胰腺囊性疾病临床诊断分析

目的 探讨胰腺囊性病变(PCL)的发病及诊断方法.方法 对经手术或病理证实为胰腺囊性病变的134例患者,从性别、年龄、病程、既往史、伴发症、症状、体征、影像学诊断等方面进行比较分析.结果 本研究共收集胰腺假性囊肿(PPC)107例、真性囊肿(TPC)12例、囊性肿瘤(PCT)15例.囊性肿瘤组女性发病率明显高于假性囊肿组(P=0.003).假性囊肿组有急、慢性胰腺炎史的病例数显著多于真性囊肿和囊性肿瘤组(P值分别为0.000和0.000),假性囊肿组胆道结石的病例数明显多于囊性肿瘤组(P=0.005),而真性囊肿组同时伴有肝、肾囊肿的病例数显著高于假性囊肿组(P=0.000).CT对假性囊肿和囊性恶性肿瘤的诊断准确率高于B超(P值分别为0.000和0.02).结论 胰腺囊性疾病应根据其发病情况、相关病史及影像学特点进行仔细分析,才能有助于明确囊性病变的性质.     

胰腺囊性病变的临床特征和诊治分析

背景:随着影像学技术的进步,胰腺囊性病变的检出率逐年升高,但鉴别不同类型的胰腺囊性病变仍是临床的棘手问题。目的:分析胰腺囊性病变的临床特征和诊治方法。方法:纳入2003年1月~2013年1月上海交通大学附属第一人民医院收治的胰腺囊性病变患者,对入组患者的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学特征以及治疗方法进行回顾性分析。结果:共49例患者纳入研究,其中假性囊肿13例、潴留囊肿4例、先天性囊肿2例、浆液性囊性肿瘤(SCN)9例、黏液性囊性肿瘤(MCN)11例、导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMN)7例、实性-假乳头状肿瘤(SPN)3例。49例患者中16例患者无症状,其余33例患者表现为腹痛、腹胀、恶心、呕吐、发热等。13例胰腺假性囊肿患者均有急、慢性胰腺炎或外伤病史,3例IPMN患者血清CA19-9升高。B超、CT、MRI/MRCP、EUS诊断胰腺囊性病变的准确率分别为24.5%、32.7%、61.1%、100%。49例患者均接受手术治疗,分别行内引流术、囊肿切除术、胰十二指肠切除术、胰体(尾)切除术以及节段性胰腺切除术。结论:胰腺囊性病变无特异性临床表现。CT、MRI/MRCP作为无创检查手段,应广泛用于囊性病变的诊断和评估,EUS可作为进一步检查手段。选择合理的手术方案是治疗胰腺囊性病变的关键。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在胰腺囊性病变中的鉴别诊断价值

目的 评价磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）在胰腺囊性病变中的鉴别诊断价值.方法 收集经临床和（或）病理证实的34例胰腺囊性病变,包括非肿瘤性病变的假性囊肿11例、单纯囊肿5例,肿瘤性病变的浆液性囊腺瘤6例、黏液性囊腺瘤10例、黏液性囊腺癌2例.34例均行常规MRI平扫及动态增强、DWI（b值0,600 s/mm2）扫描,记录病变DWI信号特点,测量病变及毗邻胰腺实质表观扩散系数（ADC）值,计算病变-胰腺实质ADC值比（ADCR）.采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评价病灶ADC值及ADCR的诊断价值.结果 16例非肿瘤性囊性病变组中2例DWI上呈稍高信号,14例呈等信号,18例肿瘤性囊性病变组中17例呈高或稍高信号,l例呈等信号,两组差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0.001）.非肿瘤性、肿瘤性囊性病变的ADC值分别为（3.30 ±0.30）×10-3、（2.74±0.34）×10-3mm2/s;ADCR分别为1.85 ±0.20、1.31 ±0.21,差异均具有统计学意义（P值均＜0.001）.ADC值及ADCR诊断胰腺肿瘤性囊性病变的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.94±0.04、0.98±0.02.ADC值以3.105×10-3 mm2/s为阈值,诊断肿瘤性囊性病变的敏感性为81.3％,特异性为94.4％,ADCR值以1.525为阈值,诊断肿瘤性囊性病变的敏感性为100％,特异性为88.9％.结论 DWI在胰腺囊性病变的诊断与鉴别诊断中具有重要价值,可作为常规MRI的重要补充.     

胰腺肿瘤的诊断及治疗：胰腺囊性病变

随着影像学技术的进步及人群健康查体意识的提高，无症状的胰腺囊性病变患者逐渐增多。胰腺囊性病变主要包括浆液性囊腺瘤（SCA）、黏液性囊腺瘤（MCA）、胰腺假性囊肿、潴留囊肿、导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤（IPMN）、囊腺癌等。其中黏液性囊腺瘤和IPMN均被视为癌前病变。胰腺囊性病变患者绝大多数无临床症状，仅20％左右表现为上腹部隐痛、腹胀、消化道症状等，缺乏特异性；体格检查也多无阳性体征。是囊肿的某些特征和恶性肿瘤之间有相关性，这些特征包括存在实性占位性病变、囊肿增大和出现症状。     

假性胰腺囊肿

胰腺囊肿可分为真性囊肿(先天性、寄生虫性、皮样囊肿)、假性囊肿及囊性肿瘤(囊腺瘤、囊腺癌、囊性淋巴瘤)三种。真性囊肿及囊性肿瘤均很少见,常在手术或尸解时偶被发现。假性囊肿较为多见,是胰腺炎或胰腺创伤后常见的并发症。假性囊肿与真性囊肿在组织学上之差别,在于后者发生于胰腺组织、囊肿在胰腺内、囊内层为腺管或腺泡上皮细胞组成;而前者是胰腺周围组织形成囊壁将积液包围成囊肿、     

胰腺囊性病变60例CT诊断分析

胰腺囊性病变包括各种真、假性囊肿和囊性肿瘤,近年来,随着影像诊断技术的广泛使用,胰腺囊性病变检出率有增加趋势,不同类型胰腺囊性病变其治疗方案及预后存在较大差别,因此,对胰腺囊性病变的诊断与鉴别诊断有着十分重要的临床意义.     

胰腺潴留性囊肿的影像学特征

胰腺潴留性囊肿在分类上属于胰腺真性囊肿的一种,它是指由胰腺导管上皮细胞发生的囊性病变,临床上较为少见[1].有关胰腺潴留件囊肿影像学特征的文献罕见,影像科医师往往缺乏对该病止确的认识,容易误诊为其他胰腺囊性病变.本文收集长海医院经过手术病理证实的2例胰腺潴留性囊肿,并复习了国内外相关文献,旨在进一步阐明其影像学特征及鉴别诊断方法.     

胰腺囊性病变

随着影像学技术的进步及人群健康查体意识的提高,无症状的胰腺囊性病变患者逐渐增多.胰腺囊性病变主要包括浆液性囊腺瘤(SCA)、黏液性囊腺瘤(MCA)、胰腺假性囊肿、潴留囊肿、导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMN)、囊腺癌等.其中黏液性囊腺瘤和IPMN均被视为癌前病变.     

中国人群胰腺囊液癌胚抗原联合淀粉酶诊断黏液性囊性病变的准确性分析

目的 确定胰腺囊液中癌胚抗原（CEA）、淀粉酶诊断胰腺黏液性囊性病变的最优临界值,探讨中国人群CEA最优临界值与国外报道的差异性,以及CEA与淀粉酶联合诊断黏液性囊性病变的准确性。方法 对2014年4月到2016年5月在中国人民解放军总医院就诊的116例囊性病变患者行胰腺囊肿内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术（EUS-FNA）,囊液送检生化及细胞学,囊壁活检组织条送病理学检查。分别绘制囊液CEA及淀粉酶ROC曲线以获得最优诊断临界值,分析CEA、淀粉酶及CEA联合淀粉酶对胰腺黏液性囊性病变诊断的准确度、敏感度及特异度。结果 116例患者中有70例通过手术、穿刺活检及细胞学确诊为胰腺囊性病变,其中非黏液性病变32例,包括假性囊肿（PC）6例,浆液性囊腺瘤（SCN）26例;黏液性病变38例,包括黏液性囊腺瘤（MCN）31例（其中2例囊腺癌）,导管内乳头状黏液瘤（IPMN）7例。囊液CEA最优诊断临界值为72.35 ng／mL,诊断黏液性病变的准确度、敏感度及特异度分别为84.3％、81.6％和87.5％。当采取CEA＞192 ng／mL时诊断黏液性病变的准确度80.0％,敏感度71.1％,特异度90.6％。囊液淀粉酶的最优临界值为461.70 IU／L,诊断黏液性病变的的准确度、敏感度及特异度分别为57.1％,68.4％和43.8％。囊液CEA（＞72.35 ng／mL）和淀粉酶（＜461.7 IU／L）联合诊断黏液性病变与单用CEA相比,准确度（85.7％）和特异度（93.8％）提高,敏感度（78.9％）降低。结论 CEA可用于胰腺黏液性和非黏液性病变鉴别诊断,中国人群的CEA诊断临界值低于西方人群,CEA与淀粉酶联合分析可提高黏液性病变的诊断准确性。但仍需更多病例及多中心研究来进一步验证上述结论。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤与假性胰腺囊肿的鉴别诊断

目的：提高对胰腺囊性肿瘤诊断的认识，减少这种少见肿瘤的误诊误治。方法：对上海中山医院1958年4月～1995年7月经病理证实的15例胰腺囊性肿瘤病人进行回顾性分析，并与1962年9月～1995年7月收治的76例假性胰腺囊肿病人的临床表现和辅助检查特点进行比较。分析误诊的原因，探讨鉴别诊断的方法。结果：15例胰腺囊性肿瘤中，仅有6例（40％）术前明确诊断为胰腺囊性肿瘤，其余9例（60％）术前被误诊为胰腺假性囊肿或中上腹肿块而行手术，其中7例术中被诊为囊性肿瘤而获相应的根治性切除，另2例被错误地进行了内引流术．结论：胰腺囊性肿瘤非常少见，其临床特征、影象学表现与假性胰腺囊肿相似而常导致误诊。但只要综合运用病史分析、影象学特点、囊液分析、术中活检、术中和术后观察等方法，就能提高诊断的准确率。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.