指伸肌腱滑脱的原因分析与手术要点

目的　探讨指伸肌腱滑脱的损伤机制、手术方法和术后复发的关系。方法　 1987年至 1999年 ,在 17例指伸肌腱滑脱手术中 ,在修复矢状束、腱帽和关节囊损伤的同时 ,重视了腱间筋膜的修复。通过模拟实验 ,分析腱间筋膜、矢状束和腱帽在指伸肌腱滑脱中的作用。结果　术后随访 3个月～ 10年 ,17例伸指功能均恢复正常 ,未见复发者。实验结果证实 ,切断指伸肌腱桡侧矢状束和腱帽 ,仅引起指伸肌腱的部分滑脱 ,此时切断腱间筋膜则引起其向尺侧的完全滑脱。结论　矢状束和腱帽损伤的同时 ,伴有腱间筋膜损伤是该症关键的病理机制。手术修复腱间筋膜是防止复发的根本     

高频超声在手指伸肌腱闭合损伤中的诊断价值

目的 探讨高频超声诊断在手指伸肌腱闭合损伤中的诊断价值.方法 2005年4月至2008年10月,应用高频超声诊断指伸肌腱闭合损伤,对手术证实的21例患者的超声影像特征进行分析.结果 Ⅰ区伸肌腱损伤10例中,超声图像显示肌腱止点处低回声区,远节指骨基底向掌侧移位,动态观察主动伸指远节指骨无活动,其中3例合并末节指骨撕脱骨折,骨块均有移位.Ⅱ区损伤6例中,腱帽损伤完全断裂2例,表现为腱帽连续性中断,结构紊乱,局部有异常暗区,动态观察可见断端分离,伸腱滑向尺侧;腱帽损伤未断裂3例,表现为腱帽增厚,回声不均匀,结构不清;内固定损伤1例,可见内固定物在受损肌腱内穿过,肌腱滑动时受阻.Ⅲ区自发肌腱断裂5例,超声图像见肌腱内部回声不均匀,肌腱纤维混乱,肌腱连续性中断.结论 超声检查指伸肌腱闭合损伤是辅助诊断中的首选方法,为临床治疗提供依据.     

McCoY法修复陈旧性伸肌腱帽损伤7例报告

伸肌腱帽损伤常发生于掌指关节受外力猛力被动屈曲或掌指关节直接猛力撞击时，伸肌腱帽的损伤发生于掌指关节桡侧者多于尺侧，因而多数病历指伸肌腱向尺侧脱滑，并有患指的尺偏畸形，中指伸肌腱帽损伤的发生率高于其他手指。我院自2002年3月-2007年8月共利用McCoY法修复陈旧性伸肌腱帽损伤7例，效果满意，报道如下。     

移植腱周膜包绕腱缝合段防止指屈肌腱粘连

目的：防止指屈肌腱修复术后的粘连。方法：设计并应用了掌长肌腱腱周膜游离移植包绕腱缝合段的新方法。配合术后早期功能锻炼，治疗Ⅱ区指屈肌腱损伤４０例５８指。结果：术后随访１至８年，功能按ＴＡＭ法评定：５８指中，优２０指，良３２指，可５指，差１指，优良率为８９．６％。结论：腱周膜是腱周固有的、利于肌腱滑动及营养的组织。包绕腱周膜腱缝合段，不会破坏肌腱的外源性愈合，又使粘连疏松。通过早期功能锻炼，能恢复良好的滑动功能     

瘢痕折叠缝合和侧腱束转位治疗陈旧性腱性锤状指

目的 探讨瘢痕折叠缝合和指伸肌腱侧腱束转位治疗陈旧性腱性锤状指的手术方法及临床疗效.方法 对30例腱性锤状指患者,根据术中所见采用不同的手术方法.其中8例采用指伸肌腱远、近断端瘢痕折叠缝合+克氏针内固定;22例采用指伸肌腱远端与近端伸肌腱单侧侧腱束转位后钢丝Kessler钮扣肌腱缝合+克氏针固定.术后均用石膏固定患指于远指间关节过伸位、近指间关节屈曲位6周.结果 术后30例患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,随访6～24个月,平均(13.0±4.5)个月,疗效评价采用Dargan功能评定法评分:优22例,良6例,可2例;优良率为93.3％.结论 陈旧性腱性锤状指断端间若形成松弛瘢痕连接,可采用瘢痕折叠缝合法强化;若断端分离短缩,可采用指伸肌腱单侧侧腱束转位治疗.依术中所见不同采用合适的方法治疗陈旧性腱性锤状指可取得满意的疗效.     

自体和异体滑膜内、外肌腱移植的实验研究

目的　比较自体和异体滑膜内肌腱 (intrasynovial tendon,IT )及滑膜外肌腱 (extrasynovialtendon,ET)作鞘管内移植后两者愈合过程和粘连的异同。方法　应用兔新鲜自体和深低温冻存的异体趾深屈肌腱 (IT)、腓骨长肌腱 (ET) ,分别移植于兔左后肢第二趾 (IT)、四趾 (ET)鞘管内修复趾深屈肌腱缺损。自体、异体组各 2 1只兔。术后 10天、3、6周取两组移植腱及对侧正常腱作组织学观察 ;术后 4、8周取材作生物力学测定。结果　两组 IT移植后粘连轻 ,而两组 ET移植后粘连明显 ,滑动功能差于 IT移植(F =14.10 ,P <0 .0 1)。术后 8周时异体移植腱的最大抗断裂载荷值低于自体移植腱 (F =10 .11,P <0 .0 1)。结论　鞘管内自体或异体肌腱移植后均有供腱的组织特异性 ,两者 IT移植后滑动功能均优于 ET组。异体肌腱 (IT、ET)移植后的愈合过程慢于自体移植组。     

尺侧腕伸肌腱固定治疗桡尺远侧关节背侧半脱位的疗效

目的 介绍一种韧带再造的新方法治疗桡尺远侧关节背侧半脱位的疗效。方法 对3例患者,取尺侧腕伸肌腱的桡侧半腱条,自尺骨背侧骨孔突出,由桡骨掌侧骨孔穿入,再从桡骨骨侧骨孔穿出后拉紧,固定于尺骨上。结果 3例患者均取得了满意效果,术前的疼痛症状消失,关节半脱位已矫正,前臂旋转功能改善。结论 用尺侧腕伸肌腱固定治疗玩关节炎改变的桡尺远侧关节背侧半脱位简便有效。     

“指伸肌腱终腱-止点系统”与锤状指形成原因的探讨

目的：通过对指伸肌腱终腱止点及末节指骨的解剖学观测,以物理力学方法对锤状指的形成原因做进一步的探讨。方法在成人新鲜尸体手指标本上,通过模拟手术,对指伸肌腱终腱止点及末节指骨的结构特点进行应用解剖学观测,用物理力学原理对指伸肌腱终腱及末节指骨进行受力分析。结果指伸肌腱终腱止点呈浅帽状被覆于末节指骨基底背侧的“舌”形骨嵴顶端,远侧指间关节侧面观呈规则的圆弧形,末节指骨在屈伸肌腱的牵拉下围绕一个固定的轴心在中节指骨头表面做屈伸运动;终腱或舌形骨嵴在手指纵轴线处受力最大,在垂直于手指纵轴线处受力最小。结论“指伸肌腱终腱-止点系统”的命名利于对锤状指的形成原因作进一步解释,并为锤状指治疗方法的改进提供解剖学依据。     

腱片移植治疗陈旧性锤状指

通过对手指伸腱装置的解剖与功能观察,设计了以掌长肌腱片或指背腱膜自身腱片移植修复伸指肌腱终腱手术,治疗陈旧性锤状指。1987年间试用3例,经2～3年随访,疗效满意。     

局部封闭致拇伸肌腱腱帽损伤一例

患者女，43岁。2003年11月，因右拇伸肌腱狭窄性腱鞘炎，在外院行局部封闭治疗后(4次)出现拇指屈曲、伸指不能而来院就诊。临床检查：右手拇指屈曲位，拇长伸肌腱滑向内侧，掌指关节不能主动伸直，被动活动正常，手指感觉正常。诊断：右拇伸肌腱腱帽损伤。局麻下行伸肌腱复位、腱帽修复术。术中即能主动活动患指，活动时拇伸肌腱无滑脱现象出现。术后采用石膏固定，3周后去除，开始进行掌指关节屈伸功能锻炼。术后随访1年，患指功能正常。     

Anatomic variation of the extensor tendons to the ring and little fingers: a cadaver dissection study.

We found an anatomic variation of the extensor digiti minimi (EDM) and extensor digitorum communis (EDC) in a cadaveric dissection. The EDM had three tendon slips; two slips to the little finger and one to the ring finger metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint. The ring finger slip inserted in the extensor hood with the EDC. The EDC had a separate tendon to the little finger extensor hood. The EDM had an additional pulley distal to the extensor retinaculum. The MP joints of the little and ring fingers extended simultaneously upon pulling the EDM or the EDC. The third slip of the EDM could provide an extra donor site and possibly poses a unique clinical presentation.     

Treatment of a zone III extensor tendon injury using a single relative motion with dorsal hood orthosis and a modified short arc motion protocol—A case report

Study DesignCase report.IntroductionZone III extensor tendon injuries are typically treated with early mobilization or by a period of immobilization followed by gradual motion. In both scenarios, the use of multiple orthoses is required.Purpose of the studyThis case report examines the effective use of a single, modified relative motion orthosis throughout the protected rehabilitation phase after a zone III extensor tendon repair.MethodsA patient with extensor tendon zone III laceration to his index finger (10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems s66.328) was treated using a single, relative motion with dorsal hood orthosis. The exercise protocol followed a modified immediate short arc motion program.ResultsFollowing laceration and complete rupture of the central slip, the patient regained full range of motion, strength, and function.DiscussionIt is becoming more common to use a relative motion flexion (RMF) orthosis to correct or improve extensor lag due to boutonniere deformity or stiffness after finger fractures. There is very little literature to support the use of the RMF orthosis after zone III extensor tendon repair. To produce a single orthosis that is useful through the entire protected phase of rehabilitation, the RMF orthosis is easily modified by addding a dorsal hood to create the relative motion dorsal hood orthosis (RMDH).ConclusionOur case report shows the successful treatment of a zone III extensor tendon repair using a single relative motion with dorsal hood orthosis and early active motion throughout the entire protected phase of rehabilitation.     

第二掌背动脉肌腱皮瓣的临床应用

目的　介绍第二掌背动脉肌腱皮瓣修复手指皮肤伴肌腱缺损的应用价值。方法　在解剖学研究的基础上 ,采用第二掌背动脉肌腱皮瓣修复手指皮肤伴肌腱缺损 11例。其中 ,伴屈肌腱缺损 3例 ,伸肌腱缺损 8例。皮瓣顺行移位 3例 ,逆行移位 4例 ,游离移植 4例。结果　 10例肌腱皮瓣移植后完全成活 ,1例部分坏死 ,经换药后伤口愈合。 8例术后随访 12～ 5 7个月 ,3例失访。两点辨别觉 :手指背侧 8～11m m,指腹 5～ 7mm。手指伸屈功能均恢复至健侧的 60 %～ 70 %。结论　第二掌背动脉肌腱皮瓣是修复手指或手部小范围皮肤伴肌腱缺损的理想皮瓣。     

Extensor digiti minimi tendon transfer to correct abducted small finger in ulnar dysfunction.

A tendon transfer to correct the abducted posture of the small finger in patients with ulnar nerve dysfunction is described. The extensor digiti minimi is transferred deep to the extensor digitorum communis tendon or junctura tendinae to the small finger and inserted into the radial portion of the extensor hood, correcting the muscle imbalance. Successful results in 10 patients are reported.     

Extensor mechanism laxity at the metacarpophalangeal joint as identified by a new provocative test: predisposition to dislocation

A tendon subluxation test was performed on the unaffected side in 13 patients with traumatic extensor tendon dislocation of the middle finger and on both middle fingers in 800 healthy controls to identify extensor mechanism laxity at the metacarpophalangeal joint. Ten of the 13 patients with dislocation had laxity of middle finger extensor tendon, compared with 174 of the 800 (22%) controls. The difference in these rates of extensor tendon laxity is significant (P<0.0001), and suggests that extensor mechanism laxity at the metacarpophalangeal joint may predispose to traumatic extensor tendon dislocation.     

Traumatic closed index extensor tendon rupture at the musclotendinous junction: a report of two cases

This report describes two cases of traumatic closed index extensor tendon rupture at the musclotendinous junction. Both patients were injured when their work gloves were caught in the revolving parts of machines, and both were treated surgically. One of the patients completely ruptured the index extensor digitorum communis (EDC) and the extensor indicis proprius (EIP) tendons at the musclotendinous junction of dorsal forearm. In this patient, the distal stump of the index EDC tendon was sutured to the middle EDC tendon in an end-to-side juncture. The other patient completely ruptured the EIP tendon and partially ruptured the index EDC tendon at the musclotendinous junction. In this patient, tendon transfer of the extensor digiti minimi (EDM) to the EIP tendon and plication of the index EDC tendon were performed. In both cases, surgical intervention enabled the patients to extend their index fingers almost normally; however, the former complained of inability to extend his index finger independently. Tendon transfer of the EDM in cases of index extensor tendon rupture at the musclotendinous junction is a good method to restore ability to independently extend the index finger. However, consideration should be given to anatomical variation in the little finger. The EDC tendon is sometimes absent leaving the EDM tendon as the only extensor tendon to the little finger.     

Biomechanical evaluation of thumb opposition transfer insertion sites

The optimal location for insertion of the transferred tendon in opposition transfer is controversial. The purpose of this study was to examine 4 commonly used insertion sites into the thumb and determine which maximizes thumb opposition. The flexor digitorum superficialis of the ring finger was used as a donor tendon and was attached in random order to the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) tendon, the APB and extensor pollicis longus, the flexor pollicis brevis (FPB) and dorsal radial extensor hood, and the ulnar extensor hood at the base of the proximal phalanx. As normal opposition was simulated, the minimum distance between the thumb and little finger and the pinch force were measured. The FPB and radial dorsal extensor hood site resulted in the statistically highest pinch force. The FPB and radial dorsal extensor hood and the APB sites had statistically smaller minimum distances between the thumb and little finger than the ulnar extensor hood site. A subjective evaluation of the 3-dimensional thumb path of motion revealed that the FPB and radial dorsal extensor hood site and the APB insertion site allowed the closest approximation of normal thumb opposition. This biomechanical study supports the use of the FPB and radial dorsal extensor hood insertion site or APB insertion site for opposition transfers.     

Geschlossene Streckhaubenverletzungen am Grundgelenk der Langfinger

Closed traumatic lesions of the extensor tendon hood of a longfinger at the metacarpophalangeal joint are rare. Surgical treatment was done in 6 cases during the last 10 years in our department; in 5 cases the dorsoradial part, in one case the dorsoulnar part of the hood was injured. The tear extended longitudinal or diagonal through the transvers fibers of the hood. Respecting the accident mechanism there have been reported tangential forces at the extensor tendon hood and forced ulnar deviation in the bended metacarpophalangeal joint. A jerky dislocation of the extensor tendon to the ulnar side of the metacarpophalangeal head during increased bending of the metacarpophalangeal joint, sometimes with ulnar abduction of the longfinger, leads usually to the diagnosis. Misdiagnoses of cases sent to our department were: ?trigger finger“ and ?recurrent dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal joint“. Once the presurgical diagnosis was ?rupture of the extensor tendon“ because of a permanent extension deficit in 30 degree position of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Treatment is always surgical with suture of the hood and immobilization of the metacarpophalangeal joint in extension position for 4 weeks. Conservative treatment can not heal up a tear of the extensor tendon hood.