海洛因成瘾者美沙酮维持治疗成本效果研究综述(下)——他国的研究成果

1国外美沙酮维持治疗成本效果研究成果 1．1美沙酮药物维持治疗是否应该纳入到医疗卫生保障体系？ 美沙酮维持治疗如果想得到来自政府财政或保险组织的支持，条件之一是它必须证明自己是具有成本效益的。目前，这类研究使用的效果指标主要是质量调整生命年（QALY）。     

海洛因成瘾者美沙酮维持治疗效果评价

目的:评价乌鲁木齐市美沙酮维持治疗门诊中海洛因成瘾者在吸毒行为、违法犯罪行为、性行为等特征变化情况,为艾滋病防制措施的制定提供依据。方法:对进入美沙酮维持治疗的170名海洛因成瘾者进行问卷调查,调查其在人口学、吸毒行为和性行为等情况,而后在随访6个月时再进行调查。结果:在入组6个月后,170名受治者中有55.29%(94/170)保留在美沙酮维持治疗中,有44.71%(76/170)从美沙酮维持治疗中脱失。基线调查时过去3个月的共用针具率为44.07%(26/59),6个月时过去3个月的共用针具率下降至25.42%(15/59),海洛因使用天数从基线时的平均每月的(28.40±2.07)天下降到中期评估时平均每月的(1.90±1.10)天。有工作的比率从基线调查时的32.98%(31/94)上升6个月时的47.87%(45/94)。结论:美沙酮维持治疗在减少高危吸毒行为、性行为,减少犯罪,改善家庭、社会功能等方面是有效的。美沙酮维持治疗应在全国范围内推广,以控制艾滋病在吸毒人群中的传播。     

海洛因成瘾者美沙酮维持治疗的疗效评估

目的:评估美沙酮维持治疗(MMT)试点工作的疗效.方法:采用社区美沙酮药物维持治疗随访观察表、问卷调查表、相关人员个别访谈等形式,调查分析美沙酮维持治疗的效果.结果:参加美沙酮维持治疗后,安全套的使用率明显提高,艾滋病/性病(STD)的发病率下降,违法犯罪率降低,就业率增加,部分恢复了美沙酮维持治疗者的社会功能.结论:美沙酮维持治疗能降低传播HIV/AIDS的高危行为,减少非法毒品的使用,降低违法犯罪率,可有效预防艾滋病/性病在海洛因成瘾者中的传播和蔓延.     

海洛因成瘾者参加美沙酮维持治疗后面临的问题探讨

目的：探讨海洛因成瘾者在参加美沙酮维持治疗后还存在躯体、行为、心理、家庭、职业、社会方面的问题。方法：对我门诊MMT海洛因成瘾者进行问卷调查及家访。结果：发现海洛因成瘾者存在躯体、行为、心理、家庭、职业、社会方面的问题。结论：海洛因成瘾者在参加美沙酮维持治疗的同时服用毒品。因此我们在帮助他们治疗的同时,应开展心理、行为及社会干预措施,帮助他们融入正常的社会关系,形成一个良性循环,降低复吸率,提高患者接受美沙酮药物治疗的依从性,进而减少与滥用毒品有关的犯罪和疾病的传播。     

西安市海洛因成瘾者美沙酮维持治疗半年疗效评估

目的:评价美沙酮维持治疗在西安市实施的效果,为进一步推广提供科学依据和经验。方法:在西安市5家美沙酮维持治疗(MMT)门诊按照机械抽样的原则选择1000人进行基线调查,治疗满6个月的700人进行随访调查。结果:与基线调查结果比较:(1)治疗6个月者的注射毒品发生率低(9·1%:72·2%);过去一个月注射毒品次数和共用针具次数少(83·01±s2·4和2·01±s1·9∶6·85±s1·9和0·27±s0·8);但与艾滋病高危性行为有关的因素无明显变化。(2)过去三个月被公安部门抓过的比例少(18·8%∶2·7%)。(3)自我感觉与家人的关系良好的比例高(40·2%∶76·2%);治疗后有固定收入和工作的比例高(16·6%和36·4%:27·1%和51·4%)。结论:通过半年的MMT疗效观察显示:西安市美沙酮维持治疗对受治者注射毒品高危行为、违法犯罪、社会家庭功能方面有明显改善,但有关高危性行为无明显变化。     

538例海洛因成瘾者美沙酮维持治疗情况

目的了解538例美沙酮维持治疗者的治疗情况。方法按照国家工作组规定的入组标准,收治自愿参加美沙酮维持治疗试点的患者,对受治者进行问卷调查。结果在538例中,能坚持维持治疗者429例(79.7%),脱失109例(20.3%);经过美沙酮维持治疗后,482例(89.6%)保持操守;静脉注射毒品和违法犯罪现象得到控制;社会功能有所恢复,有104例(25.7%,104/404)找到了工作;检测出的HIV感染者6例全部进入美沙酮维持治疗。结论美沙酮维持治疗在改善吸毒者的社会功能、降低毒品危害方面成效显著。     

218例海洛因成瘾者美沙酮维持治疗效果评价

目的：评价美沙酮维持治疗（MMT）在海洛因成瘾者中的效果。方法：对自愿加入MMT的218例患者进行基线调查、评价，并作回顾性分析，将其分为脱失组137例，维持组81例，比较两组间在人口学方面、尿检阳性率、美沙酮剂量、居住地到门诊的距离上有无差别，比较MMT前后病人的社会、家庭功能恢复情况。结果：两组间在人口学方面，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），在尿检阳性率方面差异有非常显著的统计学意义（P〈0．001），美沙酮剂量上差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），居住地到门诊的距离上差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．05），维持组经MMT后，社会功能有了明显提高，与家人关系恢复上得到明显改善（P〈0．001）。结论：218例受治者中，脱失组与维持组间在人口学方面有可比性，MMT在恢复社会家庭功能方面成效显著，MMT期间尿检阳性率越高、距门诊路程越远越容易脱失，不存在美沙酮剂量上的差别。     

社区美沙酮维持治疗对海洛因成瘾者高危行为的改变

目的：了解美沙酮门诊药物维持治疗对海洛因成瘾者高危行为改变的效果。方法：采用问卷对2006年9月～2008年12月在常州市美沙酮门诊接受治疗的371例吸毒者进行基线调查和1年后的高危行为评估调查。结果：受治者过去1个月注射吸毒的比例从治疗前的73．0％下降到治疗后的16．7％;在有注射行为人群中,过去1个月平均注射吸毒次数由参加治疗前的90次下降到治疗后的2．5次;过去1个月共用针具率由治疗前的2．2％降至治疗后的1．1％。最近1次性行为时安全套的使用率由治疗前的14．3％增至治疗后的28．1％。受治者中未出现新的HIV、HCV感染病例。结论：美沙酮维持治疗能够减少海洛因成瘾者毒品使用,减少注射毒品、共用针具等高危行为,提高安全性行为意识。     

BDNF基因多态性与海洛因成瘾者美沙酮维持治疗反应关联性分析

目的:探究中国汉族人群中脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)基因3个位点rs988748、rs2030324和rs6265单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)与海洛因成瘾者美沙酮维持治疗反应的关联性。方法:用病例对照设计,收集820例美沙酮维持治疗患者既往吸毒史和目前治疗情况,结合多重PCR技术、Mass ARRAY i PLEX单碱基延伸技术和基质辅助激光解吸附电离飞行时间质谱分析技术进行SNP分型,将受试对象分为美沙酮维持治疗反应好和差组,使用SPSS 21.0统计软件分析数据。结果:BDNF基因3个位点(rs988748、rs2030324和rs6265)的等位基因、基因型和单体型在两组间分布差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:尚未发现BDNF基因3个SNP位点(rs988748、rs2030324和rs6265)与美沙酮维持治疗反应之间存在相关性。     

135例海洛因成瘾者美沙酮维持治疗临床分析

目的探讨分析海洛因成瘾患者采用美沙酮维持治疗的有效性及依从性。方法选择昆明市自2009年5月至2010年10月收治的135例海洛因成瘾患者,采取问卷调查及跟踪随访的方式,对其中102例坚持治疗且自愿参与调查研究的患者进行美沙酮维持治疗的调查;而对于脱失的33例患者则主要采取描述性分析的方法。结果 135例患者中,坚持治疗的有102例,占75.56;脱失患者为38例,占24.44%。其中,坚持治疗的102例患者生存质量总分均较治疗前提高。结论美沙酮维持治疗海洛因等阿片类成瘾患者方面疗效显著,但仍存在诸如依从性与脱失性等方面的问题。     

The effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment: an overview

This paper reviews the evidence for the effectiveness of methadone maintenance as used in the treatment of opioid dependence. Findings from randomized controlled trials and observational studies suggest that methadone maintenance reduces heroin use, crime, injection-related risk behaviours and premature mortality among people dependent on opioids. The research further suggests that two aspects of treatment are important in ensuring this effectiveness. Methadone treatment is more effective when higher doses (>50 mg) are employed and, overall, the evidence suggests that a treatment goal of successful maintenance on methadone rather than total abstinence is appropriate. The importance of ancillary services in treatment outcome is less clear and is the subject of current research and debate.     

Knowledge and stigma regarding methadone maintenance treatment among personnel of methadone maintenance treatment and non-methadone maintenance treatment addiction facilities in Israel

Stigma attached to methadone maintenance treatment is very common. The objective of the current article is to evaluate the presence of stigma and its relation to the extent of knowledge about methadone maintenance treatment. The authors conducted a survey among methadone maintenance treatment and non-methadone maintenance treatment addiction therapists from different treatment centers in Israel, including methadone maintenance treatment clinics (Ministry of Health) and non-methadone maintenance treatment addiction facilities (Ministry of Social Services), using an anonymous questionnaire about methadone maintenance treatment stigma and knowledge. There were 63 therapists from methadone maintenance treatment clinics (63%) and 46 therapists from the social services department (SSD) non-methadone maintenance treatment addiction facilities (9.2%) who responded. Methadone maintenance treatment versus social services department personnel were older (42.7 ± 12.8 versus 37.5 ± 8.2 years; p = 0.03), with fewer females (48 versus 75%; p = 0.006), and 50% were social workers compared to 100% social workers in the SSD group (p < 0.0005). Stigma score was lower among methadone maintenance treatment personnel compared to the social services department personnel (3 ± 2.5 versus 5.0 ± 3.5; p = 0.0001), while the knowledge score about methadone maintenance treatment was higher among the methadone maintenance treatment personnel (10.3 ± 2.9 versus 7.7 ± 2.8; p < 0.0005). The difference in both the stigma and knowledge scores remained significant after controlling for age, gender, and profession. There was a negative correlation between the stigma and knowledge scores among both the methadone maintenance treatment (R = –0.5, p < 0.0005) and the social services department personnel (R = –0.33, p = 0.03). These results revealed a significant correlation between the presence of stigma and the extent of education and knowledge about methadone maintenance treatment, with ignorance and stigma against methadone maintenance treatment being more pronounced among social services department personnel. An educational intervention, especially among social services department personnel, may benefit people who use opioids and improve the overall quality of treatment for opioid addiction in Israel.     

Problem drinking in relation to treatment outcome among opiate addicts in methadone maintenance treatment

This study analyzed indicators of alcohol-related problems in opiate addicts before, during, and after leaving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), in relation to illicit drug use and retention in treatment. The study was based on 204 patients, admitted to MMT for the first time between 1 January 1995 and 31 July 2000, and followed until 31 December 2000. Three measures were used to indicate alcohol use and alcohol-related problems; records of hospital care with an alcohol-related diagnosis, any treatment with alcohol-sensitizing drugs (disulfiram or calcium carbimide) during MMT, and results of the 5-hydroxytryptophol to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ratio (5HTOL/5HIAA) in urine, a sensitive biomarker for recent drinking. Use of illicit drugs was determined by routine urine drug testing. About one third of the patients (n = 69) had a lifetime prevalence of hospital treatment for an alcohol-related diagnosis, 45 of whom had been hospitalized (mean 4.2 stays) prior to the start of MMT. There was a significant association (p<0.05) between the number of alcohol-related diagnoses prior to treatment and a positive 5HTOL/5HIAA test during MMT. The alcohol indicators first became positive on average 1.6 years after admission to treatment, compared with after about 4 months for illicit drugs. Use of cannabis or benzodiazepines was significantly associated with alcohol use. Female methadone patients with indications of alcohol-related problems relapsed more often into illicit drug use than did women without such indications (3.9 vs. 2.5 relapse periods/year; p<0.005), whereas no significant association was found for men. The results of the present study indicate that drinking problems among patients undergoing MMT is associated with an increased risk of relapse into illicit drug use and with discharge from treatment. Concurrent treatment of alcohol-related problems, including systematic monitoring of alcohol use, therefore should be recommended to reduce the risk for relapse into illicit drug use and improve overall treatment outcome in MMT.     

Response to methadone maintenance treatment of opiate dependent patients with and without significant pain

BACKGROUND: Both clinicians and researchers have expressed doubt that opiate dependent patients with significant pain can be effectively treated in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs; however, little research exists on this topic. Patients who report significant pain in the month preceding entry to MMT present with a distinct and more severe pattern of polysubstance use, medical and psychosocial problems than do those without pain. The present study investigated the 1-year treatment outcomes of MMT patients with opiate dependence and pain. METHODS: Analyses were based on a national sample of 200 patients presenting in MMT programs for treatment of opiate dependence. Substance use and related problems were measured at treatment entry and 12 months later. Patients reported pain severity over the month preceding treatment entry. RESULTS: Compared to patients without significant pain, patients who reported significant pain at baseline (n = 103) showed similar substance-related functioning, but poorer psychosocial functioning at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with and without significant pain experience comparable reductions in substance use when provided with standard care in MMT programs. However, additional medical and/or mental health treatment is needed for their pain and other problems.     

Acupuncture treatment for opiate addiction: a systematic review

A review of the efficacy of acupuncture as treatment for opiate addiction, covering 33 years of reported literature in western scientific journals, was systematically undertaken. Some abstracts from Chinese language journals were also briefly reviewed.

Supportive evidence often came from noncontrolled nonblinded methodologies. When well-designed clinical trials (randomized, controlled, single-blind methodologies) were used, there was no significant evidence for acupuncture being a more effective treatment than controls. Some of the current supportive evidence for efficacy came from Chinese journals that have not been translated into English yet.     

美沙酮维持治疗效果影响因素的研究进展

自20世纪60年代美国首次将美沙酮应用于阿片类药物成瘾的治疗以来,越来越多的国家将这一治疗应用于海洛因成瘾和阿片类药物成瘾的治疗中.实践证明,美沙酮维持治疗是一种积极、安全、有效的方法.鉴于吸毒人群中艾滋病迅速蔓延以及国外预防该人群艾滋病病毒传播的成功经验,2003年3月,卫生部、公安部、国家食品药品监督管理局联合制定<海洛因成瘾者社区药物维持治疗试点工作暂行方案>,并开始试点工作.随着治疗试点工作的全面展开,越来越多的省、市、地区设立了美沙酮维持治疗门诊,到2007年底全国已经开设了503家门诊[1].由于我国美沙酮维持治疗起步较晚,目前缺乏完整可靠的治疗资料和成熟经验.但随着门诊的大量开展,影响美沙酮维持治疗效果的主要因素有哪些?如何保障及提高治疗的效率等问题成了目前亟待解决的问题.由于国外相关研究已经有40年的历史,积累了相关经验,本文拟从:(1)剂量的影响;(2)支持服务的影响;(3)维持与脱失的影响;(4)治疗时间的影响;(5)患者特征的影响5个方面进行综述,为我国美沙酮维持治疗工作提供参考.     

The effect of methadone maintenance on positive outcomes for opiate injection drug users

This study examined outcome variables for 160 opiate injection drug users (IDUs) who entered methadone maintenance between baseline and 6-month follow-up. Outcome variables of interest included drug use, productivity, and HIV risk behaviors. Participants were recruited through street outreach in Denver, CO, from 2000 through 2004 using targeted sampling. The sample was primarily men, White (48%), averaged 39 years of age, and had been injecting drugs for an average of nearly 20 years. Significant improvements were found in univariate tests. Logistic regression revealed that spending more time in treatment was a significant predictor of positive outcomes on drug use and HIV risk behaviors. The results underscore the importance of retaining IDUs in methadone maintenance to maximize their treatment success. Results from this study show that time in treatment can affect many aspects of the participant's life in a positive way, including reduction of HIV risk.     

A randomised trial of the cost effectiveness of buprenorphine as an alternative to methadone maintenance treatment for heroin dependence in a primary care setting

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Buprenorphine offers an alternative to methadone in the treatment of heroin dependence, and has the advantage of allowing alternate-day dosing. This study is the first to examine the cost effectiveness of buprenorphine as maintenance treatment for heroin dependence in a primary care setting using economic and clinical data collected within a randomised trial. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The study was a randomised, open-label, 12-month trial of 139 heroin-dependent patients in a community setting receiving individualised treatment regimens of buprenorphine or methadone. Those who were currently on a methadone program (n = 57; continuing therapy subgroup) were analysed separately from new treatment recipients (n = 82; initial therapy subgroup). The study took a broad societal perspective and included health, crime and personal costs. Data on resource use and outcomes were a combination of clinical records and self report at interview. The main outcomes were incremental cost per additional day free of heroin use and per QALY. An analysis of uncertainty calculated the likelihood of net benefits for a range of acceptable money values of outcomes. All costs were in 1999 Australian dollars (DollarA). RESULTS: The estimated mean number of heroin-free days did not differ significantly between those randomised to methadone (225 [95% CI 91, 266]), or buprenorphine (222 [95% CI 194, 250]) over the year of the trial. Buprenorphine was associated with an average 0.03 greater QALYs over 52 weeks (not significant). The total cost was DollarA 17,736 (95% CI -DollarA 2981, DollarA 38,364) with methadone and DollarA 11,916 (95% CI DollarA 7697, DollarA 16,135) with buprenorphine; costs excluding crime were DollarA 4513 (95% CI DollarA 3495, DollarA 5531) and DollarA 5651 (95% CI DollarA 4202, DollarA 7100). With additional heroin-free days as the outcome, and crime costs included buprenorphine has a lower cost but less heroin-free days. If crime costs are excluded buprenorphine has a higher cost and worse outcome than methadone. With additional QALYs as the outcome, the cost effectiveness of buprenorphine is DollarA 39,404 if crime is excluded, but buprenorphine is dominant if crime is included. CONCLUSIONS: The trial found no significant differences in costs or outcomes between methadone and buprenorphine maintenance in this particular setting. Although some of the results suggest that methadone may have a cost advantage, it is difficult to infer from the trial data that offering buprenorphine as an alternative would have a significant effect on total costs or outcomes. The point estimates of costs and outcomes suggest that buprenorphine may have an advantage in those initiating therapy. The confidence intervals were wide, however, and the likelihood of net benefits from substituting one treatment for another was close to 50%.