出厂自来水样进行微囊藻毒素测定。结果从７个自来水厂不同时期采集的源水样中均检测到此毒素，其浓度范围在２８０～３５３００ｎｇ／Ｌ之间；另外在３个自来水厂的出厂水中检出低浓度的毒素（１２８～１４００ｎｇ／Ｌ）。提示常用的饮水消毒处理并不能完全消除水体中的微囊藻毒素。     

饮用水藻类和藻毒素污染控制与处理研究进展

系统介绍了近几年国内外饮用水藻类和毒素污染控制及处理方法的研究近况;藻毒素的理化特性和控制标准;提出了一些今后在藻毒素污染控制及处理方面值得进一步研究及需要关注的问题。     

Cyanobacterial toxins: removal during drinking water treatment, and human risk assessment

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) produce toxins that may present a hazard for drinking water safety. These toxins (microcystins, nodularins, saxitoxins, anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s), cylindrospermopsin) are structurally diverse and their effects range from liver damage, including liver cancer, to neurotoxicity. The occurrence of cyanobacteria and their toxins in water bodies used for the production of drinking water poses a technical challenge for water utility managers. With respect to their removal in water treatment procedures, of the more than 60 microcystin congeners, microcystin-LR (L, L-leucine; R, L-arginine) is the best studied cyanobacterial toxin, whereas information for the other toxins is largely lacking. In response to the growing concern about nonlethal acute and chronic effects of microcystins, the World Health Organization has recently set a new provisional guideline value for microcystin-LR of 1.0 microg/L drinking water. This will lead to further efforts by water suppliers to develop effective treatment procedures to remove these toxins. Of the water treatment procedures discussed in this review, chlorination, possibly micro-/ultrafiltration, but especially ozonation are the most effective in destroying cyanobacteria and in removing microcystins. However, these treatments may not be sufficient during bloom situations or when a high organic load is present, and toxin levels should therefore be monitored during the water treatment process. In order to perform an adequate human risk assessment of microcystin exposure via drinking water, the issue of water treatment byproducts will have to be addressed in the future.     

Toxic cyanobacteria and their toxins in standing waters of Kenya: implications for water resource use

Phytoplankton biodiversity studies in Kenya's standing waters were carried out between 2001 and 2003. Toxin producing cyanobacteria were recorded in twelve water bodies. Microcystis and Anabaena were the most common species in freshwaters while Anabaena and Anabaenopsis were common in alkaline saline lakes. Seven lakes with cyanobacteria blooms and a hot spring had detectable levels of microcystins and anatoxin-a. Cell bound microcystins (LR equivalents) concentration ranged from 1.6-19800 microgg(-1) Dry Weight (DW) while anatoxin-a varied from below the limit of detection to 1260 microgg(-1) DW. In alkaline-saline lakes, microcystins and anatoxin-a were also present in stomach contents and liver samples of dead flamingos. Monoculture strains of A. fusiformis from Lakes Sonachi and Bogoria had detectable levels of microcystins while anatoxin-a was present in strains isolated from Lakes Sonachi, Bogoria and Nakuru. Two freshwater sites, Nyanza Gulf (L. Victoria) and Lake Baringo recorded cyanotoxin concentration exceeding WHO'S upper limit of 1.0 microgl(-1) for drinking water. The results confirm that cyanotoxins could have played a role in the mortality of flamingos in Lakes Bogoria and Nakuru. The implications of these findings on water resource use, measures to be taken to reduce the risk of exposure and eutrophication control steps to reduce cyanobacteria bloom formation are considered in this paper.     

Reduction of trihalomethane formation and detoxification of microcystins in tap water by ozonation

The efficiency of ozonation in comparison to chlorination for removal of microcystins and production of trihalomethanes (THMs) in water was investigated. One hundred and ninety water samples of ozone and chlorine treated water were collected at a water treatment plant between August 2004 and March 2005. The level of THMs, total organic carbon and residual chlorine were determined. Protein phosphatase 2A inhibition assay was used to detect microcystins and the presence of microcystins was confirmed by HPLC. The results show that 91.5% of the THM species in treated water was chloroform and 8.5% was bromodichloromethane. The mean THM level+/- standard error of mean in chlorinated water (CW) (45.1+/-3.0 microg/L) was higher than the mean of THM level in ozonated water (OW) (18.6+/-2.2 microg/L). In addition, no OW sample exceeded the first stage U.S. EPA maximum THM contaminant level for drinking water (80 microg/L) and only 8% of these samples exceeded the second stage level (40 microg/L). On the other hand, 3% of CW samples exceeded 80 microg/L and 68% exceeded the 40 microg/L level. The microcystin level in all water samples was below the WHO guideline value (1 microg/L) for drinking water.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水体中微囊藻毒素

目的建立测定水体中微囊藻毒素的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。方法通过固相萃取富集净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定水中微囊藻毒素-LR。结果该方法检出限为0.04μg/L;线性定量范围为10～1 000μg/L,平均回收率为97.20%,平均相对标准偏差为4.71%。结论本文建立的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法为水质微囊藻毒素监测提供了一种快速、准确、灵敏的分析方法。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法测定饮用水中5种微囊藻毒素

目的建立液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定饮用水中5种微囊藻毒素(MC-LR、MC-LW、MC-RR、MC-LF、MC-YR)检测的方法。方法采用直接进样方式,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC/MS/MS)测定饮用水和水源水中的微囊藻毒素。水样经0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤,采用HPLC/MS/MS电喷雾电离阳离子(ESI+),多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,外标法定量。结果方法的线性范围为0.5～50.0μg/L,线性相关系数0.9994～1.0000,检出限0.06～0.08μg/L;高低两个水平的平均加标回收率分别为91.2%～102%和93.0%～99.0%;相对标准偏差(RSD)2.11%～3.264%;日内重复取样测定的RSD≤3.26%,日间重复取样测定的RSD≤4.36%。结论该方法可用于测定水中5种微囊藻毒素,方法操作简单、干扰少、快速、准确可靠,检测方法的检出限、精密度和加标回收率符合国家生活饮用水标准检验方法对质量控制的要求。     

饮用水中微囊藻毒素快速检测方法的应用研究

目的：探讨快速检测方法（ELISA）检测饮用水中微囊藻毒素的实用性和优越性。方法：按要求采集农村集中式水厂源水，同时用HPLC法和ELISA法双盲测定，比较结果；选择微囊藻毒素高、中、低3种不同浓度的水体，分别加入不同浓度的微囊藻毒素标准用ELISA法各进行6次测定，统计出相应的回收率及相对标准偏差。结果：ELISA法检测饮用水中微囊藻毒素准确度及精密度较理想，与HPLC法比较，无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：ELISA法实用、准确、简便、快速，适合大批量样品的测定。     

饮用水源藻类及其毒素污染与消化系统肿瘤的关系

目的 分析江苏省饮用水源富营养化现状,探讨藻类及其毒素污染与消化道肿瘤的关系。方法 对近期江苏省水源水质评价的监测资料和公开发表的论资料进行整理和再分析。理化指标检测按“生活饮用水标准检验法”GB5750—85进行。藻类数量种群和叶绿素分级评价按(湖泊富营养化调查规范)进行。藻类毒素用竞争酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法进行测定。结果 水源水中藻类种届主要为蓝藻门、隐藻门、硅藻门、绿藻门。富营养化严重程度依次为太湖、骆马湖、北山水库、如东内河和运河,最低是长江(贫营养)。不同饮用水源类型中藻毒素含量阳性率高低顺序是：太湖水源水、沟塘水、河水、浅井,而深井水为0,太湖水为水源的水厂其出厂水有阳性。饮用不同水源的肝癌死亡串高低顺序为沟塘水、河水和浅井水,这与藻毒素污染程度一致。全省9个消化道肿瘤高发县均为太湖、洪泽湖流域和水网地区,而低发地区为非水网地区或多山地区。结论 江苏省饮用水源藻类及藻毒素污染已成为水源水质普遍恶化的重要因素。藻类污染的优势种群突出,富营养化程度比较严重。藻类及藻毒素污染与人群消化道肿瘤有联系。     

Reduction of trihalomethane formation and detoxification of microcystins in tap water by ozonation

The efficiency of ozonation in comparison to chlorination for removal of microcystins and production of trihalomethanes (THMs) in water was investigated. One hundred and ninety water samples of ozone and chlorine treated water were collected at a water treatment plant between August 2004 and March 2005. The level of THMs, total organic carbon and residual chlorine were determined. Protein phosphatase 2A inhibition assay was used to detect microcystins and the presence of microcystins was confirmed by HPLC. The results show that 91.5% of the THM species in treated water was chloroform and 8.5% was bromodichloromethane. The mean THM level± standard error of mean in chlorinated water (CW) (45.1±3.0 μg/L) was higher than the mean of THM level in ozonated water (OW) (18.6±2.2 μg/L). In addition, no OW sample exceeded the first stage U.S. EPA maximum THM contaminant level for drinking water (80 μg/L) and only 8% of these samples exceeded the second stage level (40 μg/L). On the other hand, 3% of CW samples exceeded 80 μg/L and 68% exceeded the 40 μg/L level. The microcystin level in all water samples was below the WHO guideline value (1 μg/L) for drinking water.