射频消融治疗房室结折返和房室折返性心动过速

目的：总结射频消融(RFCA)治疗房室结折返性心动过速和房窒折返性心动过速的经验。方法：分析67例阵发性室上性心律失常病人的RFCA过程；房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)49例，房室折返性心动过速(AVRT)18侧。结果：消融成功率98．5％，复发率1．5％，并发症发生率2．98％。结论：RFCA是治疗AVNRT和AVRT安全有效的方法。     

射频消融术治疗快速心律失常的护理

射频消融术（RFCA）是近年来用于临床的新的介入性治疗技术，主要治疗各型房室结折返性心动过速、各种房室分道并房室折返性心动过速、Mahaim氏速并PSVT、分支型室性心动过速、Ⅰ型心房扑动、心房内折返性心动过速。RFCA具有不需全身麻醉，可以多次、多部位发放射频电流消融而病人无痛苦，疗效确切，复发后可再次消融等优点，目前已成为治疗顽固性快速心律失常的重要方法。1临床资料我科于1996年3月～4月对21例快速心律失常患者进行IRFCA术，其中男性13例，女性8例，年龄10～78岁。其中特发性1型房扑1例，房室结折返性心动过速5例，…     

阵发性室上性心动过速的射频消融治疗

[目的]探讨射频消融术（RFCA）治疗阵发性室上性心动过速（PSVT）的安全性和成功率。【方法】回顾分析RFCA治疗PSVT101例的疗效；101例中包括房室间折返性心动过速（AVRT）48例，左侧旁道38例，右侧旁道10例，房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）53例。均先行心内电生理检查确定心动过速类型和消融靶点。【结果】总成功率100％（101／101例），总复发率0．99％（1／101例），再次RFCA获得成功。2例发生Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞，发生率1．98％（2／101），1例发生左侧气胸（左上肺受压约30％）于RFCA术后一周自然吸收，发生率o．99％（1／101）。【结论】根据设备条件严格掌握适应证，消融前进行系统电生理检查，旁道消融靶点正确标测，放电中Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞的识别和消融终点正确判定是提高安全性和成功率的关键。     

导管射频消融治疗快速型心律失常470例临床分析

【目的】探讨经导管射频消融（RFCA）治疗快速心律失常的有效性和安全性及不同年龄阶段患者的临床特点及对RFCA的影响。【方法】对470例各种快速型心律失常不同年龄阶段患者的临床特点及疗效进行对比分析。其中房速（AT）22例；房扑（AF）8例；房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）280例，其中右侧旁道（RAP）228例，左侧旁道（I，AP）52例；房室结折返性心动过速（AVNTR）136例；特发性室速（IVT）32例。对不同年龄阶段患者的临床特点及疗效进行对比分析。【结果】总体消融成功率为95．3％，并发症发生率6．8％。在年龄分组比较中RFCA治疗功率相似，但老年与儿童及青少年并发症比较高。【结论】导管射频消融可以作为治疗快速型心律失常的首选方法，治疗成功率高，复发率低，但应警惕其并发症发生，尤其是儿童与老年人。     

射频消融术致血栓前状态的监测及护理

近年来,射频消融术(RFCA)已成为治疗某些顽固性心律失常安全、有效的治疗方法.临床广泛用于房室结折返性心动过速、房室折返性心动过速、室性心动过速、心房扑动及心房颤动.但经导管RFCA后有0.4%～2.0%的患者出现血栓栓塞并发症,其形成机制不明,目前尚无统一的预防射频消融引起血栓栓塞的治疗方案[1].     

射频消融治疗快速心律失常200例回顾分析

目的：本报告我院自1993年4月～1997年12月用射频消融方法治疗快速心律失常200例。方法：快速心律失常类别包括：房室结折返性心动过速．房室折返胜心动过速,特发性室性心动过速．阵发性心房扑动。结果：本组第一次消融总成功率为93.5％,第二次消融总成功率为98．5％;总复发率为2.5％;并发症发生率为2％。与国内射频消融治疗快速心律失常注册登记结果类似。结论：射频消融已成为治疗快速心律失常简捷而有效的方法。但作为术,应努力提高电生理知识水平,熟悉心脏X线影像学．提高射频消融的成功率,减少并发症。     

射频消融治疗快速心律失常200例回顾分析

目的：本文报告我院自１９９３年４月～１９９７年１２月用射频消融方法治疗快速心律失常２００例。方法：快速心律失常类别包括：房室结折返性心动过速,房室折返性心动过速,特发性室性心动过速,阵发性心房扑动。结果：本组第一次消融总成功率为９３．５％,第二次消融总成功率为９８．５％;总复发率为２．５％;并发症发生率为２％。与国内射频消融治疗快速心律失常注册登记结果类似。结论：射频消融已成为治疗快速心律失常简捷而有效的方法。但作为术者,应努力提高电生理知识水平,熟悉心脏Ｘ线影像学,提高射频消融的成功率,减少并发症。     

快速性心律失常射频导管消融的现状与进展

射频导管消融（radiofrequency catheter ablation，RFCA）术是快速性心律失常的根治性技术。这项技术已发展成为根治房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）、房室结折返性心动过速（AVN—RT）、心房扑动（房扑）以及特发性室性心动过速（Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia，IVT）等快速性心律失常的一线治疗。     

射频消融术致血栓前状态的监测及护理

近年来,射频消融术（RFCA）已成为治疗某些顽固性心律失常安全、有效的治疗方法。临床广泛用于房室结折返性心动过速、房室折返性心动过速、室性心动过速、心房扑动及心房颤动。但经导管RFCA后有0．4％～2．0％的患者出现血栓栓塞并发症,其形成机制不明,目前尚无统一的预防射频消融引起血栓栓塞的治疗方案。2002年10月～2006年10月,我们对70例阵发性室上性心动过速患者行RFCA治疗,并通过检测其血小板、凝血、抗凝、纤溶功能等反映血栓前状态的分子标志物的变化,指导RFCA引起血栓及栓塞并发症的治疗及护理。现报告如下。     

射频消融治疗阵发性室上性心动过速303例分析

目的；回顾分析我院2006年303例阵发性室上性心动过速（PSVT）患者的电生理机制特点、射频消融术（RFCA）治疗的有效性与安全性。方法：入选我院近1a内的射频消融（RFCA）治疗阵发性室上性心动过速（PSVT）303例，均先行电生理检查确定PSVT的类型和消融靶点，并成功实施RFCA治疗。结果：经电生理证实，在303例PSVT患者中，房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）占53．14％、房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）45．54％、预激综合征14．85％，AVRT与AVNRT并存者占1．32％。RFCA治疗的总成功率100％，并发症发生率1．98％，其中气胸发生3例，心包填塞1例，假性动脉瘤1例，无一例因并发症死亡。结论：AVRT、AVNRT是PVST的主要机制。RFCA是治疗PSVT的有效方法。术者的熟练程度、消融靶点的位置、患者的配合等是减少术后并发症的主要因素。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.