脑膜瘤术后癫(癎)发生的危险因素分析

目的分析脑膜瘤手术后癫疒间发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析行手术治疗且资料完整的158例脑膜瘤病人的临床资料,以性别、年龄、主要症状、术前癫疒间史、阳性体征、肿瘤部位、手术操作时间、皮质牵拉伤、动静脉损伤、术后血肿、颅内感染、术后水肿、肿瘤切除程度、手术次数、放射治疗、肿瘤复发等16项可能影响因素为自变量,以术后发生癫间疒为因变量,使用Logistic回归分析研究相关的危险因素。结果术前癫间疒史、肿瘤部位、术后水肿、肿瘤切除程度、肿瘤复发等5个因素为脑膜瘤术后癫疒间发生的危险因素。结论脑膜瘤术后癫疒间的发生影响病人生活质量,防治癫疒间发生的危险因素,有望减少脑膜瘤术后癫疒间的发生,改善预后。     

难治性癫癇危险因素临床分析

目的探讨难治性癫癇的危险因素以便早期预测癫癇的预后.方法回顾性分析难治性癫癇组(30例)和可控性癫癇组(50例)患者的临床资料,先进行单因素分析,然后进行非条件Logistic回归模型分析.结果经多因素回归分析表明始发年龄小、脑电图限局性癇性放电、对治疗药物反应不良和治疗前癫癎发作次数多等4个因素为难治性癫癇的危险因素.结论具有对首次治疗药物反应不良、脑电图有限局性癇性放电、始发年龄小、治疗前发作次数多等因素的癫癇患者易发展成难治性癫癇.     

脑穿通畸形相关性癫(癎)的手术治疗(附12例分析)

目的 评价外科切除致(癎)皮质治疗脑穿通畸形相关性顽固性癫(癎)的疗效.方法 回顾性分析12例脑穿通畸形病人的临床特征、电生理数据、术中所见及致(癎)皮质切除后的癫(癎)发作情况.本组均为部分性发作,继发全面性发作9例,复杂部分性发作3例.长程视频脑电图(VEEG)显示:发作间期VEEG异常与囊肿位置吻合7例,分布弥散5例;发作期VEEG异常6例,其中5例与囊肿位置吻合.对术前VEEG和术中皮质脑电图(ECoG)显示的间期异常区、可能的症状区、硬化皮质和磁共振流体抑制翻转复原序列(MRI-flair像)上的高信号区等予以切除.结果 随访6个月～7年,本组均获Engel Ⅰ级控制,其中2例仍有先兆发作.无并发症发生.结论 在脑穿通畸形病人中,致(癎)灶不仅涉及电生理异常区(包括术前VEEG及术中ECoG异常区),也可能涉及解剖异常区(包括术前MRI-flair像上的高信号区及术中所见硬化皮质).这些异常区的充分切除和功能区的确切保护为脑穿通畸形性顽固性癫(癎)的外科治疗提供了一个有效的办法.     

脑外伤后癫(癎)的临床研究进展

外伤后癫(posttraumaticepilepsy,PTE)是脑外伤(traumaticbraininjury,TBI)后的常见并发症,PTE的发病率为4.4%～53.0%。PTE的危险因素包括TBI的严重程度、早发性癫发作、硬脑膜的完整性等。关于PTE的预防,目前认为TBI患者在脑损伤后1周内服用抗癫药物可预防早发性癫的出现。PTE的治疗包括药物治疗和手术治疗。     

影响新诊断癫(癎)患者初次药物治疗效果的因素

目的 探讨影响新诊断癫(癎)患者初次药物治疗效果的因素.方法 对155例年龄4～68岁新诊断的癫(癎)患者给予单药治疗,至少观察1年,以稳定期初次发作时间和早期治疗失败时间为终点事件,其中治疗失败的原因包括发作控制不佳和/或不能耐受药物不良反应.采用Cox回归分析判断癫(癎)患者临床特点及实验室检查结果对药物治疗效果的影响.结果 多因素Cox回归分析显示:癫(癎)家族史(HR=2.39,P<0.05)、EEG癫(癎)波(HR=2.05,P<0.005)、治疗前发作次数(HR=1.76,P<0.05)是影响稳定期初次发作时间的因素;女性患者(HR=4.25,P<0.001)、部分性发作(HR=2.54,P<0.05)、EEG癫(癎)波(HR=3.11,P<0.005)是影响早期治疗失败时间的因素.结论 EEG癫(癎)波、癫(癎)家族史、治疗前发作次数、发作类型(部分性发作)、女性患者是影响新诊断癫(癎)患者初次药物治疗效果的因素.     

癫(癎)与可疑癫(癎)临床发作时的动态脑电图分析

目的探讨癫(癎)与可疑癫(癎)临床发作时的动态脑电图(AEEG)的变化特征.方法本文对316例癫(癎)临床发作时的动态脑电图进行分析.结果临床发作时癫(癎)组162例中,AEEG监测结果正常为49例(30.25%),异常为113例(69.75%);在临床诊断可疑癫(癎)的154例中,AEEG监测结果正常为110例(71.43%),异常44例(28.57%).癫(癎)组与可疑癫(癎)组临床发作时癫(癎)样波的发放有非常显著性差异(x2=53.56,P＜0.001).结论AEEG因大大增加了描记时间而使EEG阳性率明显提高,临床发作与同步的AEEG痫样波的发放对癫(癎)的诊断非常重要.尤其对许多非(癎)性发作性疾病与癫(癎)发作的鉴别诊断更有重要意义.     

癫(癎)术后抗癫(癎)药物的治疗模式

目的 探讨癫(癎)术后抗癫(癎)药物的应用方法及影响因素.方法 2002-2005年在我院接受了手术治疗的170例癫(癎)患者,根据不同手术时段分为3组,A组:2002年至2003年10月的病例;B组:2003年11月至2004年10月药师与临床医生一起对癫(癎)手术患者进行用药教育的病例;C组:2004年11月至2005年10月接受全程化药学服务的病例.对随访1年后各组之间的疗效、用药安全性、抗癫(癎)药应用依从性等指标进行了比较,初步探讨术后应用抗癫(癎)药的规律.结果 B组和C组在疗效(71%、81%)、用药安全性、抗癫(癎)药用药依从性等指标上均优于A组(46%),差异均有统计学意义(X2=7.08、15.50,P<0.05).结论 神经内外科医生、药师合作的个体化癫(癎)术后全程化服务是一种较新的、有效的癫(癎)术后管理模式.     

癫(癎)减停药后复发危险因素分析

目的 回顾性分析癫(癎)发作获得控制患者减停药后复发情况及相关危险因素,以为临床应用提供参考依据.方法 采用单因素分析和向前逐步法多因素非条件Logistic回归分析评价311例癫(癎)发作获得控制且减停药≥2年患者的癫(癎)复发危险因素.结果 311例患者,癫(癎)复发率为34.73%(108/311),其中在医师指导下减停药者280例,癫(癎)复发率为29.29%(82/280),停药后1年内复发率为26.43%(74/280),停药后2年内复发率为28.21%(79/280).单因素分析结果显示,青少年期发病、成年期发病、肌阵挛发作、青少年肌阵挛癫(癎)、症状性部分性癫(癎)、减药前大发作频率>10次、成年期减药、成人减药前无发作时间<4年、减药时间<6个月及减药前脑电图显示(癎)样放电共10项因素是减停药后癫(癎)复发的危险因索,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05).多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示,青少年期发病、成年期发病、青少年肌阵挛癫(癎)、症状性部分性癫(癎)、成人减药前无发作时间<4年、减药时间<6个月及减药前脑电图显示(癎)样放电为减停药后癫(癎)复发的主要危险因素(均P<0.05).结论 癫(癎)减停药应该注重个体化原则.儿童期发病的癫(癎)患者发作控制1～2年可考虑减停药,成年患者发作控制>4年方可考虑减停药,减药时间应≥6个月.青少年期发病、成年期发病、青少年肌阵挛癫(癎)、症状性部分性癫(癎)及减药前脑电图显示(癎)样放电者,减停药后癫(癎)复发风险高,减停药需慎重.     

脑膜瘤继发癫癎的危险因素

目的分析脑膜瘤继发癫癎的危险因素。方法回顾性分析102例脑膜瘤病人的临床资料,采用二分类Logistic回归分析方法分析肿瘤的位置、直径、数目、质地、水肿、硬脑膜尾征、出血、肿瘤钙化、囊变、瘤-脑界限、累及动脉、累及静脉窦、相邻颅骨改变、合并脑积水、合并颅内其他影像学改变、是否复发以及病人的年龄、性别、病程、运动障碍、感觉障碍、精神异常、视觉障碍、语言障碍、脑神经功能障碍、锥体束征、高血压、贫血、高血糖、心电图异常等30项客观指标与继发癫癎的相关程度。结果入院时有明确癫癎发作史34例(33.33%)。Logistic分析显示:肿瘤位置、瘤周水肿、肿瘤钙化等3项指标的优势比分别为16.189、2.775、31.597(均P<0.05)。结论肿瘤邻近大脑半球皮质、瘤周水肿、肿瘤钙化是脑膜瘤继发癫癎的独立危险因素。     

开放性颅脑创伤早期癫(癎)发作危险因素分析

目的 探讨开放性颅脑创伤后早期癫(癎)发作危险因素,并提出初步预防措施.方法 对2006年9月-2009年9月诊断与治疗的91例开放性颅脑创伤患者的临床资料进行单因素及多因素Logistic逐步回归分析,筛选颅脑创伤后早期癫(癎)发作之危险因素.结果 单因素分析显示,年龄(x2=5.131,P=0.023)、颅脑创伤分...     

Risk factors for hemorrhage of brain arteriovenous malformation

Patients with brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) are at risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Overall, bAVM accounts for 25% of hemorrhagic strokes in adults <50 years of age. The treatment of unruptured bAVMs has become controversial, because the natural history of these patients may be less morbid than invasive therapies. Available treatments include observation, surgical resection, endovascular embolization, stereotactic radiosurgery, or combination thereof. Knowing the risk factors for bAVM hemorrhage is crucial for selecting appropriate therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discussed several biological risk factors, which may contribute to bAVM hemorrhage.     

急诊显微手术治疗脑动静脉畸形破裂出血

目的探讨急诊显微手术治疗脑动静脉畸形破裂出血的效果。方法回顾性分析破裂出血的24例脑动静脉畸形病人的急诊显微手术治疗。结果血肿清除+全部畸形血管切除17例,血肿清除+部分畸形血管电凝4例,单纯血肿清除3例。按GOS评分,病人恢复良好11例,轻残5例,重残4例,植物生存2例,死亡2例。结论脑动静脉畸形破裂出血急性期外科手术的正确选择是关键,争取在血肿清除同时切除畸形血管是首选方法。     

Susceptible gene single nucleotide polymorphism and hemorrhage risk in patients with brain arteriovenous malformation

The relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of interleukin-17 (IL-17A), transforming growth factor ?? (TGF-??), as well as its receptor (TGFR-??2) and susceptibility to intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM) was investigated in the present study. A total of 53 patients with BAVM and 120 healthy controls were recruited, all of whom were Han Chinese from South China. There were no statistically significant differences in the IL-17A-197 guanine/adenine (G/A) or TGF-??1-509 cytosine/thymine (C/T) genotypes or gene frequencies between BAVM patients and controls (p > 0.05), but the gene frequency of the TGFR-??2-875 A/G genotype in patients with BAVM was significantly higher (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the frequencies of the G allele of IL-17A-197 G/A and TGFR-??2-875 A/G in BAVM patients with hemorrhage were higher than those without hemorrhage. TGFR-??2-875 G/G genotype is a risk factor for BAVM, and the IL-17A-197 G/A and TGFR-??2-875 A/G genotype is closely related to hemorrhage risk for patients with BAVM.     

Treatment for arteriovenous malformation of the brain——Comparison between microsurgery and gamma knife

BACKGROUND: Microsurgery and gamma knife are the mainly ways to treat arteriovenous malformation of brain in grade Spetzler-Martin Ⅰ–Ⅲ; however, therapeutic effects of them need to be further studied. OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic effects between microsurgery and gamma knife on the treatment of arteriovenous malformation of brain in grade Spetzler-Martin Ⅰ–Ⅲ. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Department of Neurosurgery, the Third Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Microinvasion Center. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 86 patients with arteriovenous malformation of the brain were selected from the Department of Neurosurgery, the Third Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Microinvasion Center from January 1997 to February 2007. After DSA, CT and/or MRI examinations, patients were evaluated in grade Spetzler-Martin Ⅰ–Ⅲ. All patients were divided into microsurgery group (n = 34) and gamma knife group (n =52). There were 22 males and 12 females in the microsurgery group and their mean age was 26 years, while there were 34 males and 18 females in the gamma knife group and their mean age was 28 years. The grade of Spetzler-Martin was comparable in the two groups. All their relatives provided the confirmed consent and the study was allowed by ethics committee of our hospital. METHODS: Under complete anesthesia, patients were given microsurgery and the operative approach was chosen based on diseased regions. Firstly, feeding artery was blocked; secondly, it was separated along band of gliosis between malformation vessel mass and brain tissue; finally, draining vein was cut off and malformation vessel mass was resected. On the other hand, patients in the gamma knife group received Leksell-2300B gamma knife treatment. Leksell-G stereotaxis headframe was installed; GE1.5TMR scanning device was used for localization; r-Plan5.2 workstation was used for target design and dosage program; Leksell B gamma knife was used during the whole operative procedure. The target was 1–4 and peripheral dosage was 12–28 Gy. At 0.5, 1 and 2 years after operation, angiography was used to detect vascular occlusion in the two groups. Meanwhile, focal hemorrhage and new neurological function defect (including hemiplegic paralysis, language disorder, cerebellar function disorder, increasing frequency of epilepsy, etc.) were also observed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate of vascular occlusion, focal hemorrhage and neurological function defect at different time points after operation. RESULTS: All 86 patients were involved in the final analysis. Vascular nest of patients in the microsurgery group disappeared completely; while, two patients (6%, 2/34) had new neurological function defect but did not have rehaemorrhagia and death after operation. On the other hand, vascular nest of 43 patients (83%, 43/52) in the gamma knife group disappeared completely, and 8 (15%, 8/52) had new neurological function defect. There was significant difference between the two groups (χ2=2.63, P < 0.05). Six patients (12%, 6/52) in the gamma knife group had rehaemorrhagia after operation, and one (2%, 1/52) died. CONCLUSION: Both microsurgery and gamma knife have great effects on the treatment of arteriovenous malformation of brain in grade Spetzler-Martin Ⅰ–Ⅲ; however, the therapeutic effects of microsurgery are superior to those of gamma knife.     

2086例脑动静脉畸形临床特征和手术治疗结果分析

目的回顾性分析2086例脑动静脉畸形(AVM)患者和1992年后经外科手术治疗的635例患者。对这些患者的临床特征和外科手术结果加以评估。方法对1956年1月至2001年10月2086例AVM患者数据收集分析。AVM的大小范围由1～9cm。经外科手术治疗的患者按入院时间分为2组:一组为1992年至1996年另一组由1997年至2001年。本组研究中,评估临床特征的变量包括:年龄、性别、Spetzler-Martin分级、首发症状。外科手术结果的评估是通过比较两手术组之间的手术并发症。结果脑AVM好发20～40岁,其中脑出血(43.4%),头痛(24.9%)和癫痫发作(17.3%)是首发常见的三种表现。两组间年龄分布和性别比率无差异。采用Spetzler-Martin分级系统,Ⅲ～Ⅴ级患者百分率增加,Ⅰ和Ⅱ级患者百分率下降。但主要外科手术并发症的发生率(死亡,偏瘫,颅神经功能障碍和胃肠出血)无显著性差异(P=0.796)。结论脑AVM是青年患者自发性颅内出血的重要原因之一。Spetzler-Martin分级对预测手术风险有帮助。显微外科手术技术使手术治疗更加安全,并成为脑AVM患者的最佳选择。在治疗巨大脑AVM时,术中栓塞后手术切除是切实可行的治疗方法。     

应用Onyx液态栓塞剂治疗脑动静脉畸形的探讨

目的 探讨应用Onyx液态栓塞剂栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形及其综合治疗。方法 采用Onyx对19例脑动静脉畸形进行血管内栓塞治疗，1例因有高流量的脑动静脉畸形而先应用可脱性弹簧圈将血流减速再应用Onyx液态栓塞剂栓塞，平均注胶时间30min。结果 95％栓塞2例；70％以上8例；30％～70％9例。并发症术后出血2例，微导管留置体内1例。结论 Onyx栓塞脑动静脉畸形好的弥散性和注胶可控性强，结合放疗有助于提高脑动静脉畸形的治疗效果。     

Risk factors for poor outcome of untreated arteriovenous malformation

This study was conducted to determine risk factors for poor outcome in the natural history of arteriovenous malformation (AVM). We statistically analysed the correlation between clinical or angiographical findings and clinical outcomes for 55 cases of untreated AVM. Subsequent haemorrhage from AVMs was the only significant risk factor for poor outcome (P< 0.0001). The odds ratio was 44.56 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) from 4.80 to 413.90. Risk factors for subsequent haemorrhage from AVMs were also determined. The size (P = 0.0483) and location (P = 0.0147) of an AVM were significant risk factors for subsequent haemorrhage. The odds ratios were 3.97 with a 95% CI from 1.18 to 13.33 and 3.89 with a 95% CI from 1.10 to 13.72, respectively. AVMs of more than 60 mm, and deep or infratentorial AVMs had more chance of subsequent haemorrhage, and hence of a poor outcome. We propose using an aggressive multidisciplinary approach to treating these AVMs.     

X-刀治疗脑室脑池系统动静脉畸形26例

目的总结脑室脑池系统动静脉畸形(C型A V M)的X-刀治疗效果,并讨论其治疗策略。方法采用X-刀治疗C型A V M26例,其中治疗前行栓塞9例;6例首次治疗(RS1)失败后行再次行X-刀治疗(RS2)。结果①完全闭塞率(O R)为38.5%(10例),低于本院同期705例脑A V M的55.0%(388例);P<0.005。②放疗前行血管栓塞与未行血管栓塞病人的O R分别为44.4%、35.3%。③随诊期间出血率15.4%,均为合并Ⅲ型动脉瘤的病人。④RS2的完全闭塞率为33.3%,有效率(有效+完全闭塞)50.0%。结论C型A V M大多适于行X-刀治疗;可能合并高危出血的Ⅲ型动脉瘤病人应首先考虑显微外科手术,并建议术前行血管栓塞治疗;放疗前栓塞可提高C型A V M X-刀治疗的完全闭塞率;RS2是C型A V M RS1治疗失败的补救手段。     

Review of treatment and therapeutic targets in brain arteriovenous malformation

Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) are an important cause of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), especially in younger patients. The pathogenesis of bAVM are largely unknown. Current understanding of bAVM etiology is based on studying genetic syndromes, animal models, and surgically resected specimens from patients. The identification of activating somatic mutations in the Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS) gene and other mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway genes has opened up new avenues for bAVM study, leading to a paradigm shift to search for somatic, de novo mutations in sporadic bAVMs instead of focusing on inherited genetic mutations. Through the development of new models and understanding of pathways involved in maintaining normal vascular structure and functions, promising therapeutic targets have been identified and safety and efficacy studies are underway in animal models and in patients. The goal of this paper is to provide a thorough review or current diagnostic and treatment tools, known genes and key pathways involved in bAVM pathogenesis to summarize current treatment options and potential therapeutic targets uncovered by recent discoveries.