95例NIPT高风险者羊水染色体检测结果分析

目的分析无创产前检测(NIPT)高风险者的羊水染色体检测结果。方法通过羊膜腔穿刺术获取羊水细胞培养后进行染色体核型分析。结果 95例NIPT高风险对21三体的阳性预测值最高(85.00%),然后依次为18三体(75.00%),X数目异常(68.00%),其他染色体异常(41.67%),13三体(25.00%)。结论 NIPT对21三体的阳性预测值最高,是一种有效的且无创的产前筛查手段,目前羊水染色体检测仍然是诊断胎儿染色体疾病诊断的金标准。     

Illumina测序技术在母血检测胎儿非整倍体中应用

目的研究Illumina测序技术在母血中检测胎儿非整倍体的可行性,及其在无创性产前诊断中的应用前景。方法 68例孕12-39周具有产前诊断指征的单胎妊娠孕妇抽取外周血进行离心、提取血浆中游离DNA,运用Illumina Hiseq2000测序技术进行DNA测序及统计分析。结果 68例孕妇通过Illumina测序技术检测出3例21三体,2例18三体、1例13三体及1例47,XYY。因为濒死胎儿羊水脱落细胞活力极低而致羊水培养失败,传统型染色体核型分析未检测出1例21三体。结论 Illumina测序作为一种无创性产前诊断技术,可准确地筛查21、18、13、X、Y等染色体非整倍体异常,具有安全、准确率高及假阳性率低的优点,值得临床推广。     

Sonographic findings of trisomy 18 in the second trimester of pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the sonographic findings in fetuses with trisomy 18 in the second trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: A retrospective review of the cytogenetic laboratory databases at 6 tertiary referral centers identified all cases of trisomy 18. The prenatal sonographic studies in fetuses at 15 to 21 weeks' gestation, done before invasive testing for the karyotype, were reviewed for anatomic and biometric findings. We defined abnormal fetal biometric findings as a biometric measurement (biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, or femur length) below the fifth percentile in the second trimester. RESULTS: Of 98 fetuses with trisomy 18, 95 (97%) were detected sonographically; an anomaly was found in 92 (94%). A biometric measurement below the fifth percentile was noted in 50 (51%). Cardiac (63%) and central nervous system (34%) anomalies were most frequently detected. Although choroid plexus cysts were commonly seen, no fetuses with trisomy 18 and isolated choroid plexus cysts were found. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted sonography identified abnormal fetal anatomy or abnormal biometric findings in 97% of fetuses with trisomy 18 in the second trimester. A biometric measurement below the fifth percentile was noted in half of the cases in the second trimester.     

孕15~20＋6周产前超声筛查联合孕妇血清学筛查提高胎儿染色体异常检出率的临床研究

目的：评价产前超声筛查联合孕妇血清学筛查对提高胎儿染色体异常检出率的临床价值。方法选择于孕15~20＋6周已行孕妇血清学筛查且结果提示有21-三体和（或）18-三体临界风险的628例胎儿行超声筛查,采用经腹部超声对胎儿鼻骨（NB）和颈部皮肤皱褶（NF,中孕期超声软指标）进行检测,观察有无鼻骨发育不良、有无颈部皮肤皱褶增厚（＞6 mm为增厚）及有无其他超声软指标异常,对鼻骨发育不良及颈部皱褶增厚者进行羊水穿刺染色体核型分析。结果产前超声筛查的628例胎儿中发现鼻骨皱发育不良6例（0.96%,6/628）,其中1例合并颈部皮肤皱褶增厚,2例合并肠道回声增强,1例合并脉络膜囊肿,1例合并左心室内高回声;6例胎儿均行羊水穿刺染色体核型分析,2例为21-三体（33.3%,2/6）,余4例染色体未见明显异常。结论产前超声筛查联合孕妇血清学筛查可提高染色体临界风险胎儿染色体异常的检出率。     

2 654例无创产前基因检测结果分析

目的探讨无创产前基因检测在胎儿染色体非整倍体疾病诊断中的临床应用价值。方法选择在该院行胎儿染色体非整倍体无创基因检测的单胎孕妇2 654例,对孕妇外周血中游离DNA进行高通量测序,对检测结果高风险者进行羊膜腔穿刺及胎儿染色体核型分析,对检测结果阴性者进行电话随访。结果 2 654例孕妇无创基因检测结果高风险29例,包括21-三体14例,18-三体6例,47,XXY 5例,45,XO 2例,常染色体异常1例,母体染色体异常1例。对29例高风险孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺羊水细胞染色体核型分析,结果显示21-三体11例,18-三体5例,性染色体异常4例。结论无创产前基因检测在诊断胎儿染色体非整倍体异常有较高的特异性和准确性,有较高的临床应用价值,但存在一定的假阳性,应掌握指征。     

NIPT及NIPT-plus在IVF胎儿染色体异常筛查中的应用研究

目的探究基于孕妇外周血胎儿游离DNA的无创产前基因检测(NIPT)和拓展性无创产前基因检测(NIPT-plus)在体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF)胎儿染色体异常筛查中的应用价值。方法收集2017年5月—2019年10月在复旦大学附属妇产科医院接受NIPT及NIPT-plus的孕妇,根据其受孕方式分为通过IVF方式受孕(IVF组)和自然受孕(对照组)。对所有研究对象NIPT、NIPT-plus及产前诊断检测结果进行回顾性分析,评价NIPT、NIPT-plus在IVF胎儿染色体异常,包括染色体非整倍体及拷贝数变异(CNV)筛查中的应用价值。结果IVF组孕妇1312例,年龄(32.83±4.02)岁,进行NIPT及NIPT-plus时平均孕周(15.59±2.16)周,其中单胎妊娠925例,双胎妊娠387例;对照组23031例,年龄(30.62±4.77)岁,进行NIPT及NIPT-plus时平均孕周(16.44±2.73)周,其中单胎妊娠22444例,双胎妊娠587例。IVF组NIPT提示21三体(T21)4例(3.05‰),阳性预测值(PPV)为100%;13三体(T13)3例(2.29‰);性染色体异常17例(12.96‰),PPV为55.56%;CNV 3例(2.29‰);其他染色体异常6例(4.57‰),PPV为33.33%。结论NIPT及NIPT-plus在IVF胎儿染色体非整倍体筛查中具有重要价值,常染色体及性染色体三体高风险结果具有较高参考价值;应用于IVF胎儿染色体单体及CNV筛查高风险结果具有一定的预警作用。     

介入性核型检测联合超声在无创胎儿非整倍体异常病例中的应用

目的探讨介入性核型检测联合超声在胎儿无创非整倍体筛查异常病例中的应用。 方法收集2015年10月至2017年12月在徐州市中心医院产前诊断中心进行无创产前基因检测（NIPT）的单胎孕妇2640例为研究对象,年龄18~43岁,孕周13~25周,对检测42例异常染色体孕妇进行产前诊断并对妊娠结局进行跟踪统计分析。介入性核型检查与NIPT对胎儿染色体异常结果检测效能的比较采用McNemar χ²检验和Kappa一致性检验。 结果NIPT异常者42例：其中31例常染色体异常、10例性染色体异常及同时有常染色体及性染色体异常1例,常染色体异常包括：17例21-三体高风险,9例提示18-三体高风险,染色体7-三体、15-三体及13-三体各1例,7号染色体重复51Mb 1例,16号染色体异常1例;10例性染色体异常中45,XO 6例;47,XYY 2例,47,XXX 1例,性染色体XX与XXX嵌合1例。42例中1例放弃产前诊断直接引产,36例羊水穿刺,5例脐静脉穿刺,确诊21-三体14例、18-三体7例和47,XYY 1例,余320~400染色体条带水平未发现异常,其中有12例21-三体和7例18-三体胎儿有超声结构改变,余无超声结构改变,共22例引产,1例流产,19例新生儿结局良好。NIPT对胎儿染色体异常阳性率明显高于介入性核型检查（P<0.05）。 结论NIPT对21-三体和18-三体检出率较高,但对于常染色体和性染色体仍存在一定的假阳性,NIPT发现异常的孕妇需进行胎儿结构超声及介入性核型检查,避免对无辜胎儿的伤害。     

早孕期颈部透明层检测在产前诊断中的作用

目的探讨超声早孕期颈部透明层(NT)检测的方法及在产前诊断中的意义。方法对2 820例行产前检查的孕妇,均采用超声测量胎儿NT值并进行染色体核型检查。结果 2 820例孕妇中胎儿NT>3.0 mm者34例,筛查阳性率为1.21%;NT平均厚度为(7.29±1.52)mm。34例行染色体检查,染色体正常者9例,其中4例伴有水囊瘤,2例伴有全身水肿;染色体异常者25例,其中9例为Turner综合征,8例为21-三体综合征,5例为18-三体综合征,3例为染色体平衡易位。结论 NT测量对于孕妇产前诊断染色体异常及胎儿结构异常具有重要的临床意义。     

超声检查中孕期胎儿颈后部皮肤皱褶增厚对筛查21-三体综合征的临床意义

目的 探讨中孕期超声检查发现胎儿颈后部皮肤皱褶(NF)增厚对筛查21-三体综合征的临床意义。方法 对有产前诊断指征的孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺术或胎儿脐带血穿刺术,并进行染色体核型分析,计算超声对NF增厚胎儿21-三体综合征的检出率,分析胎儿NF增厚与21-三体综合征的关系。结果 接受羊膜腔穿刺术的孕妇中,超声共发现NF增厚胎儿18胎,其中5胎检出21-三体综合征,检出率为27.78%,NF增厚对21-三体综合征的检出率明显高于其他超声异常对21-三体综合征的检出率(P＝0.015)。接受胎儿脐带血穿刺术的孕妇中,超声共发现NF增厚胎儿12胎,其中1胎检出21-三体综合征,检出率为8.33%。结论 胎儿NF增厚是中孕期筛查21-三体综合征的有效的超声软指标。     

Second-trimester sonographic findings in trisomy 22: report of 3 cases and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To describe cases of trisomy 22 detected prenatally on second-trimester sonography and to review the literature on similar cases, with special emphasis on the prenatal findings and pregnancy outcome. METHODS: We performed follow-up second-trimester sonography and fetal karyotyping on 3 pregnant women who were referred because of abnormal findings on initial second-trimester scans. We also conducted a literature search for other reports of sonographic findings in trisomy 22. RESULTS: Fetal abnormalities shown on sonography included nuchal thickening, mild generalized skin edema, an atrioventricular septal defect, an interventricular septal defect, edema of the scalp, face, and neck, severe left pleural effusion with a marked mediastinal shift, ascites, agenesis of the diaphragm, ambiguous genitalia, a single umbilical artery, bradycardia, a multicystic left kidney, and an absent right kidney. All 3 fetuses had karyotypes indicating trisomy 22. One pregnancy was terminated at the parents' request, and 2 ended in fetal death at 23 and 26 weeks. Our literature search revealed only 1 previous report of second-trimester sonographic diagnosis of trisomy 22. We found 3 other reports describing prenatal diagnosis in the third trimester, but only limited information on the sonographic findings was available. CONCLUSIONS: Second-trimester sonography provides valuable clues for the prenatal diagnosis of several chromosomal disorders, including trisomy 22. Prenatal karyotyping is warranted if fetal growth restriction is detected in the second trimester, especially if associated with congenital defects.     

中晚孕期胎儿鼻骨异常预测21-三体

目的 评价中晚孕期胎儿鼻骨异常对21-三体的诊断价值。方法 分析在我院接受胎儿产前超声检查的5460名孕妇的资料,以常规超声检查胎儿及其附属物,如发现胎儿鼻骨异常,行羊膜腔穿刺或抽取脐带血进行染色体核型分析。结果 共发现10胎鼻骨异常。4胎鼻骨缺失,其中1胎骨骼发育障碍,染色体正常;余3 胎均为21-三体合并心脏或其他系统异常。6胎鼻骨发育不良,表现为鼻骨短小、一侧鼻骨缺失或鼻骨骨化不良,其中1胎为21-三体合并其他系统异常;1胎为地中海贫血,染色体正常;余4胎未合并其他系统异常,为孤立性鼻骨发育不良,染色体正常。结论 鼻骨缺失是21-三体的超声常见表现,但孤立性鼻骨发育不良对21-三体的诊断价值需要进一步探讨。     

Sonographic detection of trisomy 13 in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine sonographic findings in fetuses with trisomy 13. METHODS: A retrospective review of the cytogenetic laboratory databases at 6 tertiary referral centers identified all cases of trisomy 13. The prenatal sonographic studies in fetuses of less than 22 weeks' gestation, done before invasive testing for karyotype, were reviewed for anatomic and biometric findings. We defined abnormal fetal biometric findings as a biometric measurement (biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, or femur length) below the fifth percentile in the second trimester. RESULTS: There were 8 cases of trisomy 13 found in the first trimester and 54 cases found in the second trimester, a total of 62 in all. In the first trimester, 6 of 8 had an anomaly identified (4 with cystic hygroma). In the second trimester, 49 of 54 were identified by sonography; 45 had an anomaly, and 4 had an abnormal fetal biometric measurement without an anomaly. The 5 missed diagnoses had early gestational age (<17 weeks; n = 3) or an inadequate survey secondary to poor visualization. Overall, 22 of 54 fetuses with trisomy 13 had an abnormal biometric measurement. The most common anomalies detected in the second trimester were heart defects (n = 34), central nervous system anomalies (n = 30), facial clefts (n = 19), abnormal hands (n = 13), and genitourinary anomalies (n = 9). CONCLUSIONS: Targeted sonography identified abnormal fetal anatomy or abnormal biometric measurements in 95% of fetuses with trisomy 13 in the second trimester after 17 weeks' gestation. A biometric measurement below the fifth percentile was noted in nearly half of cases in the second trimester.     

An 8-center study to evaluate the utility of mid-term genetic sonograms among high-risk pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: A multicenter study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of a genetic sonogram. METHODS: Eight centers provided data on 176 pregnancies complicated by fetal Down syndrome. One hundred thirty-four pregnancies were considered high risk because of advanced maternal age (> 35 years), and 42 were considered high risk for having "abnormal" triple-screen results (risk > 1:250). Each center provided fetal biometric data, information regarding the presence or absence of major structural abnormalities, and between 3 and 6 additional ultrasonographic markers for trisomy 21. The heterogeneity of our 8 independent "sensitivity estimates" was evaluated by Poisson regression, and a single combined estimate of the sensitivity was calculated. RESULTS: Of the total 176 cases of trisomy 21, 125 fetuses (71.0%) had either an abnormal long bone length (femur length, humerus length, or both), a major structural abnormality, or a Down syndrome marker. The combined diagnostic sensitivity was 71.6%, with a range of 63.6% (7 of 11) to 80% (8 of 10). Five centers had sensitivity estimates falling between 64% and 76%. The sensitivity of individual markers varied between 3% (sandal gap) and 46.5% (nuchal skin fold thickness). A condensed regimen of nuchal skin fold thickness, femur length, and a standard anatomic survey would screen in 56.8% of fetuses with Down syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: This 8-center study that included many fetuses with Down syndrome validates the concept that the genetic sonogram can be used to better adjust the Down syndrome risk for high-risk patients.     

Ultrasound detection and perinatal outcome of fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 in the absence of a routine fetal anomaly scan or biochemical screening.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prenatal detection rate of abnormality (fetal anomaly or growth restriction) in pregnancies complicated by fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 in an obstetric population managed without routine biochemical or sonographic screening tests and to assess the perinatal outcome of these pregnancies. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of obstetric and neonatal data pertaining to infants born with trisomy 21, 18 or 13 (n = 82) diagnosed between 1989 and 1997 (23 762 deliveries). RESULTS: Antenatal suspicion of aneuploidy, based on the detection of growth restriction or fetal anomaly, was present in 18.3% (11 of 60) of fetuses with trisomy 21, in 81.2% (13 of 16) of fetuses with trisomy 18, and in 83.3% (five of six) of fetuses with trisomy 13. The antenatal detection rates for growth restriction were accurate whereas the antenatal detection rates for fetal anomalies were poor. Intrauterine fetal death occurred in 18.8% of fetuses with trisomy 18 (three of 16) and in 50% (three of six) of cases of trisomy 13. For babies born alive with trisomy 18 or 13 the neonatal mortality was 93.8% (15 of 16). All cases of trisomy 21 fetuses survived beyond the perinatal period and the antepartum and intrapartum details of these pregnancies were unremarkable. CONCLUSION: In obstetric practice without routine biochemical or sonographic screening tests the detection of findings suggestive of aneuploidy is low for trisomy 21, but is high for trisomies 18 and 13. These findings provide information for counseling about the antenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal course of these trisomies.     

中晚孕期染色体异常胎儿产前超声声像特征

[目的]探讨中晚孕期染色体异常胎儿产前超声声像表现特点.[方法]回顾性总结分析29例中晚孕期染色体异常胎儿染色体检查结果和产前超声特征.[结果]29例染色体异常胎儿中,产前超声检出单发畸形5例,17例胎儿表现为多发畸形,单纯表现为超声微小异常5例,2例胎儿超声未见任何异常.超声异常声像发生率93.1%(27/29),18例畸形胎儿同时伴随超声微小异常出现,超声微小异常发生率为85.2%(23/27).10例18-三体胎儿,9例产前超声表现为多发畸形,主要为神经系统畸形(7/9)、心脏畸形(7/9)及胎儿手姿势异常(5/9),1例仅表现胎儿水肿;5例21-三体胎儿,3例无结构畸形,仅表现为一个或多个超声微小异常,2例未见任何异常;3例13-三体胎儿,产前超声均表现有严重神经系统畸形,其中全前脑2例,Dandy-Walker综合征1例;4例45X0;7例染色体结构异常胎儿,3例(3/7)可见心脏畸形或伴有其它异常超声表现.[结论]中晚孕期染色体异常胎儿产前超声检查大部分可发现异常声像,以多发畸形常见,大多数伴有超声微小异常.部分染色体异常胎儿有相应的典型异常声像.     

Comparison of Single Versus Multiple Echogenic Foci in the Fetal Heart Regarding Risk of Aneuploidy

Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether multiple echogenic cardiac foci (ECF) are associated with an increased risk of fetal trisomy 21 in our patient population. Methods. During a span of 38 months, all women found to have an ECF on obstetric sonography were identified as study patients and grouped into single‐ and multiple‐ECF groups. Age‐ and race‐matched patients were identified as a control group. Fetal anatomic sonographic examinations were assessed for other markers of aneuploidy and major abnormalities. The baseline risk for trisomy 21 was assessed by maternal serum screening or age alone if no serum screening had been performed. Trisomy 21 was assessed by amniocentesis or clinically at birth. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess for associations with trisomy 21. Results. Six of 71 patients (8.5%) with multiple ECF and 1 of 171 patients (0.6%) with a single ECF had trisomy 21. One of 242 control patients (0.4%) had trisomy 21. Logistic regression found multiple ECF (P < .008), the presence of a major finding or multiple minor findings (P = .0012), and a baseline risk for trisomy 21 of greater than 1 in 100 (P = .003) as independent associations with trisomy 21. Conclusions. Our results suggest that finding multiple ECF is a stronger predictor of trisomy 21 than what is described for a single ECF.     

Prenatal detection of fetal trisomy 18 through abnormal sonographic features.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prenatal detection of fetal trisomy 18 through abnormal sonographic features and to determine the sensitivity of sonographically detecting fetuses with trisomy 18. METHODS: All genetic and cytogenetic records of fetuses with trisomy 18 were reviewed retrospectively (1992-2002). From these, singleton fetuses who had prenatal sonography at our unit were identified. The maximal numbers of individual abnormalities from 1 sonographic examination (not limited to type of organ system) were recorded. Each abnormality was classified as major, minor, or "other," and each organ system was classified as abnormal only once, regardless of the number of individual abnormalities identified in that system. The sensitivity of sonography in detecting abnormalities of trisomy 18 was determined. RESULTS: Of 38 fetuses identified with trisomy 18, all had 4 or more prenatally detected sonographic abnormalities (sensitivity of sonographic detection of fetuses with trisomy 18, 100%). The median number of abnormalities per examination was 8 (range, 4-19). Sonographically detected major abnormalities were cardiac (84%; n = 32), central nervous system (87%; n = 33), gastrointestinal (26%; n = 10), and genitourinary (16%; n = 6). Sonographically detected minor abnormalities were short ear length below the 10th percentile for gestational age (96%; n = 26/27), upper extremities and hands (95%; n = 36), lower extremities and feet (63%; n = 24), and face (53%; n = 20). Fifty percent (19 of 38) had choroid plexus cysts identified, but this was never an isolated finding. CONCLUSIONS: In experienced hands, the sensitivity of detecting fetal trisomy 18 on prenatal sonography is 100%, and all cases will have multiple anomalies visualized.     

Sonographic Findings in Trisomy 9

Objective. The purpose of this study was to identify the most common prenatal sonographic findings in fetuses with complete trisomy 9. Methods. A retrospective review of all cases of trisomy 9 at 5 participating institutions over a 15‐year interval was conducted. Indications for referral and sonographic findings in each case were reviewed to identify characteristic fetal structural anomalies. Results. Six cases of trisomy 9 are presented. Most patients were referred for abnormal sonographic findings on screening examinations (66%) or advanced maternal age (33%). Fetal heart defects and central nervous system malformations were the most frequent sonographic anomalies seen. Conclusions. Sonographic findings in trisomy 9 are similar to those found in other autosomal trisomies. Because trisomy 9 is uniformly lethal and is not included as part of the standard prenatal aneuploidy screening by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, clinicians should be cautious in counseling patients with structurally abnormal fetuses until the full karyotype is available.     

产前超声评估胎儿颜面轮廓及相关遗传学疾病

目的 探讨产前超声评估胎儿颜面轮廓的可行性及对胎儿遗传学疾病的提示价值.方法 应用产前二维及三维超声观察20胎胎儿的颜面正中矢状面,评估颜面轮廓异常,并与染色体分析结果进行对照.结果 发现9胎21-三体、4胎18-三体、1胎13-三体和1胎4p-,5胎染色体正常.20胎中,鼻骨缺失或发育不良共8胎(6胎21-三体,2胎染色体正常);鼻前组织增厚9胎(8胎21-三体,1胎4p-);小下颌8胎(4胎18-三体,1胎21-三体,1胎13-三体,1胎4p-及1胎染色体正常);颜面扁平5胎(2胎21-三体,2胎Larsen综合征,1胎染色体正常);上颌前突2胎(1胎13-三体,1胎18-三体).结论 颜面正中矢状面有助于提示胎儿染色体异常及遗传综合征,其中鼻骨及下颌评估对21-三体及18-三体的提示意义明确,可作为中孕期筛查的常规内容.     

Multi‐tissue cytogenetic analysis for the diagnosis of mosaic Down syndrome: A case report

Less than one percent of individuals with Down syndrome exhibit mosaicism, a biological phenomenon that describes an individual who has two or more genetically distinct cell lines. The percentage of mosaicism in different tissues can impact the presence of clinical findings and hinder cytogenetic diagnosis. We report a case of mosaicism for trisomy 21 diagnosed after multi‐tissue cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood and buccal mucosa, associated with significant intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features, congenital heart defects, macropenis, and imperforate anus.