困难型腹腔镜胆囊切除术中医源性胆道损伤的预防策略

目的总结后-前胆囊三角解剖入路法在困难型腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscop ic chole-cystectomy,LC)中预防医源性胆道损伤的价值。方法在265例困难型LC术中应用联合解剖后-前胆囊三角入路法切除胆囊。结果260例顺利完成LC,中转开腹手术5例,原因为胆囊壶腹冰冻样粘连无法解剖出胆囊后-前三角3例,胆囊床肝中静脉属支祼露分破出血中转开腹缝合止血2例。另有2例术中胆囊床迷走胆管胆漏,镜下夹闭成功;术中出血3例予镜下止血满意,无胆道损伤病例。结论联合解剖后-前胆囊三角入路法对预防困难型LC术中医源性胆道损伤有一定的价值,是可供选择的安全有效果的手术方式之一。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝中静脉属支误伤预防和处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中胆囊床肝中静脉属支误伤出血的预防和处理方法。方法对2002年3月至2007年3月第二军医大学长征医院在行LC时发现胆囊床显现肝中静脉属支13例的临床资料进行分析。术中图像捕捉后估测其直径,其中4例误伤肝中静脉属支出血,均采用腹腔镜下钳夹出血点两侧血管支或直接缝扎法止血。结果13例术中所见肝中静脉属支直径平均2.4mm(1.6~3.5mm),4例术中在腹腔镜下止血者和其余病例术后均恢复顺利,无并发症发生。结论LC中要尽量在正确的层次分离胆囊床,以减少肝中静脉属支的损伤。如出现肝中静脉属支损伤,可通过在腹腔镜下钳夹或缝扎有效止血。但中转开腹止血仍应作为腔镜下止血困难时的一种备选措施。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中胆囊床肝中静脉破裂填塞止血的处理体会

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)术中胆囊床肝中静脉破裂在腹腔镜下填塞止血的临床经验。方法:回顾分析LC术中胆囊床肝中静脉损伤破裂出血9例患者的临床资料。结果:9例患者术后均未发生再出血,取得了良好的临床效果。结论:腹腔镜下填塞止血是治疗LC术中胆囊床肝中静脉破裂出血的重要方法之一,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

肝中静脉属支与胆囊床关系的应用解剖研究

目的研究肝中静脉属支与胆囊床的关系。方法解剖观测137例成人肝脏标本中突入胆囊床的肝中静脉属支直径、长度、走行及距胆囊床较近肝中静脉的属支与胆囊壁的最短距离。结果突入胆囊床肝中静脉属支与胆囊壁的最短距离为(0.26±0.20)cm;突入胆囊床肝中静脉属支直径、长度分别为(0.31±0.04)cm、(2.85±1.55)cm。突入胆囊床的肝中静脉属支走行方向是由右前下向左后上。结论(1)突入胆囊床的肝中静脉属支破裂是引起胆囊切除时胆囊床大出血的重要原因;(2)在胆囊床由左前下向右后上方缝合肝组织是对突入胆囊床肝中静脉属支破裂出血的有效预防方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝中静脉及其属支误伤出血的防范及处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中肝中静脉及其属支误伤出血的预防和处理方法。方法对我院2008年1月至2010年1月期间27例行LC时肝中静脉及其属支损伤破裂出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 27例患者均在腹腔镜下止血成功,其中17例通过腹腔镜下填塞压迫止血,6例通过腹腔镜下钛夹钳夹止血,4例通过腹腔镜下缝扎止血。3种止血方法中以腹腔镜下填塞压迫止血法的手术时间最短、术中出血量最少,分别为(90.26±12.46)min和(240.32±80.15)ml,但3种止血方法的手术时间及术中出血量之间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 LC中要尽量在正确的层次分离胆囊床,以减少肝中静脉及其属支的损伤。采取正确的止血措施或止血困难时及时中转开腹,对安全完成手术至关重要。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术术前彩色超声定位肝中静脉的临床意义

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscop ic cholecystectomy,LC)术前彩色多普勒超声波检查在避免术中损伤胆囊床肝中静脉致大出血的临床意义。方法:2003年1月~2005年1月行LC的1 100例患者术前均经彩色多普勒超声波检查,常规对胆囊床肝中静脉及属枝的解剖关系进行分析。结果:对于术前经彩色多普勒超声波检查明确的肝中静脉直接和胆囊床相贴的非萎缩性胆囊炎胆囊结石的102例患者,采用紧靠胆囊壁的浆肌层直接进行剥离;而慢性萎缩性胆囊炎胆囊结石的24例患者,采用胆囊粘膜切除,或者直接开腹手术切除,未发生因损伤胆囊床肝中静脉而大出血。结论:术前常规彩色多普勒超声波检查,明确胆囊床肝中静脉及属枝位置关系,对于肝中静脉与胆囊床相贴的病例,采用紧靠胆囊壁的浆肌层剥离,或采用胆囊粘膜切除,或直接开腹手术切除,可以避免因损伤胆囊床肝中静脉而导致大出血。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的预防及处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中胆囊动脉出血的原因、预防及处理心得。方法 2000年2月～2012年8月实施LC 11 886例,其中146例(1.2%)术中发生胆囊动脉不同程度出血,通过钛夹夹闭、电灼、压迫止血。结果 144例成功完成LC,手术时间30～90 min,平均48 min;术中出血量200～500 ml,平均325 ml;无输血。中转开腹2例,1例胆囊动脉主干回缩至肝总管后方,无法施夹;1例合并肝硬化,胆囊床广泛渗血不止,系损伤肝中静脉的属支。146例术后随访3～6个月,平均4个月,未出现肝内外胆管损伤、继发出血、腹腔感染、肠梗阻等严重并发症。结论 LC术中胆囊动脉出血重在预防,一旦发生出血,应沉着、冷静,只要解剖结构熟悉,操作技术娴熟,选择合理的止血方法,胆囊动脉出血均能获得满意效果。     

黏附于胆囊床的肝中静脉损伤是腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆囊床大出血的危险因素

目的 探讨黏附于胆囊床的肝中静脉与腹腔镜胆中切除术术中胆囊床大出血的关系。方法 彩色多普勒超声波用于术后对2例腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中胆囊床静脉出血原因的检查，并检查了200例健康自愿者胆囊床与肝中静脉属枝的解剖关系。结果 在出血的2例病人中，发现损伤的肝中静脉较大的属枝紧邻近于胆囊床。2例均需中转开腹手术来控制出血。在200例门诊体检人员中有18例其肝中静脉属枝完全附着于胆囊床上，有10例其直径3.0-3.8mm，自胆囊床10mm处穿过。结论 具有肝中静脉产大邻近胆囊床的病人在行腹腔镜胆囊切除时具有出血的危险，在术前可用超声检查确定之。     

困难腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床分析 (附105例报告)

目的:探讨困难腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的处理方法与技巧,进一步提高LC的安全性。方法:回顾分析2016年7月至2018年6月行105例困难LC的临床资料,结合手术记录、手术视频及影像检查,记录胆囊解剖情况、失血量、并发症、中转开腹率等。结果:100例成功施行LC,3例行腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术,2例(1.9%)中转开腹,105例患者术中均行腹腔粘连松解术。手术时间平均(90±26)min,术中失血量平均(48±25)mL,术中胆囊动脉出血19例,胆囊床肝中静脉属支损伤出血3例,未发生胆管损伤及门静脉损伤,术后无出血、腹腔感染等并发症发生。患者均痊愈出院。结论:胆囊三角结构识别与分离解剖困难是困难LC的主要特点,术中分离解剖方法与技巧的运用应遵循个体化原则;灵活寻找并准确识别胆囊三角的相关解剖标志,综合运用多种分离解剖方法,遵循正确的游离层次与平面,均利于安全施行困难LC。腹腔镜下处理困难时,应及时中转开腹。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中出血的处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中出血的预防及处理措施. 方法回顾性分析我院1996年5月～2003年10月行LC出现的术中出血56例的临床资料. 结果 56例中,胆囊动脉出血30例,静脉出血4例,肝中静脉分支出血6例,胆囊床渗血16例(指创面广泛渗血,出血量＞50 ml).中转开腹止血2例,其余经腹腔镜止血成功,其中电凝止血8例,电凝、钛夹止血36例,单纯钛夹止血4例,电凝、凝胶海绵或止血绫填压止血6例.全部病人均获痊愈. 结论术中出血是LC严重并发症之一,重视解剖,正确操作是预防及治疗的关键.①解剖胆囊三角时,尽可能找到胆囊动脉并予以处理;②剥离胆囊要层次正确,并注意避免损伤肝中静脉分支;③三角区无胆囊动脉者要警惕胆囊床动脉出血,注意胆囊动脉变异情况.     

Ultrasonographic assessment of the risk of injury to branches of the middle hepatic vein during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Although hemorrhage from the gallbladder bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of main reasons for conversion to open cholecystectomy, the cause of this life-threatening complication is unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Color Doppler ultrasound was used to examine the cause of venous hemorrhage from the gallbladder bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 4 patients postoperatively and to examine the anatomic relationship between the gallbladder bed and branches of the middle hepatic vein in 50 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Injury to a large branch of the middle hepatic vein adjacent to the gallbladder bed was diagnosed in all 4 patients. One patient required conversion to open cholecystectomy while the bleeding in 2 patients was immediately controlled by direct pressure with the gallbladder. The branch of the middle hepatic vein was completely adherent to the gallbladder bed in 5 of the 50 volunteers, and in 1 the diameter of the branch was as large as 3.5 mm. In 3 volunteers branches 3.0 to 3.8 mm in diameter traversed as close as 1.0 mm from the gallbladder bed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with large branches of the middle hepatic vein close to the gallbladder bed are at risk of hemorrhage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and should be identified preoperatively with ultrasound.     

Hepatic vein injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: The unappreciated proximity of the middle hepatic vein to the gallbladder bed

Uncontrollable hemorrhage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy occurs in 0.1% to 1.9% of all cases, with 88% originating from the gallbladder bed. The anatomical proximity between major branches of the middle hepatic vein and the gallbladder bed, and hence the risk of intraoperative bleeding, is unclear. CT scans of 20 random patients were retrospectively reviewed to identify the closest distance between branches of the middle hepatic vein and the gallbladder bed. The vein diameter was also recorded. Risk factors for intraoperative bleeding during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were also retrospectively reviewed. Large branches (mean diameter=2.1 mm) of the middle hepatic vein are directly adjacent to the gallbladder bed in 10% of patients. An additional 10% of cases also possess branches within 1 mm of the gallbladder bed. Chronically scarred and contracted gallbladder disease may increase the risk of significant bleeding, requiring conversion. Twenty percent of all cases will display a large branch of the middle hepatic vein adherent or immediately adjacent to the gallbladder fossa. These patients are at increased risk for intraoperative bleeding. Furthermore, contracted gallbladders with evidence of chronic disease may be at increased risk for significant hemorrhage.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝中静脉分支损伤的危险性因素分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊床出血的原因.方法对从2000年9月到2001年3月接受腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的617例中1例患者中,随机选取其中91例进行前瞻性分析,并对617例发生胆囊床出血的病例进行回顾性分析.结果多普勒超声检查均发现有1根肝中静脉的重要分支从胆囊床后面通过,该血管离胆囊床的最近距离点(C点)到胆囊的平均距离为(5.0±4.6)mm,其中15.4%(14例)肝中静脉是直接和胆囊床相贴,11.0%(10例)和胆囊床的距离在1mm以内,C点的内径为(3.2±1.1)mm;约有34.7%(31例)C点位于胆囊纵轴左侧,位于右侧的有39例(42.9%),正好落在胆囊纵轴上的有21例(23.1%).C点肝静脉的流速为(9.9±3.3)cm/s.结论肝中静脉最靠近胆囊点,较多会出现在胆囊纵轴的右侧.建议在术前,尤其是在腹腔镜胆囊切除术前进行常规的多普勒超声检查,以明确肝中静脉和胆囊床的关系,高度重视肝中静脉和胆囊床直接相贴的病例.     

Role of preoperative color doppler ultrasound scan in the evaluation of the risk of injury of major branches of the middle hepatic vein during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the separation of the gallbladder from the liver bed may sometimes cause severe hemorrhages. One reason for severe hemorrhages may be injury to the major branches of the middle hepatic vein (MHV), which may be too close or adherent to the gallbladder. In our institutional experience of 798 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, no major hemorrhage from the gallbladder bed has been encountered. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the relationship between the major branches of the MHV and the gallbladder bed in our patients. We measured the distance of the closest branches of the MHV from the gallbladder bed by color Doppler ultrasound scan. The mean and the median distances of the closest branch of the MHV to the gallbladder was found to be 17.4 +/- 6.2 mm and 17.7 mm, respectively (range, 6-29.1 mm). In conclusion, the distance of the closest branch of the MHV to the gallbladder bed in our patient population seems to allow for a safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Color Doppler Ultrasound Detection and Classification of the Tangential Hepatic Vein before Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background: Unexpected fatal bleeding from the gallbladder bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is often associated with injury to the middle hepatic vein. This paper studies whether preoperative color Doppler ultrasound is effective in reducing the risk of injury. Also a venous classification is suggested. Methods: Between June 1999 and February 2004, 2,146 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy by standard method received preoperative color Doppler ultrasound examinations. The closest distance between the hepatic vein and the gallbladder was studied. Also, cases of liver cirrhosis, number of conversions to open cholecystectomy, intraoperative blood loss, operative time, complications, and hospital stay were recorded (group D). At the end of the study, we retrospectively reviewed the same parameter of another 2,146 patients who received laparoscopic cholecystectomy without preoperative color Doppler ultrasound between the period of March 1995 and June 1999 (group ND). Results: In group D, 108 patients had cirrhosis. Four hundred and ninety-six patients (27 cases of cirrhosis) had a closest distance of 1 mm or less between the vein and the gallbladder. There were two conversions to open cholecystectomy, but none related to gallbladder bed bleeding. In group ND, there were five conversions, including four cases of gallbladder bed bleeding from the middle hepatic vein and one case of severe adhesion. The conversion rate was significantly higher. In group ND, the mean intraoperative blood loss in the cases of liver cirrhosis was significantly greater. Also, the operative time of patients with the closest vein and gallbladder distance of 1 mm or less in group D was significantly longer. Conclusions: Color Doppler ultrasound is an effective method for detecting the presence of potential bleeders. Although the operative time will be a bit longer, the operation can be done under meticulous care and complete preparation, so that the conversion rate and the risk of fatal hemorrhage can be reduced, especially in patients with liver cirrhosis.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后腹部及肩背部不适原因与处理

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)术后腹部及肩背部疼痛的原因及处理措施。方法:回顾分析31例LC术后腹部及肩背部疼痛患者的临床资料,总结其原因及相应处理措施。结果:31例患者中胃溃疡2例,胃癌1例,肝内胆管结石3例,胰腺假性囊肿1例,肠粘连2例,切口疝1例,肋弓下切口疼痛10例,胆囊窝积液8例(腹腔脓肿1例,胆囊床迷走胆管漏1例,胆囊床渗血1例,肝中静脉损伤1例,胆汁外溢4例),胆囊切除术后综合征3例。结论:术前完善检查、术中仔细操作减少不必要的副损伤、术后积极治疗,LC术后疼痛是完全可避免的。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中出血的防治体会

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中出血的原因及其防治措施。方法对我院1995年5月-2007年8月1330例腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组所有出血病例术中均得到了有效控制。无术中因难以控制的大出血致中转开腹者，无术后继发出血者，无术中因止血致胆管损伤者。结论胆囊动脉和胆囊床出血的正确处理是减少和避免术中、术后出血的关键。     

Anatomic rationale for arterial bleeding from the liver bed during and/or after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a postmortem study

The aim of this study was to establish an anatomic rationale for liver bed arterial bleeding during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Fifty consecutive human cadavers were dissected. A corrosion cast method was used. Six anastomotic branches (12%) of the cystic artery to the right or left hepatic artery ran underneath the gallbladder serosa surface and entered liver parenchyma after crossing the medial or lateral edge of the liver fossa without passing through the areolar tissue of the liver bed. Their mean length was 18.3 mm (range 4-60), and the mean diameter was 0.38 mm (range 0.2-0.8). Two cystic arteries that ascended in the midline between the gallbladder and liver bed were identified in 50 (4%) casts. Their lengths were 16 and 18 mm, and their diameters were 1.9 and 2.2 mm. Five and seven branches encircling the gallbladder arose radially. These two arterial branching patterns can cause arterial bleeding from the liver bed during and/or after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Anatomic study of longitudinal cutting of the right hepatic duct]

6 fresh liver from adult human specimen to casting model by perfusing with A. B. S. acetone solution and 42 formalin-fixated livers (adult 32 and children 10) were used in present study. The whole length and inner-diameter of the right hepatic duct as well as the angle between right and common hepatic duct were measured. The right hepatic duct were cut open longitudinally and their relations were classified. The relationship among the right hepatic duct and the right hepatic artery, the right trunk of portal vein and its branches, as well as gallbladder bed were observed. The method and the cautions in the operation of Longitudinal cutting of the right hepatic duct were described.