机械通气抢救急性左心衰竭的临床疗效观察

目的探讨机械通气抢救急性左心衰竭的疗效及临床应用价值。方法30例重症急性左心衰竭伴呼吸衰竭患者在传统常规治疗的基础上加用机械通气治疗,观察通气前后心率、呼吸频率、平均动脉压、动脉血气分析(pH、PaO2、SaO2、PaCO2)的变化及临床症状的改善情况。结果机械通气治疗后,30例患者中26例病情好转,4例死亡。通气后患者的呼吸困难明显改善,肺部罗音明显减少。通气1h后呼吸频率由(34.2±7.3)次/min降至(22.1±4.3)次/min(P<0.05),心率由(118.7±16.4)次/min降至(88.6±12.5)次/min(P<0.05),平均动脉压由(95.5±6.4)mmHg降至(84.7±5.2)mmHg(P<0.05)。通气前及通气后1h查血气,SaO2由(76.3±8.6)%升高至(95.8±4.4)%(P<0.01),PaO2由(48.5±7.6)mmHg升高至(85.4±5.2)mmHg(P<0.01),pH、PaCO2变化无显著差异。结论对各种不同原因引起的急性左心衰竭伴呼吸衰竭患者,机械通气治疗能及时有效的改善患者的临床症状及低氧血症,是抢救急性左心衰竭的有效辅助措施。     

有创机械通气治疗ICU重症心力衰竭患者的疗效观察

目的观察有创机械通气治疗ICU重症心力衰竭患者的疗效。方法随机分组,对照组给予常规治疗,观察组联合给予有创机械通气治疗,对比治疗效果。结果观察组治疗后PaO2(84.8±1.5)mmHg、PaCO2(42.1±3.1)mmHg、RR(12.3±1.6)次/min、LVEF(43.1±0.9)%、心功能(1.3±0.1)级、HR(74.5±4.1)次/min、有效率97.6%、并发症发生率7.1%、死亡率4.8%。对照组治疗后PaO2(74.5±1.8)mmHg、PaCO2(59.6±1.8)mmHg、RR(22.0±2.2)次/min、LVEF(38.1±1.1)%、心功能(2.6±0.4)级、HR(86.9±4.0)次/min、有效率76.2%、并发症发生率19.0%、死亡率16.7%。两组数据对比,差异显著(P0.05)。结论采用有创机械通气治疗ICU重症心力衰竭,可减轻呼吸困难症状,改善血气指标,增强心功能,降低死亡率,促进病情好转。     

肺复张策略对防止纤支镜治疗后肺泡塌陷的作用观察

目的:探讨肺复张策略对防止纤支镜治疗后肺泡塌陷的效果.方法:将机械通气需纤维支气管镜检查的60例患者随机分为治疗组及对照组,治疗组采用肺复张策略,对照组行常规机械通气.比较2组动脉血气和氧代谢、血流动力学指标.结果:治疗组纤维支气管镜检查前PaO2(114.25±24.75) mmHg,PaCO2 (32.56±7.73) mmHg,肺复张30 min后PaO2(112.12±20.41) mmHg,PaCO2(31.56±6.63) mmHg,PaO2及PaCO2肺复张前后无明显差异(均P ＞0.05);对照组纤维支气管镜检查前PaO2(116.11±26.53) mmHg,PaCO2(30.12±5.53) mmHg,常规机械通气30 min后PaO2(86.21±16.23)mmHg,PaCO2(31.56±6.63) mmHg,常规机械通气治疗前后PaO2有显著性差异(P＜0.01),而PaCO2无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:支气管镜检查后采用肺复张策略能复张塌陷的肺泡,减少低氧血症对机体的危害,并对血流动力学影响较小.     

无创机械通气治疗老年急性心源性肺水肿

目的探讨经鼻(面)罩机械通气治疗老年急性心源肺水肿的疗效与可行性。方法24例老年急性心源性肺水肿患者,在常规药物治疗的基础上,均经鼻(面)罩压力支持通气+呼气末正压(PSV+PEEP)治疗,自主呼吸减弱时改用同步间歇强制通气+压力支持通气+呼气末正压(SIMV+PSV+PEEP)。结果通气2～6h与通气前比较RR为〔(43±5)次/min(治疗前)降至(28±4)次/min(治疗后),P＜0.01〕,OI由治疗前的(132±30)mmHg升至治疗后的(341±91)mmHg(P＜0.001)。21例治愈,治愈率为87.5％(21/24)。结论无创机械通气治疗老年急性心源性肺水肿可显著改善OI,具有一定的安全性和可行性,可作为急性心源性肺水肿重要的救治手段。     

高血压患者心脏变时性功能不良及其意义

目的:探讨原发性高血压(EH)患者心脏变时性功能不良(CI)及其意义。方法:随机选择EH患者60例,行活动平板运动试验,记录心率、血压变化,运动时间(time)、代谢当量(METs);计算2级运动的心率变时性反应指数(CRI2)、最大心率收缩压二项乘积(RPP)和心肌耗氧量(MV.O2)并与正常对照组40例比较。结果:EH组峰值心率及心率上升幅度小于对照组(148.75±11.81):(154.27±12.05)次/min,(67.44±13.37):(74.12±14.43)次/min,P<0.05;CRI2低于对照组(0.94±0.22):(1.03±0.15),P<0.05;EH组CI的人数共29例(48.33%)明显多于对照组7例(17.5%),P<0.005,其中CRI2<0.8的人数20例(33.33%),CRI2>1.3的人数9例(15%),对照组为6例(15%)、1例(2.5%),两组间有显著性差异P<0.05;表明EH组存在CI;EH组运动时间(time)缩短(8.78±1.87):(9.77±1.88)min,P<0.05;运动贮量(METs)降低(9.21±1.39):(9.82±1.48),P<0.05;而RPP,MV.O2分别高于对照组[(26484.64±3573.49):(24118.39±3060.76),(30.78±5.0):(27.47±4.23)ml/kg.min,P<0.001]。结论:EH患者存在CI,提示有心脏自主神经损害,临床应引起重视。     

雾化吸入长托宁对COPD患者肺功能和微循环的影响

目的观察盐酸戊乙奎醚(长托宁)雾化吸入对慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者肺功能和微循环的影响。方法 58例急性加重期COPD患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各29例。对照组给予常规治疗。观察组在对照组治疗的基础上给予长托宁1 mg+NS 15～20 mL雾化吸入,0.5 h/次1、次/12 h,共给药3次。比较第3次给药后两组患者BP、HR、T、动脉血气分析结果、血乳酸(ABL)水平、尿量、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)1、s用力呼吸容积占用力肺活量比例(FEV1%)、用力肺活量(FVC)。结果给药3次后观察组收缩压(128.89±13.78)mmHg,舒张压(75.21±12.33)mmHg,HR(78.32±10.14)次/min,T(37.33±0.34)℃,24 h尿量(1 689.66±212.57)mL,PaO2(80.32±10.83)mmHg,PaCO2(53.14±10.52)mmHg,ABL(3.13±0.31)mmol/L,FVC(2.72±0.47)L,FEV1%为66.78%±11.12%,FEV1(1.61±0.47)L;对照组收缩压(130.22±12.93)mmHg,舒张压(76.51±12.32)mmHg,HR(81.47±10.21)次/min,T(36.37±0.36)℃,24 h尿量(1 477.34±210.93)mL,PaO2(69.39±11.91)mmHg,PaCO2(53.27±10.68)mmHg,ABL(2.82±0.41)mmol/L,FVC(2.24±0.45)L,FEV1%为58.37%±12.13%,FEV1(1.39±0.52)L。观察组24 h尿量、PaO2、FEV1、FEV1%、FVC均高于对照组及ABL低于对照组(P均<0.05)。结论雾化吸入长托宁治疗COPD患者后,其肺功能及微循环有明显改善。     

无创正压通气联用呼吸兴奋剂治疗慢阻肺呼吸衰竭合并肺性脑病

目的　评价鼻面罩无创正压通气联用呼吸兴奋剂治疗慢阻肺呼吸衰竭合并肺性脑病患者的疗效。方法　将 2 0 0 1- 6～ 2 0 0 3- 12广东省人民医院收治的 4 2例慢阻肺呼吸衰竭合并肺性脑病患者随机分为治疗组和对照组 ,治疗组采用呼吸兴奋剂、鼻面罩无创正压通气及常规治疗 ;对照组采用鼻面罩无创正压通气和常规治疗。通气前、通气 3h及通气结束病情稳定后复查动脉血气分析。结果　治疗组 16例患者中 14例治疗成功 ,另外 2例病情加重需气管插管机械通气治疗 ;对照组 2 6例患者中 14例治疗成功 ,12例需气管插管机械通气治疗。治疗组气管插管率明显低于对照组 (P =0 . 0 2 5 ) ,人机同步性明显高于对照组 (P =0 . 0 0 4 )。治疗组 14例治疗成功患者鼻面罩无创正压通气治疗前为pH 7. 2 7± 0 . 0 4、PaCO2 为 (85± 10 )mmHg (1mmHg =0. 133kPa)、PaO2 为 (6 .3± 15 )mmHg ,在平均无创通气治疗 10d后pH为 7 .39± 0. 0 5 (P <0 . 0 1)、PaCO2 为 (6. 2± 8)mmHg(P <0 .0 5 )、PaO2 为 (77±13)mmHg(P >0. 0 5 )。结论　无创正压通气联用呼吸兴奋剂治疗慢阻肺呼吸衰竭合并肺性脑病患者可以改善患者的人机同步性 ,提高无创正压通气的疗效 ,减少患者的气管插管率 ;但对于气道分泌物粘绸不易咳出的患者 ,则应尽     

川芎嗪与环磷腺苷葡胺治疗肺心病失代偿期

目的观察川芎嗪与环磷腺苷葡胺治疗肺心病失代偿期患者之疗效。方法60例肺心病失代偿期患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,两组常规治疗相同,治疗组加用川芎嗪和环磷腺苷葡胺,疗程7～10d。比较两组心率、尿量、血气变化。结果治疗组和对照组心率分别为(79.7±7.18)次/min和(84.4±7.88)次/min;尿量分别为(1445.6±161.7)ml/24h和(1332.8±156.8)ml/24h;血气分析PaO2分别增加了(6.33±1.76)mmHg和(5.39±1.39)mmHg。两组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论川芎嗪与环磷腺苷葡胺联合治疗肺心病失代偿期疗效明显,未见明显副作用。     

急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者侧卧位通气与俯卧位通气的对比观察

目的　评价侧卧位通气和俯卧位通气对急性肺损伤 /急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ALI/ARDS)患者的临床疗效 ,并对两种通气方法进行对比观察。方法　以 2 0 0 2年 3月为分界线 ,将 2 4例患者分为两组分别施行侧卧位通气 (2 0 0 2年 4月后 13例 )和俯卧位通气 (2 0 0 2年 3月前 11例 ) ,监测体位改变前、后的呼吸循环指标并分别进行比较。结果　体位改变 1h后 ,两组患者动脉血氧分压(PaO2 )均升高 ,侧卧位组由 (10 3± 12 )mmHg(1mmHg =0 .133kPa)上升到 (12 6± 13)mmHg,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;俯卧位组由 (87± 19)mmHg上升到 (119± 15 )mmHg(P <0 0 1)。以PaO2 升高 10mmHg为治疗有效标准 ,治疗有效率侧卧位组 6 1 5 % ,俯卧位组 6 3 6 % ,两组比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　作为ALI/ARDS的辅助治疗手段 ,侧卧位通气与俯卧位通气的治疗有效率接近 ,但侧卧位实施更容易 ,护理更方便 ,值得临床进一步探讨。     

经面罩机械通气治疗慢性重症心力衰竭患者

目的研究经面罩机械通气(FMMV)对重症慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者心肺功能的影响。方法回顾性分析12例重症CHF患者FMMV(治疗组)后的效果,并与传统药物治疗方法(对照组)比较。结果治疗组患者在30分钟内皆能较好耐受FMMV,呼吸困难减轻;2小时后症状明显改善,呼吸频率(RR)从(35±7)次/min降至(22±4)次/min(P<0.05),心率(HR)从(129±15)次/min降至(108±10)次/min(0.05);PaO2从(74±8)mmHg升至(96±22)mmHg(P<0.05)。对照组变化不明显,两组比较均有统计学差异(P均<0.05)。治疗组3~5天基本缓解,住院时间5~14(10±6)天,有效率100%。对照组住院时间12~31(22±10)天,明显长于治疗组(P<0.05);62.5%的患者好转出院,明显低于治疗组(P<0.05)。FMMV后无明显副作用。结论FMMV可较快改善重症CHF患者的循环和呼吸功能,疗效显著。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.