拉米夫定治疗HBeAg阴性的慢性HBV感染近期临床观察

观察和评价拉米夫定治疗ＨＢｅＡｇ阴性慢性ＨＢＶ感染的近期疗效。ＨＢｅＡｇ阴性／ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ阳性的慢性ＨＢｖ感染者２６例（包括１１例乙肝肝硬化），ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性／ＨＢＶ　ＤＮＡ阳性的慢性ＨＢＶ感染者３０例（包括１０例乙肝肝硬化），均以拉米夫定治疗６个月后进行疗效评价，并继续观察５－１６个月。两组的ＡＬＴ／ＡＳＴ复常率分别为８４．７％／８８．５％和８６．７％／８６．７％（Ｐ＞０．０５），肝硬化患者Ｃｈｉｌｄ－Ｐｕｇｈ积分均明显下降，ＨＢＶ　ＤＮＡ全部阴转。ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性组３例发生ＹＭＤＤ变异，ＨＢｅＡｇ阴性组无１例变异。拉米夫定对于ＨＢｅＡｇ阴性／ＨＢＶ　ＤＮＡ阳性者，同样是十分安全有效的抗病毒治疗药物。ＨＢｅＡｇ阴性者的耐药发生率可能低于ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性者。     

拉米夫定治疗乙型肝炎时其病毒发生YMDD变异的临床影响及处理

目的　研究拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎时病毒发生ＹＭＤＤ变异对临床的影响及处理措施。方法　随机选择６６例病人用拉米夫定治疗（１００ｍｇ／ｄ）４８周,２０例病人服用安慰剂作对照共１２周,１２周结束后继续服用拉米夫定１００ｍｇ／ｄ共３６周。每隔４周检测一次血清ＨＢＶ　ＤＮＡ、ＡＬＴ和ＹＭＤＤ变异,到治疗４８周为止。结果　治疗４８周结束时,共有１８例病人出现ＹＭＤＤ变异,变异率为２０．９％。其中２例在服药３６周时发生变异,其余１６例在服药４８周时发生。服药４８周时,变异者和非变异者的ＡＬＴ和ＨＢＶ　ＤＮＡ的检测结果：变异者分别为（３６．２±４６．１）Ｕ／Ｌ和（１４．３ ± ２７．２）ｐｇ／ｍｌ,非变异者分别为（２０．４ ± １２．５）Ｕ／Ｌ和（２．５ ± ６．１）ｐｇ／ｍｌ,经Ｗｉｌｃｏｘｓｏｎ检验均有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。发生变异的１８例病人继续服药,其中２例病人出现病情的急性发作,分别于８０周和９２周停药。经临床对症治疗,ＡＬＴ均恢复正常。其余１６例病人继续服药至１０４周。结论　拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎过程中,必须严密观察ＹＭＤＤ变异,一旦病人因ＹＭＤＤ变异出现病情急性发作,应停用拉米夫定。     

拉米夫定相关性HBV变异对乙型肝炎预后的影响

目的 进一步探讨拉米夫定相关性ＨＢＶ变异对患者临床经过的影响。方法 将接受拉米夫定治疗１００ｍｇ／ｄ的８２例患者在第１０４周按其发生变异程序分为完全变异、部分变异和无变异３组,分别进行肝功能和血清学指标比较。结果 在第１０４周,Ｆ和Ｍ组无１例ＨＢｃＡｇ阴国专,而Ｎ组有１８例ＨＢｅＡｇ阴转 ,１１例ｃＡｇ／抗－ＨＢｅ血清转换;拉米夫定相关性ＨＢＶ变异发生后ＡＬＴ可增高,完全变异组Ｈ ＢＶＤＮＡ水平明     

拉米规定治疗慢性乙型肝炎2年临床疗效及病毒的变异

目的 研究拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎病人２年的临床疗效。方法 ８８例病人按３：１比例随机分成治疗组和安慰剂组,每日服拉米夫定１００ｍｇ和安慰剂各一片,１２周以后全部服拉米夫定每日１００ｍｇ,持续到１０４周。定期检测ＡＬＴ、ＨＢＶＤＮＡ、ＨＢｅＡｇ和抗－ＨＢｅ。用ＰＣＲ后直接测序方法检测ＹＭＤＤ变异。结果 ７５例病人完成２年试验。１２周时,治疗组和安慰剂组ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阴转分别为４７例（８０％）和４例     

拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎过程中HBV发生YMDD变异的检测

目的建立乙型肝炎病毒Ｐ基因区ＹＭＤＤ变异的检测方法,对用拉米夫定治疗５２周出现耐药的病人进行检测。方法从８８例治疗病人中选择１０例服用该药后ＨＢＶＤＮＡ转阴（＜１．６ｐｇ／ｍｌ）,５２周时又反跳≥２０ｐｇ／ｍｌ的病人,用 ＰＣＲ后直接测序的方法,分别对 ０周和 ５２周标本进行 ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ聚合酶活性区域的测序。结果 １０例服药５２周后ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ反跳病人中７例测得ＨＢＶ ＹＭＤＤ变异。其变异分为两种类型：第一种类型为ＹＶＤＤ有５例,有核苷酸Ａ７４１→Ｇ,均伴有Ａ６６９→Ｃ的变异。第二种类型为ＹＩＤＤ有２例,有核苷酸Ｇ７４３→Ｔ,其中１例还有Ｔ７８１→Ｃ。结论少数病人在拉米夫定治疗过程中出现耐药,可能和ＨＢＶ ＹＭＤＤ变异有关。     

拉米夫定相关性病毒变异的临床研究

长期应用拉米夫定可诱导ＨＢＶ发生ＹＭＤＤ变异 ,因此病毒变异后的影响成为人们倍受关注的问题。我院在用拉米夫定治疗 3年以上的 46例患者中检测ＨＢＶ的ＹＭＤＤ变异 ,并对这些患者进行了 1年以上的随访。资料与方法选择我院门诊中年龄 16～ 65岁 ,ＨＢｓＡｇ和ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性半年以上 ,ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性 ,筛选前 3个月ＡＬＴ在正常上限 10倍以下的患者。剔除ＨＩＶ、ＨＣＶ或ＨＤＶ血清病毒学标志和自身抗体阳性 ,失代偿期肝病和有心、肺、肾等重要脏器损害的患者及妊娠妇女。所有患者服用拉米夫定 10 0ｍｇ/ｄ治疗 ,在第 48周、10 4周…     

PCR直接法检测HBsAg阴性肝病的价值

目的研究ＨＢｓＡｇ阴性肝病患者和自然人群中乙肝病毒（ＨＢＶ）携带者。方法采用ＤＮＡＰＣＲ直接法测定急、慢性肝炎，肝硬变和单项ＡＬＴ增高者共２３１例ＨＢｓＡｇ阴性患者中ＨＢＶＤＮＡ，２４０例ＨＢＶ标志阴性的自然人群对照。结果检出率在患者组和对照组分别为３３．７％（７８／２３１）和１１．５％（２８／２４０），Ｐ＜０．０１。单项ＡＬＴ增高组最高，达６６．７％（１０／１５），其他依次为慢肝组（ＣＨ）４１．９％（１３／３１）、肝硬变组（ＬＣ）３０．７％（５２／１６９）和急肝组１８．７％（３／１０）。单项ＡＬＴ增高组与ＬＣ、急肝组有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论在ＨＢｓＡｇ阴性的肝病患者和自然人群中均有ＨＢＶ携带者     

PCR检测HBV感染患者血清HBV DNA的临床意义

目的探讨急、慢性乙型肝炎及与ＨＢＶ感染相关的肝硬变和肝癌患者血清ＨＢＶＤＮＡ的临床意义．方法应用ＰＣＲ技术检测不同ＨＢＶ感染２０５例，患者血清ＨＢＶＤＮＡ，并与正常人２０例作比较．结果ＨＢＶ感染患者２０５例血清ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性率为６９３％，慢性乙肝、乙肝后肝硬变和肝癌患者的阳性率分别为７６４％，７１９％和７００％，显著高于急性乙肝患者２１７％的阳性率（Ｐ＜００１）；ＨＢｅＡｇ（＋）患者血清ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性率为９３６％，显著高于ＨＢｅＡｇ（－）抗ＨＢｅ（＋）／（－）和ＨＢｓＡｇ（－）患者的阳性率（４５６％，２５０％和１２５％，Ｐ＜００１）；血清ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性和阴性两组患者的血清ＡＬＴ水平无明显差异（Ｐ＞００５）．结论血清中ＨＢＶＤＮＡ持续存在可能与乙型肝炎的慢性化有关，而与ＨＢＶ感染患者的肝损伤无明显关系     

血清HBV-DNA定量PCR检测对干扰素治疗的指导意义

目的 探讨有限稀释定量ＰＣＲ检测血清ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ对干扰素抗病毒治疗的指导意义。方法 利用有限稀释定量ＰＣＲ技术分别检测３８例ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＢｅＡｇ双阳性患者α－２ｂ干扰素治疗前后血清ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ含量。结果 ３８例患者干扰素治疗１２周ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ阴转７例（１８．４％）;治疗２４周阴转１１例（２８．９％）。其中病毒滴度〉２５０ｐｇ／ｍＬ者阴转１１．１％（１／９）;病毒滴度２５ｆｇ￣２５０ｐｇ／ｍ     

2002年欧洲肝病年会信息

第 3 7届欧洲肝病年会于 2 0 0 2年 4月在西班牙马德里召开 ,病毒性肝炎治疗的主要内容为拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎及其发生ＹＭＤＤ变异的处理、Ａｄｅｆｏｖｉｒ和长效干扰素临床应用等 ,现作简要介绍。一、拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎的进展迄今拉米夫定仍然是治疗慢性乙型肝炎主要药物。拉米夫定在体内可迅速抑制乙型肝炎病毒的复制 ,大多数患者在短时间内ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阴转 ,同时伴有ＡＬＴ水平下降、肝功能复常。ＨＢｅＡｇ/抗 ＨＢｅ血清转换是持续应答的重要指标。拉米夫定治疗 1年后ＨＢｅＡｇ/抗 ＨＢｅ血清转换率约2 0 % ,而ＡＬ…     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.