球囊扩张和Heller肌切开治疗儿童贲门失弛缓症的meta分析

目的 采用meta分析来系统评价已有的关于儿童贲门失弛缓症的文献,对比分析球囊扩张（BD）和Heller肌切开（HM）治疗儿童贲门失弛缓症的有效性和安全性。方法 检索Pubmed、Embase、Chocane Library Database,CBMDisc,维普全文数据库,万方生物医学期刊数据库。检索的时间均从建库至2012年5月。获得BD和HM治疗儿童贲门失弛缓症的临床对照研究的文献。由两名系统评价员进行资料提取和质量评价。应用Revman5.0软件进行meta分析,根据异质性结果选择相应的效应模型分析;无法进行meta分析时采用描述性分析。结果 最终纳入8篇文献,均为回顾性的对照研究,无随机对照研究。8篇文献均报道了两组的复发率和并发症发生率。BD组与HM组治疗儿童贲门失弛缓症的复发率之间的差异存在统计学意义（95%CI：[1.87,8.11],P=0.0003）,HM组的复发率低于BD组（OR值=3.90）。两组并发症发生率之间的差异亦存在统计学意义（95%CI：[0.15,0.90],P=0.03）,BD组的并发症发生率低于HM组（OR值=0.37）。结论 HM治疗儿童贲门失弛缓症的复发率低于BD,而其并发症的发生率却高于BD。但因为纳入均为回顾性研究,该结论尚待进一步的随机对照研究来证实。     

抗-D免疫球蛋白与大剂量静脉丙种球蛋白治疗儿童急性特发性血小板减少性紫癜的meta分析

目的比较静脉注射抗-D免疫球蛋白（anti-D immunoglobulin,anti-D）与大剂量静脉注射免疫球蛋白（IVIG）治疗儿童急性特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）的有效性及安全性。方法计算机检索PubMed、Embase和Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials。手工查阅计算机检索到的文献的参考文献目录。选取治疗72 h后血小板计数>20×109/L的百分率和血红蛋白下降值作为主要测量指标。采用RevMan 5.1对纳入文献进行meta分析。结果共检索到相关文献771篇,有5篇文献符合纳入标准。治疗72 h后anti-D组与IVIG组血小板计数>20×109/L比较差异有统计学意义（RR=0.90,95%CI：0.82～0.98）;亚组分析,anti-D 50μg/kg与IVIG比较,75μg/kg与IVIG比较,差异均无统计学意义（RR=0.98,95%CI：0.84～1.13;RR=0.88,95%CI：0.75～1.03）。anti-D组血红蛋白下降更明显,但患者均不需要输注悬浮红细胞。结论静脉注射anti-D治疗儿童急性ITP的疗效可能与大剂量IVIG相同。患者对anti-D的不良反应耐受性良好。     

儿童COVID-19的临床特征：一项关于SARS、MERS及COVID-19的系统评价

目的 系统总结新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）儿童病例的临床特征。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、The Cochrane Library、中国知网、重庆维普和万方数据库,搜集关于儿童COVID-19的临床研究,检索时限均为建库至2020年5月21日。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,对纳入研究进行描述性分析。并与严重呼吸窘迫综合征（SARS）、中东呼吸综合征（MERS）儿童病例相关指标进行比较。结果 共纳入75个研究,包括COVID-19儿童病例806例。研究结果显示：患儿年龄在生后36?h到18岁不等,男女比例为1.21?：?1。与SARS、MERS病例类似,COVID-19病例最常见感染方式为家庭聚集感染,占74.6%（601/806）。COVID-19、SARS及MERS病例临床症状相似,以发热、咳嗽为主。部分患儿出现消化道症状。上述三者无症状感染儿童比例分别为17.9%（144/806）、2.5%（2/81）及57.1%（12/21）。COVID-19、MERS病例胸部影像学病变以双侧为主,病变阳性率分别为63.4%（421/664）及26.3%（5/19）,均低于其病毒核酸检测阳性率（分别为99.8%及100%）。而SARS病例胸部影像学以单侧病变为主,其影像学阳性率为88.9%（72/81）,高于病毒核酸检测阳性率（29.2%）。COVID-19及SARS患儿粪便中均检测到病毒核酸,检测阳性率分别为60.2%（56/93）、71.4%（5/7）。COVID-19患儿重症率及病死率分别为4.5%（31/686）、0.1%（1/806）;SARS儿童重症率及病死率分别为1.5%（1/68）、0%;MERS儿童重症率及病死率分别为14.3%（3/21）、9.5%（2/21）。结论 儿童COVID-19临床症状与儿童SARS、MERS相似,以发热、咳嗽为主,均存在无症状感染者,但COVID-19和SARS儿童的病情较MERS轻。家庭聚集感染为COVID-19儿童重要的感染方式。流行病学接触史、影像学检查及病毒核酸检测结果是诊断COVID-19的重要依据。     

人类微小病毒B19感染与川崎病的关系

目的　探讨人类微小病毒B19感染与川崎病 (KD)的关系。方法　对 6 0例KD患儿及 4 2例健康儿童进行近期B19感染检查 ,包括B19DNA检查、间接免疫荧光法检测B19表面蛋白抗原。结果　 6 0例KD患儿中B19DNA阳性 6例 (10 .0 % ) ,对照组阳性 2例 (4 .8% ) ,两组差异无显著意义 (χ2 =0 .94　P >0 .0 5 )。但B19DNA阳性 6例中 ,<1岁患儿与 >1岁患儿两组阳性率差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。KD组 3例检测B19抗原阳性 ,对照组阳性 1例 ,两组差异无差异 (χ2 =0 .4 5　P >0 .0 5 )。结论　人类微小病毒B19感染与KD可能无明确关系     

病毒性心肌炎患儿微小病毒B19感染的研究

目的探讨病毒性心肌炎患儿微小病毒B19（HPV B19）感染的状况及其相关性。方法应用巢式聚合酶链反应法对60例病毒性心肌炎患儿（观察组）及30例健康体检儿童（对照组）血浆中微小病毒B19-DNA进行检测,并对观察组中HPV B19-DNA检测阳性与阴性两组中血CK、CK-MB及心功能指标进行比较。结果观察组B19-DNA检测阳性率为26．7％（16／60例）,对照组B19-DNA检测均为阴性,两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。观察组中HPV B19-DNA检测阳性与阴性的两组中血CK、CK—MB值差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。心功能指标LVSF比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）,SV比较差异亦有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论小儿病毒性心肌炎与HPV B19感染有关,HPV B19可能是小儿病毒性心肌炎主要病原之一;HPV B19感染所致小儿病毒性心肌炎的心功能改变中左室功能受累程度较重。     

左乙拉西坦治疗儿童癫癎的系统评价

目的：左乙拉西坦已经广泛应用于儿童癫癎的治疗中,但尚无高质量证据证明其安全性和有效性。本研究系统评价左乙拉西坦治疗儿童癫癎的有效性和安全性。方法：计算机检索Pubmed、 Embase、Cochrane数据库和中国生物医学文献光盘数据库、万方和维普中文数据库,检索时间截止2009年3月。纳入左乙拉西坦治疗儿童癫癎的随机和半随机试验,用meta分析方法对数据进行处理和系统评价。结果：纳入2个随机对照试验。一篇为左乙拉西坦（n=101）与安慰剂对照（n=91）添加治疗儿童难治性癫癎的多中心随机双盲试验,共198名患儿,左乙拉西坦和安慰剂发作完全缓解率分别为6.9%,1%（P<0.01）。与安慰剂组比较,左乙拉西坦治疗明显减少了癫癎发作频率（P<0.01）。另一篇为左乙拉西坦（n=21）与奥卡西平（n=18）单药治疗儿童中央颞区棘波癫癎随机对照试验。共39名患儿。左乙拉西坦和奥卡西平两组发作完全缓解率分别为90.5%,72.2%（P=0.410）。左乙拉西坦治疗相关副反应发生率与安慰剂组和奥卡西平两组差异无统计学意义。结论：目前证据表明,左乙拉西坦治疗儿童癫癎有效,但仍需更多实验数据支持。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（2）：128-131］     

特发性血小板减少性紫癜患儿血清微小病毒B_(19)检测及意义

目的探讨人微小病毒B19(HPVB19)感染与儿童特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)发病的关系。方法采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)对46例ITP患儿利30例健康儿童的血清标本进行HPVB19-IgM、IgG及血小板相关抗体检测。结果46例ITP患儿血清中HPVB19抗体总刚性率43.48%(20/46),30例健康儿童HPVB19-IgM、IgG均为阴性,2组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);ITP组中急性型与慢性型之间HPVB19抗体总阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);病毒感染刚性患儿的血小板相关抗体明显高于病毒感染阴性患儿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论ITP患儿血清中HPVB19抗体总刚性率高,尤其是急性型;HPVB19感染后可导致血小板相关抗体升高而致血小板减少。     

人细小病毒B19感染与儿童急性特发性血小板减少性紫癜发病关系的探讨

目的　探讨人细小病毒B19(以下称B19)感染与特发性血小板减少性紫癜 (ITP)发病的关系。方法　对 5 2例ITP患儿及 32例健康儿童进行近期B19感染的检查 ,包括B19 DNA检查、间接免疫荧光法检测B19表面蛋白抗原 ;并比较ITP患儿中B19检测阴性及阳性患儿有关ITP的临床资料、实验室特征及预后。结果　5 2例ITP中B19 DNA阳性 12例 (2 3 1% ) ,健康儿童B19 DNA均为阴性 ,两组间差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。5 2例ITP患儿仅有 2例检测到B19抗原阳性 ,健康儿童所有标本均为阴性 ,两组间差别无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 )。5 2例ITP患儿B19检测阳性和阴性者中分别有 83 8% (10 /12 )和 5 0 % (2 0 /4 0 )的患儿初诊时病程 <2周 ;75 %(9/12 )和 4 0 % (16 /4 0 )入院时血小板计数呈重度低下 (<2 5 0× 10 9/L)。差别均有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　B19感染可能为儿童ITP的重要病毒病原 ;B19感染者ITP起病似乎更急 ,血小板减低更明显。     

人类细小病毒B19感染与小儿急性特发性血小板减少性紫癜

目的 探讨人类细小病毒B19(HPVB19)感染与小儿急性特发性血小板减小性紫癜(ITP)发生的关系。方法对23例小儿急性ITP及17例对照组小儿用聚合酶链反应技术进行HPVB19一DNA的检测。结果 23例急性ITP患儿HPVB19一DNA阳性者7例,阳性率30.4％,17例对照组小儿HPVB19-DNA检测均阴性,两组间阳性率比较有非常显著性差异(x2=4.096,P<0.05)。结论小儿急性ITP的发生与HPVB19感染有关。     

人微小病毒B19-DNA定量检测在儿童免疫性血小板减少症中的意义

目的探讨人微小病毒(HPV)B19-DNA定量检测在儿童免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)中的意义。方法采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对126例ITP患儿和40例健康儿童血清标本进行HPVB19-DNA定量检测,同时检测其血小板相关抗体。结果 ITP患儿HPVB19阳性率(DNA载量>103Copies/m L为阳性)为34.9%;健康儿童均为阴性,两组间差异有极显著性(P<0.01)。新诊断ITP B19-DNA平均载量为107.55±2.05Copies/m L,持续性ITP为106.01±1.98Copies/m L,慢性ITP为104.72±1.07Copies/m L,三组间差异有极显著性(P<0.01);在ITP组中,HPVB19阳性的患儿血小板相关抗体PAIg G、PAIg A均显著高于HPVB19阴性ITP患儿,且B19DNA阳性组中DNA高载量的组别(≥107Copies/m L)血小板相关抗体显著高于DNA低载量的组别(103~107Copies/m L)。结论本组研究提示,HPVB19感染可能是导致小儿ITP的重要因素之一,且急性型和持续性ITP病毒DNA载量较高。血小板相关抗体浓度和HPVB19的DNA载量呈正相关。     

81例不同疾病患儿人细小病毒B19特异性抗体检测

目的　调查细小病毒B19(humanparvovirusB19,HPVB19)在新疆地区不同疾病患儿中的感染情 况。方法　用ELISA法对2001年8月至2002年12月该院儿科81例住院患儿和来自儿保体检门诊16例健康儿 童(对照组)的血清标本进行了B19 IgM和B19 IgG检测。结果　B19 IgM阳性检出率在特发性血小板减少性紫癜 和再生障碍性贫血最高,分别为44.4%(4/9)和41.2%(7/17)。与对照组相比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),其它 疾病组与对照组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05)。而B19 IgG的检测结果,疾病组与对照组相比差异无显著性 (P>0.05)。结论　新疆地区特发性血小板减少性紫癜和再生障碍性贫血患儿中有较高的HBVB19感染率。特 发性血小板减少性紫癜和再生障碍性贫血与B19感染关系较为密切。     

Role of parvovirus B19 infection in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Although parvovirus B19 exhibits a strong tissue-tropism for erythroid progenitor cells leading to anaemia, several case reports indicate that parvovirus B19 infection may also cause the development of thrombocytopenia. Despite recent studies, the frequency and clinical relevance of this association have remained questionable. Consequently, and in view of the paucity of evidence regarding a viral aetiology for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), we examined the role of parvovirus B19 in 47 children with newly diagnosed ITP. Specific viral DNA indicating a current or recent parvovirus B19 infection was demonstrated in 6 of 47 patients (13%) employing the polymerase chain reaction technique. Our study suggests that children with ITP and associated parvovirus B19 infection are characterized by acute onset of profound thrombocytopenia. Among the parvovirus B19 positive children, duration of disease was brief in three children treated with immunoglobulin but chronic in the remaining three patients given high-dose steroids. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these initial observations. This virus should be considered as a possible aetiologic agent in some children with ITP.     

Acute human parvovirus B-19 infection in hospitalized children: A serologic and molecular survey

BACKGROUND: The extent and clinical manifestations of acute human parvovirus B19 (B19) infection were assessed in previously healthy hospitalized children admitted with clinical syndromes potentially associated the virus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was prospective and was conducted between October 2002 and August 2004 in the pediatric departments of 3 hospitals in Israel. The survey included previously healthy children who were hospitalized with 1 or more of the following acute diseases: acute nonallergic exanthema, fever for >1 week, aplastic anemia or pancytopenia, acute nonbacterial arthropathy, immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura (HSP) and aseptic meningitis. A control group of children with a proven, non-B19 infection was also studied. Serum samples obtained from each child on admission were tested for B19 DNA by real-time PCR and B19 IgM by ELISA. Acute B19 infection was defined by the following criteria: positive serum B19-DNA and/or B19 IgM, negative serum B19 IgG, and no other proven infection. RESULTS: Overall, 167 children were included in the study. The mean age was 5.5 +/- 4.6 years (range, 0.5-17), males and females equally divided. Acute B19 infection was demonstrated in 12.6% (n = 21) of the children. Both tests were performed in 19 children and were positive in 10 (53%). In 7 and 2 children, only B19-DNA or B19 IgM, respectively, was positive. Acute B19 infection was documented in 27% (10/39) of children who presented with a variety of acute exanthema diseases; 9% (5/57) of children with acute arthropathy (all 5 had transient synovitis); 10% (2/21) of children with fever >1 week, both presented as mononucleosis syndrome; and in 44% (4/9) of children with transient pancytopenia or aplastic anemia. No acute B19 infection was demonstrated in 15 children with ITP, 9 with HSP, and 6 with aseptic meningitis and among 70 children in the control group. By logistic regression analysis, manifestations significantly associated with acute B19 infection were exanthema (OR 2.9; 95% CI = 1.1-7.5), anemia (OR 6.35; 95% CI = 2.2-18.2) and leucopenia (OR 4.14; 95% CI =1.2-14.2). CONCLUSIONS: Acute B19 infection was documented among 12.6% of children hospitalized with clinical syndrome potentially associated with the virus. Clinical and laboratory features associated with acute B19 infection were exanthema, anemia and leucopenia. Determination of both serum B19-DNA and serum B19 IgM should be performed for the accurate diagnosis of acute B19 infection.     

人类细小病毒B19感染致特发性血小板减少性紫癜的发病机制

目的探讨人类细小病毒B19(HPVB19)感染对骨髓巨核祖细胞的影响。方法运用酶联免疫吸附试验检测HPVB19-IgM、PCR检测HPVB19VP独特区DNA。筛选出并HPVB19感染特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)患儿。骨髓行巨核祖细胞体外培养,集落细胞计数。结果外周血HPVB19-DNA阳性及血清HPVB19IgM阳性ITP 31例患儿中,巨核祖细胞集落细胞形成减低,与正常对照组及非HPVB19感染组比较,差异有显著性。结论HPVB19可影响巨核祖细胞集落形成。     

Parvovirus B19 in the acute arthropathies and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of recent parvovirus B19 infection in a cohort of children presenting with acute arthropathy and to determine the prevalence of a subsequent diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in this cohort. METHOD: In this prospective study, parvovirus B19 IgM antibody was investigated in 75 patients who were referred to our clinic with acute joint complaints and also in 75 healthy controls. One patient in each group was excluded due to neuroblastoma and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The characteristics of parvovirus B19 IgM positive patients who were accepted as parvovirus B19 arthropathy were further evaluated. All the patients were followed up for at least 6 weeks and the patients with chronic progression of joint complaints were followed for at least 6 months to determine their progress. The cases of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in this chronic group were identified. RESULTS: Parvovirus B19 IgM was detected in 16 of 74 patients (21.6%) with acute arthropathy compared with 3 of 74 (4.1%) in the healthy control group (chi(2) = 8.67; P = 0.003). The parvovirus B19 positive patients with arthropathy were more likely to become chronic (P = 3.7 x 10(-7)) and to be diagnosed as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (P = 0.03) than the parvovirus B19 IgM negative group with arthropathy. Additional joint destruction developed in one case who was parvovirus B19 IgM positive in whom juvenile rheumatoid arthritis was diagnosed during follow up. CONCLUSION: These data support the hypothesis that parvovirus B19 infection may be associated with the onset of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in a proportion of patients.     

Childhood chorea-encephalopathy associated with recent parvovirus B19 infection in two Jamaican children

This case report highlights the course of two healthy unrelated children with an encephalopathy characterised by dyskinesia, seizures, hemiparesis and behavioural change associated with recent human parvovirus B19 infection. The cases are compared with a previously described case of childhood chorea encephalopathy associated with human parvovirus B19 infection.     

Blood picture findings in children with Parvovirus B19 infections (fifth disease/erythema infectiosum)]

The human parvovirus B19 provokes erythema infectiosum ("e.i."); moreover there is a wide range of diseases due to parvovirus B19 without exanthema/rash. The erythropoietic blast cells of the bone marrow seems to be the main target cells for this virus. Therefore in cases of prenatal infection the consequences are extremely similar to fetal erythroblastosis ("non-immunological" fetal hydrops). In postnatal life the parvovirus B19 infection causes hyporegenerative phases of the erythropoiesis with anaemia after 3-4 weeks. We studied the white blood cell count (WBC), erythrocytes and thrombocytes in children suffering from (serologically well documented) parvovirus B19 infection with exanthem/"e.i." (group 1; n = 23), without exanthem (group 2; n = 46) and with unknown febrile exanthematous rashes (group 3; n = 76). We did not find any characteristic data in the WBC for a diagnosis of parvovirus B19 infection. However we have for the first time documented a significant thrombocytopenia in "e.i." (group 1) not found in group 2. The thrombocytopenia appears earlier than the anaemia, because the lifespan of thrombocytes is considerably shorter than that of erythrocytes. These data suggest that parvovirus B19 attacks not only "erythropoietic" blast cells but also immature bone marrow cells, which are later responsible for the thrombocytopoiesis.     

Quantitation of human parvovirus B19 DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction

BACKGROUND: There have been no reports on either the serial quantification of genomic copies in the various parvovirus B19 infections or the comparison of the viral amount in erythema infectiosum, unlike with that in other parvovirus B19 infections. METHODS: A total of 19 children with parvovirus B19 infection were classified into a group of seven (group A) with erythema infectiosum and a group of 12 (group B) without erythema infectiosum, and their serum levels of parvovirus B19 DNA were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. A total of 30 boys and girls with some symptoms but no parvovirus B19 infection served as a control group (group C). RESULTS: The amount of parvovirus B19 DNA differed significantly between groups A and C (P < 0.01) and between groups B and C (P < 0.01). The amount of viral DNA was significantly higher in group B than in group A (P < 0.01). Sequential determination showed that the amount of viral DNA in group B rapidly decreased over several days. Erythema infectiosum developed in two patients of group B on the 6th and 29th days after onset when the amount of viral DNA was similar to that in group A. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of parvovirus B19 DNA correlated well with the stage of infection, and its quantitation was useful for determining disease status and prognosis. In parvovirus B19 infection, the viremia is associated with rare but varied pathological states different from erythema infectiosum, such as transient aplastic crisis, hemophagocytic syndrome, lupus-like syndrome, and papular-purpuric gloves and socks syndrome.