重危患者护理质量跟踪评估表的应用效果评价

目的建立一个系统、动态、有效的重危患者护理质量跟踪评估体系,以提高重危患者的护理质量。方法在实施急危重症患者抢救工作规章制度和重危患者护理质量控制流程的基础上,利用电子信息系统提供的全院重危患者信息选择跟踪评估对象,由护理质控专家及夜查房护士长根据自行设计的重危患者护理质量跟踪评估表对重危患者护理质量进行评估。结果重危患者护理质量跟踪评估表应用后重危护理质控检查评分显著高于应用前(P<0.01),患者对护理服务的满意度有所提升,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论重危患者护理质量控制体系的完善、实施,对重危患者的护理工作起到了良好的监管、指导作用,可提高重危患者护理质量,确保护理安全。     

Cholescintigraphy in the critically ill

Critical review of cholescintigraphy in critically ill patients suggests the examination will not conclusively prove or disprove the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Of 17 scans performed in critically ill patients with clinical evidence of acute cholecystitis, 7 were true-negative, 1 was false-negative, 6 were false-positive, and 3 were nondiagnostic. Cholestasis and hepatocyte dysfunction, common in the critically ill, result in abnormal clearance of hepatobiliary radionuclide imaging agents, decreasing the usefulness of cholescintigraphy in this patient population. Diagnosing acute cholecystitis in a critically ill patient remains difficult.     

Anemia and red blood cell transfusion in the critically ill

Critically ill patients are anemic early in their intensive care unit (ICU) course. As a consequence of this anemia they receive a large number of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. There is little evidence that "routine" transfusion of stored allogeneic RBCs is beneficial to critically ill patients and may in fact be associated with worse clinical outcomes. It is clear that most critically ill patients can tolerate hemoglobin levels as low as 7 g/dl and therefore a more conservative approach to RBC transfusion is warranted. Strategies to minimize loss of blood and increase the production of RBCs are also important in the management of all critically ill patients.     

Imipenem levels are not predictable in the critically ill patient

BACKGROUND: Critically ill patients often demonstrate extremely unusual volumes of distribution (Vd) and half-lives (t1/2) of drugs. Imipenem is a widely used antibiotic in critically ill patients. METHODS: We performed high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of imipenem in samples from 50 critically ill patients treated with either 500 or 1,000 mg. RESULTS: Peak imipenem levels varied from 1.56 microg/mL to 58.8 microg/mL. Trough levels varied between 0.0 microg/mL and 15.62 microg/mL. Only 54% of patients maintained a trough level greater than 4 microg/mL. Both the Vd and the t1/2 of imipenem were much greater than observed in other patient populations. CONCLUSION: The pharmacokinetic activity of imipenem in critically ill patients is different from that in other patient populations. There is a very weak correlation between dosage and serum concentrations. Therapeutic failures of imipenem may be because of unpredictable pharmacodynamics (Vd and t1/2) in critically ill surgical patients.     

外科重症患者早期肠内营养误吸状况及影响因素研究

目的探讨重症患者早期肠内营养误吸发生现况及影响因素,为临床护理干预提供参考。方法采用便利抽样法,选取实施早期肠内营养的外科重症患者,动态监测并记录患者从实施肠内营养开始7 d内误吸情况,采用Logistic回归分析误吸发生的影响因素。结果共纳入126例患者,发生误吸30例(23.81%)。误吸组第7天目标热量达标率显著低于无误吸组,住院时间、住院费用显著高于无误吸组(均P<0.01)。APACHEⅡ评分、意识状况、营养风险、鼻饲管置入长度是外科重症患者误吸的危险因素(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论重症患者早期肠内营养误吸发生率较高,与患者意识、营养状态、疾病程度和鼻饲管置入长度相关。应针对误吸危险因素采取针对性措施防范重症患者肠内营养误吸。     

Electrolyte disorders in the critically ill

Electrolyte disorders are ubiquitous in the critically ill patient, and their identification and management are vital for the patient's safe care. This article provides a guide to the aetiology, analysis and management of major electrolyte disorders in the critically ill.     

Electrolyte disorders in the critically ill

Electrolyte disorders are extremely common in the critically ill patient. Competent analysis and management of these is essential in providing quality intensive care. This article provides a review of and guide to aetiology, analysis, and management of the major electrolytes in the critically ill.     

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??How to maximize efficacy of nutrition support in the adult critically ill patients WU Guo-hao. Department of Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032??China
Abstract Critically ill patients are hypermetabolic and have increased nutrient requirements. Nutritional support is now considered as a standard of care for the critically ill patients. However, many questions about the appropriate substrate, timing, route and amount of nutritional support in critically ill patients remain understudied. Enteral nutrition is favored over parenteral nutrition when the gastrointestinal tract is functional. Early enteral nutrition is recommended for critically ill patients. Parenteral nutrition is indicated for patients who cannot tolerate enteral feedings. Supplemental parenteral nutrition combined with enteral nutrition can be considered to cover the energy and protein targets when enteral nutrition alone fails to achieve the caloric goal. Clinical studies have demonstrated that new formulae enriched with specific nutrients improves the outcomes of critically ill surgical patients.     

Monitoring sedation in the critically ill child

Sedation is an essential part of the management of the critically ill child, and its monitoring must be individualised and continuous in order to adjust drug doses according to the clinical state. There is no ideal method for evaluating sedation in the critically ill child. Haemodynamic variables have not been found to be useful. Clinical scales are useful when sedation is moderate, but are limited by their subjective nature, the use of stimuli, and the impossibility of evaluating profoundly sedated patients or those receiving neuromuscular blocking drugs; in addition, many of these scales have not been evaluated in children. The COMFORT scale is the most appropriate, as it was designed and validated for critically ill children requiring mechanical ventilation. Electroencephalography‐derived methods permit continuous monitoring, provide an early indication of changes in the level of sedation, and facilitate a rapid adjustment of medication. However, these methods were designed and validated for patients under anaesthesia and their results cannot be fully extrapolated to the critically ill patient; in addition, some of them have not been validated in small children and there is still little experience in critically ill children. The main indications for the use of these methods are in patients with deep sedation and/or neuromuscular blockade. The bispectral index is the most widely used method at the present time. Analysis and comparison of the efficacy of the different methods for evaluating sedation in the critically ill child is required.     

体外膜肺氧合支持危重患者院内转运核查单的编制及应用

目的降低体外膜肺氧合支持危重患者院内转运不良事件发生率。方法成立研究小组,编制体外膜肺氧合支持危重患者院内转运核查单,采用行动研究方法,通过计划、行动、观察及反思2个循环过程,找出核查单在临床应用过程中的问题,不断完善核查单,并比较行动研究前后不良事件发生率。结果临床应用2个循环后,体外膜肺氧合支持危重患者院内转院运不良事件发生率由45.00%下降至18.75%。结论基于行动研究的体外膜肺氧合支持危重患者院内转运核查单的编制及应用能够降低不良事件发生率,保障患者安全。     

成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程的构建

目的 探讨适合我国成人重症患者深静脉血栓快速筛查的流程,为血栓预防护理提供参考。方法 应用循证护理方法,针对成人重症患者深静脉血栓筛查流程提出问题,进行系统检索、证据提取等,形成成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体筛查的证据;通过2轮焦点小组访谈确定成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程。结果 形成的成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程包括风险评估、超声筛查、深静脉血栓预防、管理与质控4个步骤。结论 本研究构建的成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程,可用于成人重症患者深静脉血栓风险筛查。     

成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程的构建

目的 探讨适合我国成人重症患者深静脉血栓快速筛查的流程，为血栓预防护理提供参考。方法 应用循证护理方法，针对成人重症患者深静脉血栓筛查流程提出问题，进行系统检索、证据提取 等，形成成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体筛查的证据；通过2轮焦点小组访谈确定成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程。结果 形成的成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程包括风险评估、超声筛查、深静脉血栓预防、管理与质控4个步骤。结论 本研究构建的成人重症患者深静脉血栓医护一体快速筛查流程，可用于成人重症患者深静脉血栓风险筛查。     

Continuous direct and indirect blood pressure measurement (Finapres) in the critically ill

Continuous noninvasive blood pressure measurement is of great potential use in the critically ill. This study was designed to find out whether measurements of blood pressure by a Finapres accurately represented intra-arterial pressure. Comparisons were made between readings from a radial artery line and from a Finapres finger cuff in 10 critically ill patients. There was an unpredictable but usually stable difference between measurements from the two sources; this difference varied in magnitude and direction in individual patients. At present the Finapres cannot be recommended as a substitute for intra-arterial blood pressure measurement in the critically ill.     

Oxygen transport

The maintenance of adequate oxygen delivery to the tissues is essential in the care of critically ill patients, however, there is debate over what that level of oxygen delivery should been or how best to assess the adequacy of tissue oxygenation. Survival amongst critically ill patients is closely related to the ability to maintain a high cardiac output, oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption. This fact led to the hypothesis that increasing oxygen delivery could decrease oxygen debt and reduce mortality. Clinical trials have been designed to investigate whether intervention to increase oxygen delivery leads to a reduction in mortality in high-risk surgical, trauma and critically ill patients. These trials have shown mixed results, though there is a consensus view that aggressive attempts to increase oxygen delivery in all critically ill patients is not justified.It has been hypothesized that organ failure in critically ill patients may be due to a failure of oxygen utilization rather than oxygen delivery. There is a considerable amount of research demonstrating that mitochondrial dysfunction may arise in sepsis, through a variety of mechanisms, resulting in impaired oxygen consumption. Recent work has suggested that oxygen utilization and metabolic efficiency may be influenced by genetic factors. (c) 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd     

Transthoracic echocardiography is not cost-effective in critically ill surgical patients

BACKGROUND: Echocardiography has been shown to be valuable in critically ill surgical patients. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) often fails to provide adequate imaging in critically ill patients, necessitating subsequent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The objective of this study was to determine and quantify factors associated with failure of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in critically ill surgical patients, and to define a cost-effective strategy for echocardiography in these patients. METHODS: Demographic and clinical data were collected retrospectively and evaluated to determine which factors were associated with failure of TTE to provide adequate imaging. In addition, models were developed to estimate costs for echocardiography in critically ill surgical patients. RESULTS: TTE has a high failure rate in critically ill surgical patients. This failure rate increases significantly in patients who gain > 10% body weight from admission weight, who are supported with > or = 15 cm H(2)O positive end-expiratory pressure, and in those with chest tubes. As a result, the use of TTE in critically ill surgical patients is not cost-effective. TEE, however, is highly effective in this group of patients, and is more cost-effective than TTE in evaluating those critically ill surgical patients requiring echocardiography. CONCLUSION: The routine use of TTE to initially evaluate all critically ill surgical patients who require echocardiography should be abandoned because it is not cost-effective. TEE appears to be the most cost-effective echocardiographic modality in the surgical intensive care unit.     

如何提高外科危重病人的营养支持疗效

外科危重病人高分解代谢、营养物质需求增加,营养支持是危重病人治疗的重要措施之一。合理、有效的营养支持包括提供合适的营养底物,选择正确的喂养途径和时机。早期肠内营养、改善肠内营养的安全性和耐受性、联合应用肠外肠内营养以满足机体对热量的需求、有效控制高血糖以及提供一些药理营养素均可降低应激状况下机体的分解代谢反应,改善机体重要脏器和免疫功能,降低并发症发生率,缩短入住ICU和住院时间,提高危重病人救治成功率。     

Thrombocytopenia in critically ill patients: A review of the literature

Thrombocytopenia is a common hematologic problem encountered in critically ill patients. Several conditions are particularly associated with this disorder (DIC, trauma, sepsis…). Its onset usually arise debates concerning its exact cause, evaluation of risk of bleeding, transfusion requirement and prognostic impact. Epidemiologic and prognostic data available in the literature about thrombocytopenia in critically ill patients are different according to studied population and thresholds adopted to define this hematologic disorder.The aim of this review is to describe the epidemiology of thrombocytopenia in critically ill patients, to report the main causes of thrombocytopenia in ICU and to establish its prognostic impact.     

Analgesia and sedation in the critically ill--a practical approach

Advancements in intensive care therapy have progressed rapidly over the last two decades. Associated with this have been scientifically unsubstantiated sedation and analgesia practices in the intensive care unit. There is little consensus as to which agents are the most suitable, let alone when and how to use them. There are few, if any, placebo-controlled trials involving sedative drugs in critically ill patients. In an analysis of the literature, we have attempted to present a practical approach to sedation and analgesia practices in the critically ill patient. The aim is to present a framework upon which medical personnel managing critically ill patients can develop a strategy for their own circumstances.     

Splanchnic ischaemia and multiple organ failure in the critically ill.

The development of a safe and simple tonometric method of monitoring the adequacy of gastrointestinal mucosal perfusion has provided a new perspective of splanchnic ischaemia in the critically ill. It would appear that splanchnic hypoxia, identified by the presence of intramucosal acidosis in the gut, may be one of the most consistent and earliest indications of impaired tissue perfusion in the critically ill and be causally related to the development of sepsis and multiple organ failure.