Comparative anatomy and histology of the radial artery and the internal thoracic artery

Summary Anatomical characteristics of the radial a. were compared to those of the internal thoracic a., considered as a gold standard in coronary surgery. The length, the diameter, the collateral distribution and the wall thickness of these two arteries were studied comparatively. In addition, a comparative histological analysis was carried out. Anatomical and histological characteristics of these two arteries have important implications for coronary artery bypass.

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Anatomie et histologie comparative de l'artère radiale et de l'artère thoracique interneIntérêt pour les pontages coronaires

Résumé Les caractéristiques anatomiques de l'a. radiale ont été comparées à celles de l'a. thoracique interne, cette dernière étant considérée comme le greffon de référence en chirurgie coronaire. La longueur, le diamètre, les branches collatérales et l'épaisseur pariétale de ces deux artères ont été étudiées. Une analyse histologique comparative a également été effectuée. Les caractéristiques anatomiques et histologiques de ces deux artères ont d'importantes implications pour la chirurgie de pontage coronaire.

     

Origin and incidence of xiphoid branch of the internal thoracic artery

Summary The study presents the incidence of a variant terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery (ITA). The ITA's were cannulated in situ, injected with coloured latex and dissected together with its branches in 62 cadavers. Unlike the usual termination of the ITA bifurcating into the musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries, this third branch arose from the medial border of the ITA at the level of the 6th costal cartilage. As it descends it inclines medially towards the angle between the xiphoid process and the 7th costal cartilage, giving off 2 or 3 fine branches to the lower sternum. It then passes deep to this angle and can be observed on the anterior surface of the xiphoid process, terminating in fine branches distributed to the inferior aspect of the xiphoid cartilage. It is proposed that this branch at the trifurcation of the ITA be termed the xiphoid branch. This branch was noted in 61.3%. An incidence of 30.7% was seen on the right and 21% on the left with bilateral presence in 9.7%. The xiphoid branch contributes to the supply to the lower sternal region and may be of special importance when the collateral supply to the region is compromised in the event of the internal thoracic or superior epigastric artery damage or when used as a conduit in coronary artery by-pass grafts.

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Origine et fréquences de la branche xiphoïdienne de l'artére thoracique interne

Résumé Cette étude présente la fréquence d'une branche terminale de l'artère thoracique interne (ITA). L'ITA était canulée in situ, injectée avec du latex coloré et disséquée avec ses branches sur 62 cadavres. A la différence de la terminaison classique de l'ITA en deux branches, l'artère musculo-phrénique et l'artère épigastrique supérieure, une troisième branche naissait du bord médial de l'ITA au niveau du 6ème cartilage costal. Cette branche descendait en s'inclinant en dedans vers l'angle formé par le processus xiphoïde et le 7ème cartilage costal en donnant 2 ou 3 fines branches pour la partie inférieure du sternum. Elle passait en profondeur à ce niveau et pouvait être observée sur la face antérieure de l'appendice xiphoïde, se terminant en de fins rameaux distribués à la partie inférieure du cartilage xiphoïde. Il est proposé que cette branche qui correspond à une "trifurcation" de l'ITA, soit dénommée la branche xiphoïdienne. Cette branche est retrouvée dans 61,3 % des cas. Sa fréquence est de 30,7 % sur le côté droit et de 21 % sur le bord gauche et de 9,7 % dans une forme bilatérale. Cette branche xiphoïdienne contribue à vasculariser la partie inférieure du sternum et acquiert une importance spéciale quand la circulation collatérale est compromise en cas d'altération de l'ITA ou de l'artère épigastrique supérieure, ou en cas de l'utilisation de ce conduit pour les pontages artériels coronariens.

     

翻转胸廓内动脉冠状动脉旁路术的实验研究

目的 研究翻转胸廓内动脉用于冠状动脉旁路术的可行性。方法 对１０具成人尸体胸廓内动脉的特性进行观察,并测量左、右各助间点到ＩＴＡ起点、冠状动脉左前降支中点的距离。结果 于近端切断胸廓内动脉可以保证该动脉逆向供血,血供来源于下位肋间动脉、肌隔动脉和腹壁上动脉。左侧第３肋间以下的各肋间中点,到ＩＴＡ起点处的长度明显长于其到冠状动脉左前降支中点的距离;右侧第４肋间以下的各肋间中点,到ＩＴＡ起点处的长距离     

Origin and incidence of xiphoid branch of the internal thoracic artery

The study presents the incidence of a variant terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery (ITA). The ITA’s were cannulated in situ, injected with coloured latex and dissected together with its branches in 62 cadavers. Unlike the usual termination of the ITA bifurcating into the musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries, this third branch arose from the medial border of the ITA at the level of the 6th costal cartilage. As it descends it inclines medially towards the angle between the xiphoid process and the 7th costal cartilage, giving off 2 or 3 fine branches to the lower sternum. It then passes deep to this angle and can be observed on the anterior surface of the xiphoid process, terminating in fine branches distributed to the inferior aspect of the xiphoid cartilage. It is proposed that this branch at the “trifurcation” of the ITA be termed the xiphoid branch. This branch was noted in 61.3%. An incidence of 30.7% was seen on the right and 21% on the left with bilateral presence in 9.7%. The xiphoid branch contributes to the supply to the lower sternal region and may be of special importance when the collateral supply to the region is compromised in the event of the internal thoracic or superior epigastric artery damage or when used as a conduit in coronary artery by-pass grafts.     

Bilateral origin of the internal thoracic artery from the third part of the subclavian artery a case report

The routine use of the internal thoracic artery (ITA) as a conduit in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery has highlighted the need to appreciate this vessel’s anatomic variations. The usual origin of this vessel is from the first part of the subclavian artery, occasionally from the second and rarely from the third. Henriques-Pino and Prates described a unilateral origin from the third part on the left and Vorster et al on the right. Our cadaveric case report presents an unusual bilateral origin of the ITA arising from the third part of the subclavian artery in a 25-year-old Black South African female. The ITA arose from the ventral aspect, 7.3 cm on the right side and 8.5 cm on the left side from the origin of the subclavian artery, and inclined acutely inferiorly and medially, anterior to the distal attachment of the scalenus anterior m., followed the inner border of the first rib for a short distance and, thereafter, continued its usual course in the thorax. This appears to be the first case report presenting a bilateral origin of the ITA from the third part of the subclavian artery.     

Anatomic bases of aorto-coronary bypasses: the internal thoracic artery and blood supply of the sternum

The internal thoracic a. is much used in cardiac surgery because of its anatomic position, but its mobilisation may lead to devascularisation of the sternum. The aim of this study was to establish a precise systematisation of the vascularisation of the sternum by means of dissections and radiography after injection of contrast medium in 15 subjects. It is based on the internal thoracic a. and its collaterals, which form multiple anastomoses. This anatomic basis provides an understanding of the problems of the devascularisation (partial and temporary) and the infections that may occur following the use of one or both internal thoracic aa. during coronary bypass operations. However, it should always be regarded as the graft of choice, given the longevity of these bypasses.This study was presented at the Société Anatomique de Paris on Friday 3 of March 1995     

Estrogen receptor modulators and estrogen receptor beta immunolabelling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) exposed to the female sex hormone estradiol show different kinds of effects including increased elasticity, activation of plasma membrane Na⁺/H⁺ exchange, prostacyclin production, prevention of apoptosis and many others. The aim of this study was the systematic analysis of the immunolabelling of estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ, in HUVEC after stimulation with different commercially available ER modulators and ER agonists or antagonists. HUVEC response to these substances was shown to be regulated via ERβ. ERα immunolabelling or up-regulation was abrogated after application of estrogen derivatives, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) and ER agonists or antagonists. Immunolabelling of ERβ was significantly increased by estradiol, estrone, ethinylestradiol and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). SERM, such as Tamoxifen, and pure antagonists, such as ICI 182.780, stimulated ERβ in HUVEC at low concentrations, whereas higher concentrations inhibited ERβ immunolabelling. The pure estrogen receptor agonist 2,3-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) proprionitrile (DPN) exhibited its activating potential at low concentrations. In contrast, higher concentrations resulted in a down-regulation of ERβ. Estrogenic effects in HUVEC, independent of stimulation or inhibition, are mediated via the ERβ. SERM such as Tamoxifen and ER antagonists such as ICI 182.780 act as ER activators in low concentrations, whereas higher concentrations lead to inhibitory effects.     

Estrogen receptor (ER) and ER-related receptor expression in normal and atrophic human vagina

OBJECTIVES: The estrogen level decline in menopausal status is involved in physiological alterations of different human tissues including vaginal mucosa. In this study, we have evaluated the estrogen receptor (ER) and estrogen receptor-related receptor (ERR) expression in tissue samples of posterior vaginal wall obtained from pre- and post-menopausal women. METHODS: The nuclear receptor expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). RESULTS: The qPCR results showed the presence of the three isoforms of the ERR family (ERRalpha, ERRbeta and ERRgamma) that were coexpressed with ERs in all vaginal tissue samples examined. The ERRalpha and ERRgamma mRNA levels decreased from normal vagina of the pre-menopausal women to atrophic vaginal tissue in post-menopausal women. This trend was also observed for the ERbeta subtype. CONCLUSIONS: The ERRs, such as ERs, are present in human vagina at the mRNA level and the cessation of ovarian estrogen secretion, that is the key event during the post-menopause, may be linked to ERbeta, ERRalpha and ERRgamma mRNA decline in human vaginal mucosa. These findings may provide a biological rationale for the clinical susceptibility of the post-menopausal vagina to local estrogen treatment.     

Morphometry of the internal thoracic arteries

Summary The surgical significance of the internal thoracic arteries (ITA's) in procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafting, transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps and minimal incision direct coronary artery bypass surgery is well recognised. However, the detailed morphometry of these vessels is not well documented. This study aimed to detail the morphometry of the ITA's. Morphometric analysis of these vessels from post mortemen-bloc specimens, consisting of aortic arch, great vessels and ITA's with anterior chest wall was conducted on 62 adults. The mean lengths and diameters of the ITA's at the origin, costal cartilage levels and termination were: length of the right ITA, 18.05 ± 0.6 cm and the left, 18.085 ± 0.6 cm. The average diameters recorded at the origin, first costal cartilage, fourth costal cartilage and termination were: right : 3.24 ± 0.5 mm; 2.85 ± 0.4 mm; 2.33 ± 0.6 mm; 1.98 ± 0.2 mm and left: 3.05 ± 0.4 mm, 2.67 ± 0.3 mm; 2.22 ± 0.3 mm; 1.92 ± 0.2mm respectively. Morphometry of the ITA's are detailed. There was no significant difference in length between right and left ITA's although differences between the race groups were demonstrated. Significant differences in diameters in sides and race exist.

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Morphométrie des artères thoraciques internes

Résumé L'importance chirurgicale des artères thoraciques internes (ATI) dans des techniques telles que la prise de greffon pour pontage coronarien, la réalisation de lambeaux myocutanés à l'aide du muscle transverse de l'abdomen et les pontages coronaires par chirurgie mini-invasive est bien connue. Cependant, la morphométrie détaillée de ces vaisseaux n'est pas bien documentée. Cette étude a pour but de préciser la morphométrie des artères thoraciques internes. Une analyse morphométrique de ces vaisseaux à partir de sujets post-mortem portant en bloc sur la crosse aortique, les gros vaisseaux et les artères thoraciques internes avec la paroi thoracique antérieure a été menée chez 62 adultes. Les longueurs et diamètres moyens des ATI à leur origine, au niveau des cartilages costaux et à leur terminaison étaient: longueur ATI droite 18.05 ± 0.6 cm et longueur ATI gauche 18.08 ± 0.6 cm. Les diamètres moyens mesurés à l'origine, au niveau du premier cartilage costal, du quatrième et à la terminaison étaient respectivement : à droite : 3,24 ± 0,5 mm; 2,85 ± 0,4 mm ; 2,33 ± 0,6 mm ; 1,98 ± 0,2 mm ; à gauche : 3,05 ± 0,4 mm ; 2,67 ± 0,3 mm ; 2,22 ± 0,3 mm ; 1,92 ± 0,2 mm. La morphométrie des artères thoraciques internes est détaillée. II n'y a pas de différence significative de longueur entre le côté droit et le côté gauche, bien que des différences selon les groupes raciaux aient été démontrées. II existe des différences significatives de diamètres selon les côtés et la race.

     

The alternative supply of the pectoralis major flap based medially in cases with previous surgical use of the internal thoracic artery. An anatomical study

In the present study we analyzed the anatomical basis for the use of the pectoralis major muscle based on alternative pedicles in order to evaluate its clinical applications in cases of potential lesion of the internal thoracic artery. The patterns of blood supply depending on the internal thoracic artery, previously dissected for coronary by-pass surgery, were studied in both sides of five embalmed cadavers and five anterior thoracic walls taken from autopsies. The secondary vascular pedicles depending on the internal thoracic artery for the pectoralis major muscle were dissected and injected with physiological saline stained solution in the embalmed cadavers. Moreover, studies of intravascular injection by means of radio-opaque contrast and physiological saline stained solution were carried out in the anterior thoracic walls obtained from clinical autopsies. The results showed that complete injection of the pectoralis major muscle was achieved depending exclusively on the two proximal perforating branches of the two first intercostal spaces, which represented the vascular pedicle for medial transposition of the pectoralis major flap, in cases with previous dissection of the internal thoracic artery for coronary by-pass.     

Comparative histological and biometric study of the coronary,radial and left internal thoracic arteries

In an attempt to elucidate the causes of occlusion of radial arteries used for coronary artery bypass grafts and to improve the results of these procedures, we studied the biometry and histology of the coronary, radial and left internal thoracic arteries. These arteries were harvested from 20 cadavers (13 males, 7 females). The specimens were calibrated to the various bypass graft sites using coronary calibrators, and were then submitted to histological examination to determine the structure and innervation of the vessel wall. No correlation was observed between the internal calibers of these various arteries, with the exception of the anterior interventricular and right coronary arteries. Intimal changes and the presence of atheromatous plaque were observed in coronary and radial arteries, but never in the internal thoracic artery. Like the coronary arteries and their branches, the radial artery is a muscular artery. Aging of muscular arteries results in thickening of the intima, which becomes fibrotic due to migration of myocytes from the media and duplication of the internal elastic lamina. The media becomes fibrous, hypertrophic or atrophic. The walls of the radial and coronary arteries contain several adventitial nerves (sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers), but these nerve fibers were not observed in the wall of the left internal thoracic artery. In contrast, the internal thoracic artery, like the aorta, is an elastic artery. Aging of elastic arteries is first observed between the ages of 20 and 29 years and is characterized by loss of one or several elastic laminae of the media and more marked intimal thickening, over a variable length. Even if a radial artery's caliber is similar to that of the coronary artery, histological evolution and graft patency depend on its muscular identity.

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Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article if you access the article at . A link in the frame on the left of that page takes you directly to the supplementary material.

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Etude comparative et histologique entre les artères coronaires, radiales et thoracique interne gauche

Résumé Pour tenter de comprendre les causes d'occlusion des artères radiales utilisées comme greffons dans les pontages aorto-coronariens et améliorer les résultats, la biométrie et l'histologie des artères coronaires, radiales et thoracique interne gauche ont été étudiées. Nous avons prélevé ces trois types d'artères chez 20 cadavres (13 hommes et 7 femmes). Ces prélèvements ont été calibrés aux différents sites de pontages avec des calibreurs coronaires, puis analysés en histologie afin de déterminer la structure et l'innervation de la paroi. Nous n'avons pas trouvé de corrélation entre les calibres internes de ces différentes artères, à l'exception des artères interventriculaire antérieure et coronaire droite. Le remaniement de l'intima et la présence de plaques d'athéromes ont été observés dans les artères coronaires et radiales, jamais dans l'artère thoracique interne. Comme les artères coronaires et leurs branches, l'artère radiale est de type musculaire. Leur vieillissement se traduit par un épaississement de l'intima qui se fibrose, par une migration myocytaire de la média et par un dédoublement de la limitante élastique interne. La média devient fibreuse, hypertrophique ou atrophique. A l'opposé l'artère thoracique interne est une artère élastique comme l'aorte. Le vieillissement se caractérise par la disparition, sur une étendue variable, d'une ou de plusieurs lames élastiques de la média et un épaississement intimal plus marqué. Même si, anatomiquement, le calibre reste adapté entre artère radiale et artère coronaire, le devenir histologique et donc la perméabilité des artères radiales est en relation avec sa nature musculaire.

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Accessory inferior thyroid artery and internal thoracic artery originating from the thyrocervical trunk

During the routine dissection of an 87-year-old Caucasian male cadaver, an accessory inferior thyroid artery originating from the left suprascapular artery was detected. In addition to the existence of inferior and superior thyroid arteries, a third thyroid artery arising from the left suprascapular artery was present at the left of these arteries; this artery was determined as the accessory inferior thyroid artery. Again, the left internal thoracic artery arose from the thyrocervical trunk. The internal thoracic artery originated near the thyrocervical trunk’s origin point and descended vertically. The thyrocervical trunk ended near the medial border of the anterior scalene muscle after giving rise to the inferior thyroid, transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries.     

Lateral costal branch of the internal thoracic artery

The lateral costal branch (LCB) of the internal thoracic artery (ITA) was studied because its presence sometimes may reduce the blood flow of the ITA when it is used for myocardial revascularization (Singh and Sosa, 1981). The ITA of 90 cadavers of adults of both sexes, whose ages ranged from 20 to 84 years, was studied after neoprene latex injection to determine its incidence, its relation to the phrenic nerve and first rib, its diameter, and the distance between the origin of the ITA and the origin of the LCB. We found the LCB in 16.6% of the cases, with bilateral presence in 5.5%. Unilateral rightside incidence was 11.1%, and left unilateral incidence was not observed. The LCB originated from the ITA in all cases, with a distance of origin along the ITA of 23.7 + 6.7 mm on the right side and 29.5 ± 6.4 mm on the left side. The mean diameter of the LCB was 1.7% ± 0.8 mm. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Immunohistochemical Demonstration of Cell Proliferation and Estrogen Receptor Status in Human Breast Cancer

Cell proliferation and estrogen receptor (ER) status was investigated in 45 invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast by immunohistochemical methods using monoclonal antibodies Ki 67 (anti-human proliferating cell antibody) and ER ICA. The results were assessed on the basis of nuclear staining intensity and the percentage of positively stained tumor cell nuclei (index score). There was a significant inverse correlation between the Ki 67 and ERICA index scores, although 4 cases showed high index scores for both markers. We conclude that ER positive cells do not always have low proliferation activity, which may be one of the reasons why endocrine therapy is not effective against all ER positive breast cancers. Acta Pathol Jpn 40: 902 907, 1990.     

流感病毒感染致大鼠血管平滑肌细胞功能变化的研究

目的 探讨流感病毒(H1 N1)感染血管平滑肌细胞后,血管平滑肌细胞的数量、增殖率、凋亡率及分泌相关细胞因子的变化,从细胞水平探讨流感病毒感染在动脉粥样硬化形成中的作用以及可能的机制.方法 分别通过细胞计数试验、流式细胞术和酶联免疫吸附试验,检测未感染病毒的细胞(对照组)和病毒感染后细胞(实验组),在不同时段(0h、6h、12h、24h、48 h)血管平滑肌细胞增殖率、凋亡率和分泌IL-6、sFas、血小板衍生生长因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF)的变化情况.结果 实验组0h血管平滑肌细胞增殖率和凋亡率分别为10.39％和0.44％;6 h后细胞增殖率(12.68％)和凋亡率(0.73％)均增加;12 h增殖率达到高峰(18.01％),凋亡率反而降低(0.14％);24 h后增殖率下降(12.89％),凋亡率明显增加(1.09％);48 h增殖率进一步降低(7.07％),凋亡率达到高峰(4.61％).各时期的细胞增殖率和凋亡率与0h比较,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).细胞数量、IL-6、sFas、PDGF均在感染12～18 h达到分泌高峰,随后下降.实验组每个时间点的细胞数量,细胞因子的分泌量与0h比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 流感病毒感染血管平滑肌细胞后,使平滑肌细胞增殖、凋亡发生紊乱,由此提示流感病毒感染可能参与动脉粥样硬化的形成和发展,同时细胞因子在其中发挥重要的作用.     

Partial removal of the pulmonary artery in video-assisted thoracic surgery for non-small cell lung cancer

Lobectomy with partial removal of the pulmonary artery in video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) currently remains a challenge for thoracic surgeons. We were interested in introducing pulmonary vessel blocking techniques in open thoracic surgery into video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) procedures. In this study, we reported a surgical technique simultaneously blocking the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary vein for partial removal of the pulmonary artery under VATS. Seven patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) received lobectomy with partial removal of the pulmonary artery using the technique between December 2007 and March 2012. Briefly, rather than using a small clamp on the distal pulmonary artery to the area of invading cancer, we replaced a vascular clamp with a ribbon and Hem-o-lock clip to block the preserved pulmonary veins so as to prevent back bleeding and yield a better view for surgeons. The mean occlusion time of the pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins were 44.0±10.0 and 41.3±9.7 minutes, respectively. The mean repair time of the pulmonary artery was 25.3±13.7 minutes. No complications occurred. No patients showed abnormal blood flow through the reconstructed vessel. There were no local recurrences on the pulmonary artery. In conclusion, the technique for blocking the pulmonary artery and veins is feasible and safe in VATS and reduces the risk of abrupt intraoperative bleeding and the chance of converting to open thoracotomy, and extends the indications of VATS lobectomy.     

LPS刺激诱导人卵巢癌细胞株Toll样受体4表达及细胞免疫调节

目的 探讨脂多糖(LPS)刺激对体外培养的人卵巢癌细胞株SKOV3的生长、Toll样受体4(TLR4)的表达、细胞活性氧(ROS)表达及6种炎性细胞因子分泌水平变化的影响.方法 用流式细胞仪测定不同浓度LPS刺激SKOV3 4 h后TLR4的表达水平;用LPS分别刺激SKOV3细胞不同时间后,MTT法检测细胞增殖情况,流式细胞仪分析TLR4表达、细胞周期分布、ROS表达水平以及细胞因子分泌水平.结果 TLR4表达与LPS作用浓度之间存在浓度依赖性和最大量效曲线关系;LPS刺激组与正常组的细胞增殖、细胞周期PrI值(细胞增殖指数,S+G_2/M)、ROS表达水平、细胞因子分泌水平均有显著性差异.结论 LPS具有诱导卵巢癌细胞TLR4表达、活性氧表达、炎症因子分泌以及细胞增殖和抑制的作用.     

大鼠远端肺动脉平滑肌细胞分离与原代培养

目的探索简便、高效原代培养大鼠远端肺动脉平滑肌细胞的方法,为研究肺动脉高压发病机制提供实验材料。方法采用显微操作和分次酶消化法进行原代培养并与传统酶消化法比较。对培养的细胞进行形态学观察、平滑肌α-actin免疫荧光细胞化学法鉴定、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜计算纯度。结果两种酶消化法均可获得高纯度的远端肺动脉平滑肌细胞。镜下细胞呈典型的"峰-谷"状生长,胞质特异的α-actin阳性表达,细胞纯度达98%。分次酶消化法获得的细胞数及细胞存活率均大于传统酶消化法,并且提前了3d得到足够进行实验的细胞数量。结论本法简便、可靠、低成本,短期内可获得大量高纯度、功能良好的远端肺动脉平滑肌细胞。     

三种实用而简单的急性酶分离动脉平滑肌细胞的方法

目的:探讨有效而简便的获取单个动脉平滑肌细胞的方法。方法:应用三种急性酶分离细胞的方法分离人体肠系膜动脉平滑肌细胞,采用单通道膜片钳和穿孔膜片钳技术,记录该细胞上的大电导钙激活钾通道(Large-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channels,BKCa)电流。结果:三种急性酶分离细胞方法均可有效的获取较高质量的单个人体肠系膜动脉平滑肌细胞,并成功应用于电生理膜片钳实验中,且记录的电流稳定,记录时间长。结论:这三种分离单个血管平滑肌细胞的急性酶分离方法简单而实用,为今后的进一步研究提供有效而简便的方法。