厨房空气中烹调油烟有害成分的测定和分析

目的研究3种类型民用燃料燃烧的烹调油烟中气态污染物（SO2、NO2、CO、CO2）及颗粒物（PM2.5、PM10）的污染状况,并分析PM2.5、PM10中8种金属元素（铅、铬、铜、镉、锰、锌、铁、汞）和两种多环芳烃（菲、苯并[a]芘）的含量。方法采用气体检测仪检测SO2、NO2、CO、CO2值;采用称重法分析PM25和PM10的质量浓度,石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法定量检测PM25和PM10中铅、铬、铜、镉,火焰原子吸收分光光度法定量检测PM2.5和PM10中锰、锌、铁,冷原子吸收法定量检测PM2,和PM10中汞,高效液相色谱法定量检测PM2,和PM10中菲、苯并[a]芘浓度。结果SO2、NO2、CO、CO2及PM2.5、PM10的浓度均超过室内空气质量标准规定的浓度限值,其中超标倍数较大的分别是天然气的CO2（5．2）,液化石油气的NO2（11．1）,蜂窝煤的SO2（12．4）、CO（16．5）;天然气的PM2.5、PM10超标倍数分别是117．0、145．5。PM2.5、PM10的金属成分分析结果显示锰、锌、铁含量较高,铅、铜次之,铬、镉、汞含量最低;PM2.5、PM10的多环芳烃类有机成分菲、苯并[a]芘含量均较高。结论3种类型燃料燃烧产生的烹调油烟中气态污染物及颗粒物污染严重,不同类型燃料产生的污染物污染状况不同,PM2.5、PM10中金属元素及多环芳烃类有机成分污染水平较高,烹调油烟可能是居室内空气污染主要来源,且污染程度严重。     

家用燃料气态燃烧产物对室内空气污染的初步评估

目的 初步评估天然气、液化石油气和蜂窝煤的气态燃烧产物对室内空气污染的影响程度和特征.方法 在特别设计的3间实验房间内分别使用天然气、液化石油气和蜂窝煤在室内进行定量燃烧,同时根据国家标准方法采集空气样品并测定SO2、NO2、CO和甲醛的浓度,对其排放量和排放特征进行分析.结果 3种燃料的气态燃烧产物(SO2、NO2、CO、甲醛)中,均以CO和NO2的排放量最高.在日均用量下,蜂窝煤的CO和NO2排放量远高于天然气和液化石油气.使用蜂窝煤的家庭CO单位排放量高达30 136 mg/kg,明显高于液化石油气(8 725 mg/kg)和天然气(2 755 mg/kg);液化石油气的NO2单位排放量(42.69 mg/kg)则明显高于蜂窝煤(20.01 mg/kg)和天然气(11.87 mg/m3).在通风不良的室内,均可使室内CO和NO2浓度均超过GB/T 18883-2002<室内空气质量标准>.结论 厨房室内燃烧天然气或液化石油气,能造成CO和NO2的污染.     

煤和液化石油气燃烧颗粒物对YG菌株的致突变活性研究

应用日本新构建的对硝基多环芳烃具有高第三性的鼠伤寒沙门工菌株ＹＧ１０２１和ＹＧ１０２４，对北京市民用蜂窝煤和液化石油气燃烧颗粒物的丙酮提取物进行了致突变研究。结果显示；两种提取物均具有明显的间接和直接致突变作用。     

兰州市不同燃料燃烧颗粒物的有机提取物对DNA修复合成的影响

采用程序外ＤＮＡ合成（ＵＤＳ）试验方法，以大鼠原代肝细胞为材料，对兰州市居民使用的液化石油气、煤气和蜂窝煤的燃烧颗粒物的遗传毒性进行了细胞ＤＮＡ受损的切除修复研究。结果表明，三种燃料燃烧颗粒物的有机提取物毒性均具有明显的剂量－反应关系（ｒ石＝０．９６７７，Ｐ＜０．０５；ｒ煤＝０．９３８１，Ｐ＜０．０５；ｒ蜂＝０．９４８３，Ｐ＜０．０５），三者各剂量组与阴性对照组比较均存在高度显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），说明三种污染物均能引起大鼠肝细胞的ＤＮＡ损伤，提示这三种燃料燃烧颗粒物的有机提取物均存在致突变、致癌作用。     

2种燃料燃烧颗粒物致突变性及其联合作用

目的比较液化石油气（LPG）燃烧颗粒物和蜂窝煤燃烧颗粒物的致突变性以及二者的联合作用。方法采用Ames法,应用鼠伤寒沙门菌突变型菌株TA 98及其衍生菌株YG 1021和YG 1024进行致突变试验研究,并根据致突变试验结果评价其联合作用。结果2种颗粒物对YG菌株的致突变作用均高于对TA 98的作用;LPG燃烧颗粒物比蜂窝煤燃烧颗粒物的致突变作用更强,前者约相当于后者的8倍;二者的联合作用呈相加类型。结论煤和LPG燃烧颗粒物均具有很强的直接和间接致突变作用,主要致突变作用来源于硝基和胺基多环芳烃,2种颗粒物同时存在可加大致癌风险。     

液化石油气毒性研究概况

液化石油气(LPG)来源于天然气、油田伴生气和炼油厂的石油气,经加压后成液化石油气,它是良好的气体燃料。我国于1965年开始使用LPG作为民用燃料,至1982年全国约有60多个城市800多万人口使用LPG,年供气量25     

采暖期大气中不同粒径颗粒物污染及其重金属分布状况

目的了解采暖期不同粒径大气颗粒物污染状况及其重金属分布状态。方法于2003年12月-2004年1月在天津市某市中心区利用大气自动采样仪全天采集大气中颗粒物样品,连续采样32d。用原子吸收光谱法、原子荧光光谱法和等离子发射光谱法,定性检测颗粒物中载带的重金属,并对其中9种重金属进行定量测定。结果在采暖期内TSP、IP、PM25的日均值超标率分别为54．55％,57．58％,84．85％。颗粒中载带的部分重金属含量较高,如Cd、Pb和Ni都达到100mg／m^3以上。结论采暖期大气颗粒物污染严重;PM25细颗粒物对重金属的载带能力较TSP和IP更强,对人体健康的危害更大。     

民用燃气燃烧产物中粒相物上有机物的分析

色／质联机法鉴定了民用燃气（天然气、液化石油气和煤气）燃烧产物中半挥发性有机物，其主要成分为烷烃类化合物。在液化石油气和煤气的燃烧产物粒相物质中鉴定出了多环芳烃化合物。     

燃料燃烧颗粒物对大鼠肺细胞毒性的研究

燃料燃烧颗粒物是室内空气主要污染物之一。燃煤颗粒物对肺细胞有很高的毒性。本文采用短期动物试验研究燃料燃烧颗粒物对肺的损伤。颗粒物经气管注入大鼠肺部,24h后测定肺灌洗液中乳酸脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、白蛋白、神经氨酸(NA)和巨噬细胞数,并观察其毒性。结果显示,染毒组肺灌洗液中LDH、ACP、NA和白蛋白含量增加,巨噬细胞数减少。用毒性指数(TI)表示肺损伤程度,煤饼(蜂窝煤)、液化石油气及煤气燃烧颗粒物的TI分别为8.09、6.59和3.82。模拟燃煤饼和燃煤气居室空气颗粒物TI为2.64和1.83。     

太原市室内外空气中颗粒物污染特征

目的研究太原市室内外空气颗粒物污染特征。方法于2004年4月-2006年10月在太原市21个社区541户家庭采用Aerocet531型粉尘仪-粒子计数器在采暖期和非采暖期测定室内外空气中PM1.0、PM2.5、PM7.0、PM10.0和TSP的浓度。应用Stata 9.0统计软件进行统计学分析。结果太原市空气污染最严重的社区室内、外TSP浓度分别为1 030.70和1 681.46μg/m3,采暖期与非采暖期比较,采暖期颗粒物浓度高于非采暖期;室外颗粒物浓度高于室内。对室内、外TSP贡献最大的是粒径2.5～7.0μm的颗粒物(PM>2.5～7.0),相应的构成比分别为37.58%和34.70%,其中室内污染以PM≤7.0(粒径≤7.0μm的颗粒物)为主,室外污染以PM>2.5(粒径>2.5μm的颗粒物)为主。不同粒径颗粒物相关性分析结果表明,TSP与PM>2.5～7.0相关性最强,相关系数为0.928 0。室内、外采暖期PM>2.5～7.0相关性最强,采暖期相关系数高达0.675 3。结论太原市主要颗粒物污染为PM>2.5～7.0,室外空气颗粒物污染对室内影响较大,采暖期室内、外PM>2.5～7.0高度相关。     

大气颗粒物（PM2.5和PM10）污染与泰州市居民死亡的关系分析

目的 探讨大气颗粒物与泰州市居民非意外、呼吸系统疾病以及循环系统疾病死亡人数之间的关系。方法 收集泰州市2016年1月1日—2020年12月31日的大气颗粒物化验结果及居民死亡数据,采用时间序列的广义相加模型,分别拟合单污染物模型和双污染物模型来分析泰州市大气颗粒物浓度与每日非意外、呼吸系统、循环系统疾病死亡人数的关系。结果 2016—2020年期间,PM2.5、PM10的平均质量浓度分别为43.60μg/m³和71.58μg/m³。单污染物模型研究表明四日移动平均滞后的PM2.5(lag03)和PM10(lag03)对非意外、循环系统疾病死亡影响最大,大气颗粒物PM2.5和PM10的浓度每升高10μg/m³,非意外死亡人数分别增加0.82%和0.54%,循环系统疾病死亡人数分别增加1.40%和0.88%。PM2.5当日浓度PM2.5(lag0)和PM10两日移动平均滞后的PM10(lag01)对呼吸系统疾病死亡影响最大,PM2.5、PM10浓度每升高10μg/m³,呼吸系统疾病死亡人数分别上升0....     

Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities

Previously we reported that fine particle mass (particulate matter [less than and equal to] 2.5 microm; PM(2.5)), which is primarily from combustion sources, but not coarse particle mass, which is primarily from crustal sources, was associated with daily mortality in six eastern U.S. cities (1). In this study, we used the elemental composition of size-fractionated particles to identify several distinct source-related fractions of fine particles and examined the association of these fractions with daily mortality in each of the six cities. Using specific rotation factor analysis for each city, we identified a silicon factor classified as soil and crustal material, a lead factor classified as motor vehicle exhaust, a selenium factor representing coal combustion, and up to two additional factors. We extracted daily counts of deaths from National Center for Health Statistics records and estimated city-specific associations of mortality with each source factor by Poisson regression, adjusting for time trends, weather, and the other source factors. Combined effect estimates were calculated as the inverse variance weighted mean of the city-specific estimates. In the combined analysis, a 10 microg/m(3) increase in PM(2.5) from mobile sources accounted for a 3.4% increase in daily mortality [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-5.2%], and the equivalent increase in fine particles from coal combustion sources accounted for a 1.1% increase [CI, 0.3-2.0%). PM(2.5) crustal particles were not associated with daily mortality. These results indicate that combustion particles in the fine fraction from mobile and coal combustion sources, but not fine crustal particles, are associated with increased mortality.     

On air pollutant variations in the cases of long-range transport of dust particles observed in central Korea in the leeside of China in 2010

The occurrence and transport of dust storms and anthropogenic air pollutants in East Asia have been monitored using the meteorological satellite data of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and ground-based measurements at Cheongwon, a background observation site in central Korea. The nine cases, measured over 14 days, of natural dust particles caused by dust storms originating from northern China and Mongolia were observed at Cheongwon in the spring, autumn, and winter of 2010. In addition, seven cases, measured over 18 days, of anthropogenic dust particles originating from eastern China were observed over the course of a year. In those cases of natural and anthropogenic dust particles observed at Cheongwon, the level of particle matter (PM) with a diameter of ≤10 μm (PM10) (100 μgm^?3 day^?1) or PM2.5 (50 μgm^?3 day^?1) exceeded the air quality standards of Korea for 5 and 6 days, respectively. At the same time, CO concentrations rose higher due to long-range transport, while CO levels in the cases of anthropogenic dust particles (954 ppb) rose higher compared with the cases of natural dust particles (812 ppb). While gusty north–northwesterly winds were blowing in the front side of high-pressure systems, an increase in CO concentrations along with the influx of dust storms was observed at Cheongwon in the three natural dust particle cases with continental background airflow (n-CBAs). However, the other six natural dust particle cases with continental polluted airflow (n-CPAs) were also observed where mass concentrations of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5, and CO increased simultaneously after the CO concentrations rose and fell before dust storms had flowed in, showing double peaks. The mass concentrations of total suspended particle (TSP), PM10, and PM2.5 were high, and the PM2.5/TSP mass concentration ratio was high in n-CPAs, compared with n-CBAs. However, the anthropogenic dust particle cases with continental polluted airflow (a-CPA) are affected by air pollutants transported from eastern China by warm southwesterly winds, since central Korea is located in the rear side of the high-pressure system and in the foreside of the low-pressure system. Also, the anthropogenic dust particle cases with regionally polluted airflow (a-RPA) were observed in central Korea due to a stagnant high-pressure system for several days in the Yellow Sea region. In a-CPA, the mass concentrations of TSP, PM10, and PM2.5; the PM2.5/TSP mass concentration ratio; and the CO concentrations were all higher than in a-RPA.     

徐州市PM2.5污染对医院门诊量的影响

目的 了解徐州市PM2.5污染对儿童医院门诊量影响。方法 通过医院HIS系统,收集徐州市儿童医院2015—2019年逐日门诊数据,结合同期大气污染物监测数据,运用统计学方法分析细颗粒物污染水平及其对门诊量的影响。结果 PM2.5质量浓度与日门诊量存在正相关性,且具有滞后性,滞后效应在1 d后最强, PM2.5日均浓度每升高10 μg/m3,预计其对门诊人次的影响将增加0.43%(95%CI:0.36%~0.50%)。结论 PM2.5污染能增加儿童就诊门诊量,应采取有效措施,加大空气污染治理。     

Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5

Background: Current air quality standards for particulate matter (PM) use the PM mass concentration [PM with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 10 μm (PM₁₀) or ≤ 2.5 μm (PM_2.5)] as a metric. It has been suggested that particles from combustion sources are more relevant to human health than are particles from other sources, but the impact of policies directed at reducing PM from combustion processes is usually relatively small when effects are estimated for a reduction in the total mass concentration.Objectives: We evaluated the value of black carbon particles (BCP) as an additional indicator in air quality management.Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of health effects of BCP compared with PM mass based on data from time-series studies and cohort studies that measured both exposures. We compared the potential health benefits of a hypothetical traffic abatement measure, using near-roadway concentration increments of BCP and PM_2.5 based on data from prior studies.Results: Estimated health effects of a 1-μg/m³ increase in exposure were greater for BCP than for PM₁₀ or PM_2.5, but estimated effects of an interquartile range increase were similar. Two-pollutant models in time-series studies suggested that the effect of BCP was more robust than the effect of PM mass. The estimated increase in life expectancy associated with a hypothetical traffic abatement measure was four to nine times higher when expressed in BCP compared with an equivalent change in PM_2.5 mass.Conclusion: BCP is a valuable additional air quality indicator to evaluate the health risks of air quality dominated by primary combustion particles.     

PM10和PM2.5与人类健康效应关系的研究进展

悬浮在空气中的颗粒物,按其空气动力学直径的大小,可分为PM10和PM2.5。2006年,WHO推荐用PM2.5代替PM10作为空气颗粒物浓度的指标。大气颗粒物（PM2.5）中主要包含有机碳、元素碳及碳酸盐碳。建筑扬尘、土壤尘、民用污染（燃煤）和交通污染（机动车尾气排放）为主要来源。北京、上海、西安日PM2.5和PM10日超标浓度皆较高。风速与春季和冬季的PM2.5质量浓度之间呈负相关,PM2.5质量浓度随空气相对湿度增加而增大,相对湿度与PM2.5质量浓度之间有正相关;温度与PM2.5质量浓度之间则无明显相关性。大气PM2.5浓度的升高会引起全死因疾病死亡率、心血管疾病死亡率的增加。大气PM2.5浓度的升高与心血管疾病有关。建议采取加大环境污染企业的治理力度,此外应该降低大城市汽车数量。     

Environmental and health impacts of wood combustion to produce heat and power

Toxic chemicals such as benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, and ultra fine particles were found in the smoke produced by wood combustion. Emission factors confirm that, to produce the same energy amount, many more pollutants are emitted by wood than by natural gas. Biomass burning produces a relevant deterioration of air quality inside and outside houses, notably due to emissions of fine and ultra fine dust (PM10, PM2.5) according to reviewed studies. Important improvements in emission quality are obtained with the use of more efficient household heating systems, both in developed and in developing countries. Numerous studies have assessed the possible health effects produced by wood smoke, providing sufficient evidence that the indoor exposure to wood smoke, even in developed countries, can have adverse effects on human health. In 2010 IARC classified wood smoke as a possible human carcinogen. In Europe, electricity generation from biomass combustion is increasing (12% each year) thanks to incentives provided to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and use of fossil fuels.Today adequate studies to assess the environmental and health effects of emissions from power plants fuelled by solid biomasses are still needed.     

Air pollution and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: a study of PM10 dominated by coarse particles

Many epidemiological studies provide evidence of an association between airborne particles, measured as PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 microm in diameter), and daily morbidity and mortality. Most of these studies have been conducted in urban areas where PM10 consists primarily of fine particles (<2.5 microm in diameter). Few studies have investigated impacts associated with coarse mode particles (>2.5 microm in diameter). We investigated associations between PM10 and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, a desert resort and retirement area east of Los Angeles, where coarse particles of geologic origin typically comprise approximately 50-60% of PM10 and can exceed 90% during wind events. Our analysis utilized daily data on mortality from 1989 through 1992 as well as several pollutant and meteorological variables, including PM10, nitrates, sulfates, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, temperature, and relative humidity. Outcome variables included several measures of daily mortality, including all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, and counts of deaths for those above age 50. Multivariate Poisson regression models were used to explain these health endpoints, controlling for temperature, humidity, day of the week, season, and time, using locally weighted smoothing techniques. The analysis indicated statistically significant associations between PM10 (2- or 3-day lags) and each measure of mortality. The results were robust to various model specifications, correction for autocorrelation and overdispersion, and analysis of influential observations. A 10 microg/m3 change in daily PM10 was associated with an approximately 1% increase in mortality, which is of similar magnitude to particle-associated impacts identified in urban areas. Thus, our findings provide evidence for a mortality effect of PM10 in an area where the particulate mass is dominated by coarse particles.     

北京市冬季部分住宅室内PM10中化学元素研究

目的研究北京市部分住宅室内空气中PM10的化学元素成分,并探讨各元素的来源.方法2002年12月-2003年3月应用撞击式采样器在北京市4户吸烟和非吸烟室内采集PM10样品,使用质子诱导X射线荧光法(PIXE)和富集因子法分析Al、Si、P、S、Cl等19种元素的平均质量浓度及富集特征.结果吸烟室内空气中PM10的19种元素的总浓度明显高于非吸烟室内,特别是K、S的浓度是非吸烟室内的2～4倍.室内空气中PM10的元素质量浓度主要由Al、Si、S、K、Ca、Fe等6种元素贡献,其中,吸烟室内K和S占分析元素总量的71.50%,而在非吸烟室内Al、Si和Ca占57.06%.结论Al、Si、Ca、Ti、Fe等来自自然源,而S、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cu、As、Cl、P等来自人为源,如吸烟、燃煤、燃油等.