阿魏酸钠微孔渗透泵控释片的包衣对体外释药的影响

目的考察包衣处方对阿魏酸钠口服微孔渗透泵控释片体外释药性质的影响,并优选最佳包衣处方。方法根据不同时间的累积释放度,考察药物的释放情况,通过正交设计优化包衣处方。结果增塑剂、包衣膜厚度、致孔剂对阿魏酸钠口服微孔渗透泵控释片体外释药速率的影响均较大,并能通过正交设计得到控制12 h内稳定释药的包衣处方。结论通过对包衣处方的调整,可稳定地控释阿魏酸钠口服微孔渗透泵控释片。     

包衣处方对盐酸文拉法辛微孔渗透泵型控释片体外释药的影响

目的考察包衣处方对盐酸文拉法辛口服微孔渗透泵控释片体外释药的影响,并优选最佳包衣处方。方法考察聚乙二醇400(PEG400)的用量、包衣增量、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的种类和用量4个因素对释放的影响,并通过正交设计优化包衣处方。结果盐酸文拉法辛微孔渗透泵控释片的体外释药符合零级释放规律,释药速率受致孔剂、增塑剂、衣膜厚度的影响均较大。结论通过对包衣处方的优化,盐酸文拉法辛口服微孔渗透泵控释片能够恒速释药。     

罗红霉素渗透泵型控释片处方工艺研究

目的：探讨罗红霉素渗透泵型控释片的处方工艺。方法：以罗红霉素（RXM）为模型药物,通过测定药物的释放度,考察促渗透剂、渗透聚合物种类及其用量、片芯硬度、释药孔径、包衣膜组成、包衣膜厚度对药物释放的影响。结果：PVP和增塑剂用量、包衣膜厚度和释药孔径对渗透泵型控释片的药物释放具有显著影响,一定范围内片芯硬度对药物释放的影响不明显。结论：选用500mg／mL的蔗糖作为渗透促进剂;200mg／mL的聚维酮-K30（PVP）为促渗透聚合物;包衣膜选用200mg／mL的PEG-6000。     

盐酸青藤碱肠溶控释片体外释放及其机制的探讨

目的:制备一种盐酸青藤碱膜控型口服给药系统,并对其体外释放规律及机制进行研究。方法:以丙烯酸树脂RS、RL为包衣材料、HPMCP-HP55为致孔剂对骨架片芯进行包衣而得。对影响释药行为的体外释放条件进行考察,利用电镜观察控释片释药前后衣膜的形态学变化,并通过考察释药途径,对控释片体外释药行为进行数学模型拟合,并分析其释药机制。结果:释放介质的pH对体外释药有显著影响,药物主要通过致孔剂所形成的孔道释放。体外释药曲线基本符合零级方程(R2=0.995 6,AIC=-31.651 7)。结论:体外释放表明,本控释片受除介质pH以外的其他条件影响都很小,在pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中的释药曲线符合零级方程,并主要受膨胀机制的影响。本研究可为水溶性药物膜控型控释片体外释药机制的探讨提供实验参考。     

复方盐酸吡格列酮/盐酸二甲双胍控释片的制备及体外释放考察

目的：盐酸吡格列酮（PG）和盐酸二甲双胍（MH）可联用治疗2型糖尿病,两者通过机理上的互补可增强对患者血糖的调控。本文通过将两者制成复方控释片达到联合用药,延长并控制药物释放的目的,并考察其体外释放特性。方法：以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVPK30）、乳糖、MH作为片芯,通过湿法制粒压片,使用含醋酸纤维素、聚乙二醇（PEG400）、苯甲酸甲酯的包衣液进行包衣形成半透膜,并在片两面通过激光打孔机各打一小孔,进一步在控释片表面包PG的速释层,形成复方控释片。对片芯处方和控释层包衣液处方进行筛选,控制包衣膜厚度和释药孔径。结果：MH可达到24 h零级释放,PG快速释放。PEG400和苯甲酸甲酯用量,包衣膜厚度对MH释放有显著影响。结论：通过正交设计和单因素考察,可得到最优处方的复方控释制剂,零级释药和快速释药,并达到联合用药的目的。     

盐酸二甲双胍渗透泵控释片的制备及体外释放度考察

目的研究盐酸二甲双胍渗透泵控释片的制备工艺及体外释药的影响因素。方法通过单因素考察和正交试验,优化制备工艺。结果盐酸二甲双胍渗透泵控释片的体外释药符合零级释放规律,释药速率受PEG种类、PEG用量、包衣膜重量影响较大,在一定范围内,释药孔大小、片芯硬度、溶出介质pH值和桨转速对其影响较小。结论盐酸二甲双胍渗透泵控释片工艺稳定,能够达到9h明显的恒速释药。     

格列吡嗪渗透泵片的水分散体包衣法研制及其体夕释药行为考察

目的制备格列吡嗪透泵片并考察其体外释药行为的影响因素。方法以丙烯酸树脂水分散体EudragitRS30D为包衣材料制备格列吡嗪渗透泵片,采用相似因子法考察包衣方面因素对体外释药行为的影响,并与同类进口片进行比较。结果衣膜中增塑荆种类、衣膜材料、释药介质对释药行为影响显著。结论采用水分散体包衣制备渗透泵控释片,同样达到了预期目的,为研究开发新型控释制剂奠定了基础。     

复方丹参脉冲控释片的制备及体外释放度考察

目的:选用高分子材料制备复方丹参(CD)脉冲控释片,并进行体外释放度考察。方法:采用干包衣控释法制备CD脉冲控释片,应用HPLC法进行体外释放度考察。结果:HPMC用量或黏度增大,释药时滞延长;稀释剂用量增大,释药时滞缩短;在包衣处方组成比例不变的情况下,包衣层用量增加,释药时滞延长。结论:CD脉冲控释片能实现体外定时脉冲释药,并可通过调整处方实现不同时滞的控释效果。     

血塞通脉冲控释片的处方优化

目的:优化血塞通脉冲控释片的处方。方法:采用单因素试验考察片芯崩解剂种类、片芯崩解剂用量、包衣液组成和包衣增重百分率对药物累积释放率的影响;采用正交试验考察片芯崩解剂用量、包衣液组成、包衣增重百分率对释药时滞时间的影响,优化血塞通脉冲控释片的处方。结果:最佳处方为片芯崩解剂用量为15%,包衣增重百分率为9%,包衣液组成为Eudragit L100∶EC=1.5∶1(m/m);在该处方条件下,血塞通脉冲片的体外释药时滞为6 h左右,然后迅速脉冲式释药。结论:所选处方合理,制备的血塞通脉冲控释片能达到设计要求,体外试验可达到脉冲释药时滞效果。     

硝苯地平双层渗透泵控释片的制备

目的 采用乙基纤维素包衣来制备难溶性药物硝苯地平单室双层渗透泵控释片.方法 测定不同时间药物的释放度,以累积释放量和与国外市售片比较的相似因子(f2)为评价指标,采用单因素实验筛选硝苯地平渗透泵控释片的处方.结果 片芯处方和包衣增重对硝苯地平渗透泵片的体外释药行为有显著影响,含药层中PEO N80与CMS-Na为5∶2,助推层中PEO Coagulant与CMS-Na为2∶1;包衣液中PEG400用量为乙基纤维素的68％,包衣增重10％.自制控释片与市售片的释放曲线相似,且批间差异小,重复性良好.结论 自制硝苯地平双层渗透泵控释片的工艺稳定,体外释药特征符合控释制剂的要求,24 h内释药完全.     

Influence of plasticizer level on the drug release from sustained release film coated and hot-melt extruded dosage forms

In the current study, the influence of plasticizer level on drug release was investigated for solid dosage forms prepared by hot-melt extrusion and film coating. The properties of two highly water-soluble compounds, diltiazem hydrochloride (DTZ) and chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM), and a poorly water-soluble drug, indomethacin (IDM), were investigated in the melt extrudates containing either Eudragit RSPO or Eudragit RD 100 and triethyl citrate (TEC) as the plasticizer. In addition, pellets containing DTZ were film coated with Eudragit RS 30D and varying levels of TEC using a fluidized bed coating unit. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated that both CPM and IDM exhibited a plasticization effect on the acrylic polymers, whereas no plasticizing effect by DTZ on Eudragit RSPO was observed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to investigate the thermal stability of the DTZ, Eudragit RSPO and TEC at 140 degrees C, the maximum temperature used in the hot-melt extrusion process. The chemical stability of DTZ and IDM in the extrudate following hot-melt processing was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Drug release rates of both DTZ and CPM from hot-melt extrudates increased with an increase in the TEC level in the formulations, while the release rate of DTZ from the Eudragit RS 30D-coated pellets decreased with an increase in TEC in the coating dispersion. This phenomenon was due to the formation of a reservoir polymeric structure as a result of the thermal stress and shear stress involved in the hot-melt extrusion process regardless of the TEC level. In contrast, coalescence of the polymer particles in the film coating process was enhanced with higher levels of TEC, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of TEC (0% to 8%) in the IDM hot-melt extrudate formulation had no influence on the drug release rate as the drug release rate was controlled by drug diffusion through the inside of the polymeric materials rather than between the polymer particles.     

Influence of Plasticizer Level on the Drug Release from Sustained Release Film Coated and Hot-Melt Extruded Dosage Forms

In the current study, the influence of plasticizer level on drug release was investigated for solid dosage forms prepared by hot-melt extrusion and film coating. The properties of two highly water-soluble compounds, diltiazem hydrochloride (DTZ) and chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM), and a poorly water-soluble drug, indomethacin (IDM), were investigated in the melt extrudates containing either Eudragit® RSPO or Eudragit® RD 100 and triethyl citrate (TEC) as the plasticizer. In addition, pellets containing DTZ were film coated with Eudragit® RS 30D and varying levels of TEC using a fluidized bed coating unit. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated that both CPM and IDM exhibited a plasticization effect on the acrylic polymers, whereas no plasticizing effect by DTZ on Eudragit® RSPO was observed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to investigate the thermal stability of the DTZ, Eudragit® RSPO and TEC at 140 °C, the maximum temperature used in the hot-melt extrusion process. The chemical stability of DTZ and IDM in the extrudate following hot-melt processing was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Drug release rates of both DTZ and CPM from hot-melt extrudates increased with an increase in the TEC level in the formulations, while the release rate of DTZ from the Eudragit® RS 30D–coated pellets decreased with an increase in TEC in the coating dispersion. This phenomenon was due to the formation of a reservoir polymeric structure as a result of the thermal stress and shear stress involved in the hot-melt extrusion process regardless of the TEC level. In contrast, coalescence of the polymer particles in the film coating process was enhanced with higher levels of TEC, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of TEC (0% to 8%) in the IDM hot-melt extrudate formulation had no influence on the drug release rate as the drug release rate was controlled by drug diffusion through the inside of the polymeric materials rather than between the polymer particles.     

Drug Release from Film-Coated Chlorpheniramine Maleate Nonpareil Beads: Effect of Water-Soluble Polymer,Coating Level,and Soluble Core Material

The purpose of this research was to use a new drug release model to study the effects of formulation parameters on drug release from a film-coated chlorpheniramine (CPM) nonpareil system. The film-coated CPM nonpareils were prepared by using a fluid bed apparatus. A hydroxylpropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) solution was blended with an aqueous ethylcellulose dispersion (Surelease) to adjust the permeability of the film. The apparent permeability of samples was obtained from dissolution data using a previously reported drug release equation. The apparent permeability was plotted versus the film coating level or the HPMC concentration in the film. When the natural logarithm of the apparent permeability versus coating level was graphed, a biphasic plot was observed in the group without HPMC in the film, showing the occurrence of a critical coating level. It was suggested that a mechanically formed porous film (due to an incomplete coating) could change to a nonporous film after the bead was completely coated. However, in the group that contained 12% HPMC in the film, the critical coating level was not observed. A porous film, formed by the leaching out of the water-soluble polymer, would not change to a nonporous film even after the bead is completely coated. Through a mathematical derivation, the decrease of apparent permeability versus coating level was related to the reduction of the total hole area. The apparent permeability was found to increase with the HPMC concentration. After a critical concentration was reached, the further addition of HPMC into the film caused a rapid increase in apparent permeability. The critical HPMC concentration was related to a minimum domain formation concentration (MDFC). A rapid increase of the drug release was observed when the dissolution profile of a sample made from a regular sugar nonpareil core (soluble) was compared with the sample made from a precoated nonpareil core (insoluble), which suggests that the drug release can be enhanced by the dissolution of the core. A minimum concentration of the HPMC was required to effectively modify permeability of the film. The critical coating level and critical concentration of HPMC can be determined from the apparent permeability plot using a previously published equation. The dissolution of a soluble core can greatly enhance the release of the drug from the nonpareil system.     

Drug release from film-coated chlorpheniramine maleate nonpareil beads: effect of water-soluble polymer, coating level, and soluble core material

The purpose of this research was to use a new drug release model to study the effects of formulation parameters on drug release from a film-coated chlorpheniramine (CPM) nonpareil system. The film-coated CPM nonpareils were prepared by using a fluid bed apparatus. A hydroxylpropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) solution was blended with an aqueous ethylcellulose dispersion (Surelease) to adjust the permeability of the film. The apparent permeability of samples was obtained from dissolution data using a previously reported drug release equation. The apparent permeability was plotted versus the film coating level or the HPMC concentration in the film. When the natural logarithm of the apparent permeability versus coating level was graphed, a biphasic plot was observed in the group without HPMC in the film, showing the occurrence of a critical coating level. It was suggested that a mechanically formed porous film (due to an incomplete coating) could change to a nonporous film after the bead was completely coated. However, in the group that contained 12% HPMC in the film, the critical coating level was not observed. A porous film, formed by the leaching out of the water-soluble polymer, would not change to a nonporous film even after the bead is completely coated. Through a mathematical derivation, the decrease of apparent permeability versus coating level was related to the reduction of the total hole area. The apparent permeability was found to increase with the HPMC concentration. After a critical concentration was reached, the further addition of HPMC into the film caused a rapid increase in apparent permeability. The critical HPMC concentration was related to a minimum domain formation concentration (MDFC). A rapid increase of the drug release was observed when the dissolution profile of a sample made from a regular sugar nonpareil core (soluble) was compared with the sample made from a precoated nonpareil core (insoluble), which suggests that the drug release can be enhanced by the dissolution of the core. A minimum concentration of the HPMC was required to effectively modify permeability of the film. The critical coating level and critical concentration of HPMC can be determined from the apparent permeability plot using a previously published equation. The dissolution of a soluble core can greatly enhance the release of the drug from the nonpareil system.     

Influence of processing parameters and formulation factors on the drug release from tablets powder-coated with Eudragit L 100-55.

The aim of this study was to develop a dry powder coating process for chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) tablets using Eudragit L 100-55 as the delayed release polymer. Powder coating, a water and organic solvent-free process, was investigated as a method to prevent the migration of an ionizable, highly water soluble model drug into the polymeric film during the coating process. Eudragit L 100-55 was pre-plasticized with triethyl citrate (TEC) using hot-melt extrusion at levels of 20%, 30%, and 40%, based on the polymer weight. The extrudate was subsequently cut into pellets and cryogenically ground into a fine powder. Talc was incorporated into the coating powder as an anti-tack agent. PEG 3350 was used as a primer for the powder coating of tablets with pre-plasticized Eudragit L 100-55. The addition of polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG 3350) to the pre-plasticized Eudragit L 100-55 was necessary to enhance the adhesion of the coating powder to the tablet cores. PEG 3350 also improved film formation and coalescence of the polymeric particles due to its plasticization effects on the acrylic polymer. For comparison, theophylline tablets were also coated with pre-plasticized Eudragit L 100-55. Theophylline was selected as a less water soluble model drug. The powder coating process was performed in a modified laboratory scale spheronizer. The drug release rate was dependent both on TEC content and the coating level. The stability of the powder-coated CPM tablets was confirmed at 25 degrees C/60% RH over a storage time of 12 weeks.     

Modulating pH-independent release from coated pellets: Effect of coating composition on solubilization processes and drug release

The aim of the study was to clarify the influences of three coating parameters on the drug release from chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) pellets, coated with blends of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PVA-PEG) graft copolymer. A central composite design was implemented to investigate the effect of the polymer blend ratio, the film coat thickness and the plasticizer concentration on the drug release. The solubilization inside the pellets was monitored by EPR spectroscopy. The blending ratio of both the polymers and the film thickness were found to have a major influence on the drug release and the solubilization speed, in contrast to the plasticizer concentration. A pH-independent release profile was adjustable via modulating the polymer blend ratio and the coating thickness. A mathematical model was developed, providing a good predictability of the release profile, based on the film coat composition. This model offers the possibility to achieve a defined drug-release profile by selective adaptation of the film coat composition, in view of process times, feasibility or polymer costs.     

Slow release of drug through deformed coating film: effects of morphology and drug diffusivity in the coating film.

The effects of the morphology and drug diffusivity in the coating film on the slow release characteristics have been analyzed numerically under the constraint that the volume of the coating film and the drug matrix is maintained constant. Two different systems of coated particles with deformed coating films were studied and their release characteristics compared with those of the coated particles having spherical coating films. The average release rate, fractional release, drug concentration profiles, and the initial burst of drug were found to be strongly influenced by the ratio of drug diffusivity in the coating film to that in the drug matrix D(r) (i.e., dimensionless drug diffusivity in the coating film). Increasing D(r) always increased the release rate, the fractional release, and the initial burst of drug, but reduced the initial lag times of drug release. The effect of shape deformation was very significant in the drug concentration profiles and the initial lag times; in contrast, it was not so substantial on the fractional release and the average release rates. The morphology difference in the deformed systems was also found to affect the release characteristics to different extents. Increasing the degree of the shape deformation, represented by the perturbation parameter epsilon, always reduced the effective surface area for the controlled release of drug. Because of the compensation effects between decreasing surface area and the non-uniform mass flux distribution, even though the heterogeneity of surface mass flux distribution would become more considerable, the effects of increasing shape deformation to the overall release rate would be less than expected unless the coating film was deformed significantly enough. The effect of the shape deformation and the morphology difference become less effective to differentiate the release characteristics with increasing D(r).     

布洛芬包衣缓释颗粒释药动力学及体内外相关性研究

在研制出布洛芬速释处方的基础上,用乙基纤维素为材料对颗粒进行包衣,考察其体外释药动力学,并观察了颗粒大小、包衣厚度、pH值和压力诸因素对释药速率的影响。结果表明,包衣量较少时,释药过程更符合Higuchi方程;包衣量较大时,更符合零级动力学。在相同包衣量条件下,释药速率随颗粒的增大而减慢;当颗粒大小相同时,则随着包衣量增大释药速率减慢;释药速率随pH值的降低而显著减慢;包衣颗粒压片后,释药速率增大。经7名健康志愿受试者实验表明,体内外相关性显著。     

A method for the preparation of sustained release-coated Metoprolol Succinate pellet-containing tablets

The purpose of this study was to develop a method to prepare Metoprolol Succinate (MS) sustained release pellets and compress them into pellet-containing tablets without losing sustained release property. The drug layered pellets were coated with Eudragit NE 30D to obtain a sustained release (SR) property. The mechanical properties and permeability of the coating film were tailored by adjusting the proportion of talc in the coating dispersion and the weight gain of the coating film. Pellets with different MS release rates were tested and then mixed together by different ratios to optimize drug release rate. The mixed pellets were compressed into tablets with cushioning excipients. The results showed that when the ratio of talc and coating material was 1:4, the coating operation could be conducted successfully without pellet conglutination and the mechanical property of the coating film was enhanced to withstand the compress force during tableting. Blending SR-coated pellets of 20% weight gain with SR-coated pellets of 40% weight gain at the ratio of 1:5 could produce a constant and desired drug release rate. The formulation and the procedure developed in the study were suitable to prepare MS pellet-containing tablets with selected SR properties.     

盐酸昂丹司琼渗透泵片的制备与体外释放

目的制备盐酸昂丹司琼渗透泵型控释片剂(OND-OPT)并考察体外释药特性。方法以锅包衣法制备OND-OPT。通过释放度试验筛选处方并考察OND-OPT的释放特性；通过均匀设计试验建立持续释药时间与衣膜厚度、衣膜中PEG含量和释药孔孔径的关系；考察OND-OPT的释药机制。结果释药孔朝向对不含HPMC的制剂释药有明显影响，而对含HPMC的制剂释药无影响。持续释药时间与衣膜厚度和衣膜中PEG含量有关，与释药孔孔径无显著关系。OND-OPT主要以渗透泵机制释放药物。结论通过调节衣膜厚度和衣膜中PEG含量，OND-OPT可以实现理想的药物控制释放。