高频超声与超声造影对甲状腺微小乳头状癌及其侵袭性的诊断价值

目的：探讨高频超声与超声造影对甲状腺微小乳头状癌（PTMC）及对其侵袭性的诊断价值。方法：选择81例单发甲状腺结节的临床及影像资料,术前均接受高频超声及超声造影检查,观察记录结节形态、边界、回声、增强强度等特点,按病理结果分为良性组和恶性组,比较2组声像图特点;对恶性组结节除观察结节高频超声及超声造影特征外,重点观察结节与甲状腺被膜的关系,评价超声对PTMC侵袭性的诊断效能。结果：2组超声特征比较,恶性组结节纵横比≥1及微钙化所占比例均高于良性组（均P<0.05）;2组超声造影特征比较,不均匀增强、低增强、早期明显消退特征在恶性组中所占比例均高于良性组（均P<0.05）;在高频超声基础上行超声造影检查判断PTMC被膜侵犯的敏感度94.40%,特异度87.20%,准确率89.47%,阳性预测值77.27%,阴性预测值97.14%。结论：PTMC的超声造影表现具有特征性,对判断肿瘤侵袭性具有较高的诊断价值。     

超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的临床价值

目的：探讨超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查（US-FNAC）诊断甲状腺结节性质的临床价值。方法：选择96例甲状腺结节患者,均行超声初筛,并联合US-FNAC检查进行诊断,其中疑似良性结节40例,疑似恶性56例,均行手术治疗。将术后病理学结果作为"金标准",分析超声与US-FNAC诊断甲状腺结节性质的临床价值,对比2种检查方式准确率、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、假阳性率及假阴性率。结果：96例术后病理学检查显示,结节性甲状腺肿30例（31.25%）、甲状腺腺瘤9例（9.38%）、桥本氏甲状腺炎6例（6.25%）、肉芽肿性甲状腺炎1例（1.04%）、甲状腺乳头癌46例（47.92%）、甲状腺滤泡癌3例（3.12%）、甲状腺髓样癌1例（1.04%）。US-FNAC诊断准确率、灵敏度、特异度分别为94.79%、96.00%、93.47%;超声诊断准确率、灵敏度、特异度分别为85.42%、84.00%、84.78%;US-FNAC诊断价值明显更高（P<0.05）。结论：US-FNAC检查对甲状腺结节具有重要临床应用价值,其诊断准确率高于超声检查,可为疾病定性、制订治疗方案、判断预后等提供参考。     

超声剪切波弹性成像对甲状腺TI-RADS 4类结节良恶性的鉴别诊断价值

目的：探讨超声剪切波弹性成像（SWE）对TI-RADS 4类甲状腺结节的鉴别诊断应用价值。方法：收集92例（102个）TI-RADS 4类的甲状腺结节,根据术后病理分为良性组及恶性组,分别对2组的SWE图像进行回顾性分析,并与术后病理结果对比,计算SWE诊断结节良恶性的敏感度、特异度及准确率。结果：SWE联合TI-RADS诊断102个结节的敏感度、特异度及准确率（88.7%、92.5%、90.2%）均明显高于TI-RADS（67.7%、57.5%、63.7%）（均P<0.05）。结论：SWE有助于甲状腺TI-RADS 4类结节的鉴别诊断,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

晚期肾功能不全患者血液透析通路建立后血管内径的彩色多普勒超声评价

目的：探讨晚期肾功能不全患者血液透析通路建立后血管内径的彩色多普勒超声评价。方法：选取已建立血液透析通路的晚期肾功能不全患者52例,采用彩色多普勒超声评价通路建立后的血管内径情况。观察并比较通路建立后1周与6个月的头静脉、桡动脉、吻合口等血管内径及血流量差别,并比较血管正常和血管狭窄、糖尿病和非糖尿病患者的相关血管内径及血流量差别。结果：所有患者在术后1周和6个月的头静脉、桡动脉、吻合口等血管内径及血流量差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。52例中糖尿病10例,血管狭窄8例,血管正常组和血管狭窄组患者的头静脉、桡动脉、吻合口内径及血流量差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）,糖尿病组与非糖尿病组的以上相关血管结果差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论：采用彩色多普勒超声检测血液透析通路建立后血管内径的结果可靠,能有效观察血流情况,有利于提高晚期肾功能不全患者的血液透析质量,值得临床广泛应用。     

超声对胎盘早剥的诊断价值及临床应用

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声对胎盘早剥的诊断价值,胎盘早剥的超声图像特征,以及对孕妇、胎儿预后的影响。方法：选取198例孕产妇为研究对象。通过病史判断孕产妇有无胎盘早剥高危因素并进行诊断,高度怀疑此诊断的患者为观察组,其余为对照组。2组均行超声检查,分析其超声图像,并比较预后。结果：观察组中有胎盘早剥高危因素的例数明显增多,且观察组产检规范占比明显降低（均P<0.05）。观察组超声主要表现为胎盘回声不均和胎盘异常增厚。观察组母儿预后与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。结论：彩色多普勒超声安全、方便、快捷,是筛查胎盘早剥和决定治疗方案十分重要的检查方法,临床应用前景较广。     

高频超声对肝外囊肿型胆道闭锁与胆总管囊肿的鉴别诊断

目的：探讨高频超声对肝外囊肿型胆道闭锁（CBA）与胆总管囊肿（CC）的鉴别诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析行高频超声检查及手术治疗的32例肝门部囊性病变患儿的临床资料,根据病理结果分为CBA组10例和CC组22例,对比分析2组的超声图像特点。结果：CBA组胆囊长径、前后径均明显小于CC组（均P<0.01）;CBA组囊壁厚度>1.0 mm的比例明显高于CC组（P<0.01）;CBA组胆囊形态异常与肝门部纤维块（≥4.0 mm）的发生率均明显高于CC组（均P<0.01）;CBA组肝内胆管扩张、囊内胆泥沉积的发生率均明显低于CC组（均P<0.01）;CBA组肝动脉内径明显大于CC组（P<0.01）。结论：高频超声对CBA与CC的鉴别诊断有重要的临床价值,结合临床症状和相关实验室检查,可准确诊断。     

MRI动态增强扫描联合DTI对前列腺中央区良恶性结节的诊断价值

目的：探讨MRI动态增强扫描（DCE-MRI）、DTI联合检查对前列腺中央区良恶性结节的诊断价值。方法：选取行前列腺MRI扫描的50例泌尿外科患者,共发现59个结节,其中前列腺癌（PCa）结节20个（PCa组）,良性前列腺增生（BPH）结节39个（BPH组）,均行T₂WI、DCE及DTI扫描,观察检查结果。结果：PCa组的ADC值显著低于BPH组,各向异性分数值均显著高于BPH组（均P<0.05）,2组峰值时间值及曲线斜率值比较差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）,而强化率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;2组TIC比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;DTI、DCE及两者联合诊断良恶性结节的特异度均>80%,DCE扫描的敏感度较低,3种诊断技术的ROC曲线下面积比较,联合诊断最大。结论：DTI与DCE联合检查对前列腺中央区良恶性结节的诊断具有更高的临床价值,值得推广应用。     

ACR TI-RADS与ATA指南分级评估甲状腺结节的对比研究

目的：对比研究美国放射学会（ACR）甲状腺影像报告与数据系统（TI-RADS）分级与美国甲状腺协会（ATA）甲状腺诊治指南分级对甲状腺结节恶性风险评估的价值。方法：选取我院经病理证实的甲状腺结节148例（173个）,分别应用ACR TI-RADS分级及ATA指南分级对结节进行评估,比较各分级的恶性百分比。以病理为对照,对比2种方式的诊断敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及Youden指数。采用ROC曲线确定ACR TI-RADS与ATA指南分级的较佳诊断临界值。结果：ACR TI-RADS分级TR2、TR3、TR4及TR5恶性结节百分比比较,差异均有统计学意义（χ²=46.22,P<0.05）。ATA指南分级的良性、极低危、低危、中危、高危中恶性百分比比较,差异均有统计学意义（χ²=70.57,P<0.05）。ACR TI-RADS分级与ATA指南分级ROC曲线下面积分别为0.812及0.842,两者诊断良恶性结节效率相近。ACR TI-RADS分级以≥ TR5为界点时,ATA指南分级以≥高危为界点诊断恶性时,Youden指数分别达到最高,但ACR TI-RADS分级TR5的恶性百分比（58.6%,17/29）较ATA指南高危分级的恶性百分比（73.1%,19/26）低。结论：ACR TI-RADS分级与ATA指南分级均为临床提供了可行的甲状腺结节恶性风险分级,对甲状腺结节的恶性风险评估诊断价值均较高。ACR TI-RADS分级简单易行,可重复性高,更适合在基层医院推广应用。     

高分辨率算法与标准算法评估冠状动脉支架内腔再狭窄的价值对比

目的：探讨高分辨率算法与标准算法评估冠状动脉支架内腔再狭窄的差异。方法：选取行冠状动脉支架置入术患者39例为研究对象,将原始数据分别采用高分辨率算法和标准算法重建,以冠状动脉造影作为诊断金标准,比较2组的图像质量和诊断效能。结果：采用高分辨率算法重建后的冠状动脉支架内腔的图像质量评分明显高于标准算法（P<0.05）;高分辨率算法诊断冠状动脉支架内腔的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率均高于标准算法（均P<0.05）。结论：高分辨率算法对冠状动脉支架内腔再狭窄的诊断效能明显高于标准算法。     

实时三维超声表面成像及透明成像技术在诊断胎儿唇腭裂中的应用

目的：评价三维超声在产前诊断胎儿唇腭裂畸形中的应用价值。方法：选择我院行产前超声检查的25例唇腭裂胎儿,胎龄20~32周,孕妇年龄22~44岁,二维超声常规检查出唇裂后,应用三维超声表面成像及透明成像显示胎儿上牙槽突及腭部。并将结果与二维超声及产后（或引产后）结果进行对照。结果：25例产后或引产发现,单侧单纯唇裂6例,单侧唇裂合并腭裂17例,双侧唇裂合并腭裂2例。二维和三维超声对单纯唇裂检出率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,二维超声腭裂检出率36.8%（7/19）,三维超声腭裂检出率89.5%（17/19）。2种方法对腭裂的检出率差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：三维超声可明显提高产前胎儿腭裂的诊断准确率。     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.