Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty with Concurrent Latissimus Dorsi Tendon Transfer

Purpose of ReviewReverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) has emerged as an effective treatment option for patients with rotator cuff arthropathy resulting from irreparable rotator cuff tears. However, patients with combined loss of abduction and external rotation may still experience functional deficits after rTSA. One option to address this has been the latissimus dorsi tendon transfer (LDTT), or modified L’Episcopo procedure. The purpose of this review is to describe the role of LDTT with rTSA and to critically evaluate the evidence on whether a supplemental LDTT ultimately improves patient function.Recent FindingsPatients with an intact rotator cuff demonstrated a significant increase in active external rotation following rTSA compared to those with a deficient rotator cuff following rTSA. Compared to their pre-operative baseline assessments, patients who undergo rTSA with LDTT report significant improvements in active external rotation. However, a randomized trial comparing rTSA patients with and without LDTT failed to demonstrate a significant difference in active external rotation or patient-reported outcomes between groups.SummaryObservational studies have shown that patients experience significant improvements in active range of motion and various patient-reported outcome measures following rTSA with latissimus dorsi tendon transfer. When directly comparing rTSA with LDTT to rTSA alone, the current literature fails to demonstrate a statistically significant difference in active external rotation or patient-reported outcomes at short-term follow-up. Further randomized controlled trials are required to fully understand the potential benefits of added tendon transfer in the rTSA patient population.     

巨大肩袖撕裂的机制与修复方法的研究进展

巨大肩袖撕裂因其损伤机制复杂,目前仍是骨科难题。对于其最佳治疗方法及术后效果,各学者报道也不尽相同。其主要的治疗方法包括保守治疗、肩关节清理及肩峰成形术、肱二头肌长头键切断或固定术、撕裂肌腱修复术、肌腱转位术及比较热门的上关节囊重建及反肩关节置换术。本文着重对巨大肩袖撕裂的机制和治疗方法的研究成果作一综述,以期为临床治疗提供参考。     

肩袖损伤与关节镜手术后康复

肩袖损伤是肩关节的多发病。关节镜下肩袖缝合术因具有创伤小、恢复快的优点而成为目前治疗肩袖损伤的主要方法之一。术后肩关节康复亦是手术成功的关键。     

Expanding roles for reverse shoulder arthroplasty

Since its introduction in the USA in 2003, reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has been used with increasingly frequency as surgeons have observed the remarkable improvement in pain, range of motion, and function associated with this implant. RTSA was initially used exclusively for elderly, low demand individuals with end-stage rotator cuff tear arthropathy. However, RTSA is now being increasingly successfully employed for the management of irreparable rotator cuff tears, glenohumeral osteoarthritis with an intact rotator cuff, acute proximal humerus fractures, the sequelae of proximal humerus fractures, neoplasms of the proximal humerus, inflammatory arthropathy, young patients and failed anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty. While long-term outcomes are pending, short- and mid-term follow-up results suggest that in experienced hands, RTSA may be a reasonable treatment for many previously difficult to treat pathologies within the shoulder.     

Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for irreparable postero-superior cuff tears: current concepts,indications, and recent advances

Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer is a method for surgical treatment of massive irreparable posterosuperior cuff tears. It partially restores active anteflexion, external rotation, and function of the shoulder but does not significantly increase strength of the shoulder. It is contraindicated in case of pseudoparalytic shoulder; associated irreparable subscapularis tear, deltoid palsy, and in case of associated osteoarthritis, as an isolated procedure. Results are inferior when performed as a secondary procedure compared with a primary procedure. However, latissimus dorsi tendon transfer is an attractive solution to improve shoulder mobility and function of young and non osteoarthritic patients whose previous surgical treatment of massive postero-superior irreparable rotator cuff tear failed. As a primary procedure, latissimus dorsi tendon transfer competes with debridement, biceps tenotomy, and partial cuff repair. In association with reverse shoulder arthroplasty, it restores active external rotation in osteoarthritic patients with active external rotation deficit. New arthroscopic assisted techniques might improve results in the future.     

关节镜辅助小切口治疗肩袖损伤25例分析

【目的】探讨关节镜辅助下小切口治疗肩袖损伤的手术技巧和临床疗效。【方法]自2008年1月至2010年2月收治25例肩袖损伤患者,采用关节镜下辅助小切口修复肩袖损伤,手术均采用smith＆nephew带线铆钉进行肩袖重建。分别在术前及最终随访时采用美国肩肘医师协会评分（ASES）、Constan〉Murley评分以及简易肩关节评分（SST）问卷进行功能恢复评估。【结果】本组25例均获得随访,随访时间6～15个月,平均10．5个月。25例患者手术前及最终随访时ASES平均分（75．2VS89．1）,差异有显著性（P〈0．01）,且VAS疼痛评分（6．1VS2．2）（P〈0．001）,肩关节平均上举幅度（77．6°VS136．6°）（P〈0．001）,平均外旋幅度（25．5°VS40．2°）（P〈0．01）,平均Constant—Murley评分（72．1VS88．6）（P〈0．01）。手术前后比较差异均有显著性（P〈0．01）。【结论】关节镜辅助小切口治疗肩袖损伤具有操作安全、较常规切开手术创伤小、有利于早期功能锻炼的优点,是治疗肩袖损伤的有效方法。     

Obesity and Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Purpose of ReviewRates of obesity and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) in the USA have both escalated with time. Obese patients experience arthritis at higher rates than normal weight patients; therefore, these numbers go hand in hand. Obesity has been correlated with health comorbidities such as anxiety, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome as well as poorer outcomes and higher complication rates following lower extremity arthroplasty. The current review investigates these comorbidities as they relate to obese patients undergoing rTSA.Recent FindingsFunctional outcomes are similar to normal weight counterparts. Although longer operative times and a large soft tissue envelope would intuitively predispose these patients to higher risk for infection or other complications, this has not been reliably demonstrated. Technical considerations and awareness of potential risks in the obese patient demographic may aid the surgeon in preoperative planning and counseling of their patient.SummaryObese patients undergoing rTSA have been shown to have higher risks specifically for infection, revision, and medical complications; however, this has not been consistently demonstrated in the single surgeon series where, more often, no difference in these metrics has been found. Outcomes measures and satisfaction are reliably improved, even when considering superobese patients, and majority of studies find their improvements and absolute values to be in line with their normal weight counterparts. Thus, rTSA does not seem to carry the same level of adverse risk associated with lower joint arthroplasty but potential for higher risk still bears consideration when counseling obese patients. Attention to factors that may negatively affect prosthesis positioning may optimize retention rates and limit early failure.     

Treatment of irreparable rotator cuff tears

Irreparable rotator cuff tears are a challenging problem for patients and surgeons. There are several treatment options, but deciding the correct one for each patient can be difficult. Treatment options include physical therapy, arthroscopy, muscle transfers, reverse shoulder arthroplasty, and hemiarthroplasty. An understanding of the patient’s chief complaint and their functional ability to elevate their arm above horizontal should guide the treatment. This article reviews the current literature on various treatment options for irreparable rotator cuff tears, then outlines an algorithm for determining treatment.     

Comparison Between Exclusively Long‐Axis and Multiple‐Axis Sonographic Protocols for Screening of Rotator Cuff Lesions in Symptomatic Shoulders

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether exclusively long‐axis sonography differs from a multiple‐axis scanning protocol as a screening tool for rotator cuff lesions in symptomatic shoulders when compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods. A total of 509 consecutive patients (mean age, 52.8 years) referred for MRI were also routinely evaluated by sonography. We initially performed exclusively long‐axis sonography and graded the rotator cuff as normal or abnormal. Patients subsequently underwent a full sonographic protocol using multiple‐axis views. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were compared with sonographic findings for both techniques. Results. The overall accuracy of sonography was greater than 90%. We found divergent results from different sonographic techniques in 34 patients. Of these, 8 were multiple‐axis false‐negative; 14 were exclusively long‐axis false‐negative; 6 were exclusively long‐axis false‐positive; and 6 were multiple‐axis false‐positive. All cases with divergent false‐negative findings on multiple‐axis sonography showed tendinosis on MRI. Causes for false‐negative findings on exclusively long‐axis sonography included tendinosis and partial‐thickness tears of the supraspinatus. No statistically significant difference was seen between both sonographic techniques compared with MRI in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value (P > .05). Conclusions. Sonography is reliable for detecting rotator cuff abnormalities. Exclusively long‐axis sonography seems appropriate as a screening tool for rotator cuff lesions in symptomatic shoulders.     

A Systematic Comparison on Postoperative Analgesia Effect Between Subacromial and Intravenous Analgesia Pumps for Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair

PurposeArthroscopic rotator cuff repair is often associated with severe postoperative pain. Various agents, routes, and modes are used for the treatment of postoperative pain with a minimum of side effects. This systematic work was conducted to compare the postoperative effect of subacromial patient-controlled analgesia with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after an arthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgery.DesignA systematic review of relevant studies were retrieved from electronic databases and included based on criteria and eligibility.MethodsThe articles were retrieved from 1997 to 2018 by computerized searches of Scopus, PubMed, and EMBASE using different combinations of search terms, such as shoulder, rotator cuff, analgesic, analgesia, arthroscopic, pain, cuff repair, rotator cuff repair, acromion, and intravenous.FindingsA total of 10 articles were included in this study from the initial search of 778 records. Compared with subacromial procedure, the intravenous procedure helps in reducing the postoperative pain but with more side effects.ConclusionsThis study described that the direct continuous infusion of anesthetic under subacromial analgesic pump showed a greater pain relief with less side effects compared with intravenous infusion for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.     

后关节囊重建及外旋肌群修补预防全髋关节置换术或人工股骨头置换术后关节后脱位

目的探讨后关节囊重建及外旋肌修补对全髋关节置换术或人工股骨头置换术后关节后脱位的影响。方法以经后侧入路行初次全髋关节置换术或人工股骨头置换术患者65例作为A组,术中将后方关节囊及外旋肌群经数个骨孔固定于股骨大转子后方的骨质上。以经后侧手术入路、仅修补外旋肌群患者65例作为B组,术中后关节囊进行切除,外展角在30°～55°,前倾角在10°～20°,均使用防脱位内衬。并比较2组患者术后关节后脱位情况。结果2组患者术后随访3～24个月。A组患者术后关节后脱位1例(1.54%)。B组患者术后关节后脱位6例(9.23%),其中1例连续2次关节后脱位。A组患者术后关节后脱位发生率明显低于B组(P<0.05)。结论后关节囊及外旋肌群与股骨大转子之间的完整性重建有助于降低初次行后入路全髋关节置换术或人工股骨头置换术后关节后脱位的发生率。     

自拟肩痹汤联合局部封闭治疗肩袖损伤寒湿凝滞证

目的:对自拟肩痹汤联合局部封闭治疗肩袖损伤(Rotator Cuff-Injury)的临床疗效评估。方法:选取门诊诊断为肩袖损伤的76例患者,按照基本资料随机分为两组,每组38例。对照组只按疗程给予常规用量的局部封闭药物治疗;实验组按疗程给予中药肩痹汤加减联合局部封闭药物治疗。治疗3个疗程后通过门诊随访调查患者治疗后肩袖损伤改善情况及Neer肩关节功能评分(疼痛、功能、运动范围、解剖)。结果数据分析处理采用SPSS21.0软件包,计量数据采用均数+标准差(x±s)结果检验,以P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。结果:治疗3个疗程后,2组患者均有较大改善,2组临床治疗总体有效率分析比较,实验组总体有效率(89.47%),对照组总体有效率(73.68%),两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组治疗后的Neer肩关节功能评分的改善情况优于对照组,且差异有统计学意义。结论:自拟肩痹汤联合局部封闭治疗肩袖损伤(寒湿凝滞证)的临床疗效较单纯封闭治疗显著。