硝苯地平的分光光度测定

采用分光光度法测定硝苯地平的含量，测定波长为４９２ｎｍ，在１～２０μｇ／ｍｌ范围内回归方程为Ａ＝０．０２５＋０．０２８Ｃ，ｒ＝０．９９９０，平均回收率为９９．７６％（ＲＳＤ＝０．２１％，ｎ＝５）方法简便，快速。     

荧光分光光度法测定氧氟沙星制剂的含量

用荧光分光光度法测定氧氟沙星静滴液及片剂含量，样品以０．２０ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ稀释后，在ＥＸ＝２９７ｎｍ，ＥＭ＝５１２ｎｍ处测定．回收率分别为１０１．０％和１００．６％，相对标准偏差为０．５％和０．８％（ｎ＝５）．     

荧光分光光度法测定氧氟沙星片剂的含量

用荧光分光光度法测定氧氟沙星片剂的含量。选用０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ盐酸为溶剂，在Ｅｘ＝２９３ｎｍ、Ｅｍ＝５０７ｎｍ处测定荧光强度。在０．１０～０．３５ｕｇ／ｍｌ范围内，荧光强度与浓度呈线性关系，回归方程为Ｃ＝０．０７３６Ｆ—０．００６９（ｒ＝０．９９９８）。平均回收率为９９．５３％，ＲＳＤ为０．８９％（ｎ＝８）。本法灵敏度高，操作简便，结果准确。     

比色法测定盐酸吡多辛的含量

以钼酸铵作显色剂，用分光光度法测定盐酸吡多辛含量，测定波长７２０ｎｍ。在２～１４μｇ·ｍｌ－１浓度范围内回归方程为Ａ＝０．０１０＋０．０５２５Ｃ，ｒ＝０．９９９１，平均回收率为１００．２％（ＲＳＤ＝０．５％，ｎ＝５）。该方法具简便、快速     

用紫外-二阶导数光谱法测定盐酸黄连素片的含量

采用二阶导数光谱法，测定盐酸黄连素片剂含量．消除了辅料对测定结果的干扰．线性关系良好，ｒ＝０．９９９１（ｎ＝６）．平均回收率为１００．９％，ＲＳＤ＝０．４３％．     

高效液相色谱法测定复方氯霉素酊中氯霉素和水杨酸的含量

本文采用高效液相色谱法同时测定复方氯霉素酊中氯霉素和水杨酸的含量，方法简单、快速、准确。用对乙酰氨基酚为内标物，氯霉素的方法回收率为９９．９％，ＲＳＤ＝０．８９％（ｎ＝５）；水杨酸的方法回收率为１００．０％，ＲＳＤ＝０．５４％（ｎ＝５）。     

电荷转移络合—分光光度法测定头孢氨苄的含量

以２．６－二氯苯醌氯亚胺作显色剂，用电荷转移络合－分光光度法测定头孢氮苄含量。测定波长为５１０ｎｍ。在２－１２μｇ／ｍｌ范围内回归方程为Ａ＝０．０５７５ｃ－０．０１，ｒ＝０．９９９０平均回收率为９９．３４％（ＲＳＤ＝０．６４％ｎ＝５）方法简便、快速。     

气相色谱外标法测定鱼油中EPA和DHA的含量

采用气相色谱外标法测定鱼油中ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ．ＥＰＡ测定回归方程为：Ｙ＝７．５＋１３２Ｘ，ｒ＝０．９９９１；ＤＨＡ测定回归方程为：Ｙ＝３．５＋１１７Ｘ，ｒ＝０．９９９０；鱼油中含ＥＰＡ为８％，ＤＨＡ为１２％．     

荧光分光光度法测定复方制剂中的盐酸普鲁卡因

本文用荧光分光光度法不经分离直接测定复方制剂中盐酸普鲁卡因的含量。其最大激发波长及最大发射波长分别为２９０．０ｎｍ，３５６．０ｎｍ。标准曲线浓度范围为０．６～１．４μｍ／ｍｌ，回归方程为Ｙ＝４８．８４１７Ｘ＋６．３０５（ｎ＝６），ｒ＝０．９９９８，４种样品平均回收率为９９．９５％（ｎ＝６），ＲＳＤ＝０．４７％。     

分光光度法测定米托蒽醌的含量

以乙醇为溶剂，采用分光光度测定米托蒽酯的含量。米托蒽醌浓度在４～１０ｍｇ／Ｌ范围，线性关系良好（ｒ＝０．９９９９），方法的平均回收率为９９．２０％，ＲＳＤ为０．２０％（ｎ＝８）７个不同批号样品的ＲＳＤ为０．０１％～０．６８％，ｎ＝３）。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.