外科性黄疸和黄疸型病毒性肝炎患者血清SIgA的变化

外科性黄疸（ｓｕｒｇｉｃａｌｊａｕｎｄｉｃｅ，ＳＪ）患者（３８例）术前血清分泌型ＩｇＡ（ｓｅｃｒｅｔｏｒｙＩｇＡ，ＳＩｇＡ）含量为１４０．８±５１．３μｇ／ｍｌ，比正常人（３０人）的平均值（８．９±２．１μｇ／ｍｌ）高１５．８倍（Ｐ＜０．００１）。手术解除胆道梗阻１５～２０天后，ＳＪ患者的血清ＳＩｇＡ水平显著下降（Ｐ＜０．００１），同时，术后胆汁中的ＳＩｇＡ却远高于术中时胆汁ＳＩｇＡ的水平（Ｐ＜０．００１）。黄疸型病毒性肝炎（ｉｃｔｅｒｉｃｖｉｒａｌｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓ，ＩＶＨ）患者（３０例）的血清ＳＩｇＡ含量也显著增多（７６．４±２７．８μｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１），然而却远低于ＳＪ患者的水平（Ｐ＜０．００５）。     

IgG-RF ELISA定量检测法的建立和应用

本工作以 Ｉｇ Ｇ Ｆｃ 片断为靶抗原, 用自制抗人 Ｉｇ Ｇ Ｆａｂ Ｈ Ｒ Ｐ 标记物为第二抗体, 建立了定量测定血中 Ｉｇ Ｇ Ｒ Ｆ 的 Ｅ Ｌ Ｉ Ｓ Ａ。经验证, 本法可测范围为１０ ～２５６０ Ｉ Ｕ／ｍｌ, 批内 Ｃ Ｖ４８ ％ , 批间 Ｃ Ｖ１１７ ％ 。１００ 例健康人血清 Ｉｇ Ｇ Ｒ Ｆ 值为（４１０ ±３４３ ） Ｉ Ｕ／ｍｌ, 以高于珋ｘ ±ｓ 值的上限１１０ Ｉ Ｕ／ｍｌ 为阳性。９９ 例类风湿关节炎（ Ｒ Ａ） 患者血清 Ｉｇ Ｇ Ｒ Ｆ 值为（４３０ ±６０４） Ｉ Ｕ／ｍｌ,阳性率为６１５ ％ 。临床应用提示 Ｉｇ Ｇ Ｒ Ｆ 是判断 Ｒ Ａ 活动性的良好指标之一。     

抗戊型肝炎病毒IgG的检测

应用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法对１９９０年沈阳一起暴发流行的戊型肝炎病人及对照人群７９份血清进行了抗戊型肝炎病毒（ＨＥＶ）ＩｇＧ的检测。显性感染病人与非疫区正常对照人群抗－ＨＥＶＩｇＧ检出率分别为５５．３２％（２６／４７）和２０．００％（２／１０），两者存在显著性差异（ｘ２＝４．１２，Ｐ＜０．０５）。显性感染病人急性期，病后８个月血清抗－ＨＥＶＩｇＧ检出率分别为１００．００％（８／８）和谐４１．９４（１３／３１），前者明显高于后者（ｘ２＝６．８３，Ｐ＜０．０１）。８例病人急性期和病后４个月血清抗体平均滴度分别为０．６８４和０．２３４，抗体滴度下降２．９２３倍，存在显著性差异（Ｔ＝２．２３９，Ｐ＜０．０５）。显性感染病人和ＳＧＰＴ升高无症状人群急性期血清间抗－ＨＥＶＩｇＧ检出率、抗体平均摘度存在明显差异（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｔ＞１．９６０，Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

巨细胞病毒感染与可溶性白细胞介素2受体的关系

应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）对１０４例育龄妇女的血清进行了巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ抗体的检测，同时用ＥＬＩＳＡ双抗体夹心法测定了不同感染状态下血清中可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）的水平，并将ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平与未感染ＨＣＭＶ的正常育龄妇女进行了比较。结果，育龄妇女中抗－ＨＣＭＶＩｇＧ的阳性率为８９．４％，ＩｇＭ的阳性率为９．６％，感染ＨＣＭＶ的妇女血清中ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平均大于未感染的对照组（１７８．１±５７．３Ｕ／ｍｌ），Ｐ＜０．０５，其中ＩｇＭ阳性者和ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ同时阳性者血清中ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平最高，分别为９１０±４６５．６Ｕ／ｍｌ和９０５±３４７．８Ｕ／ｍｌ，两者间的差异无显著性意义（Ｐ＞０．０５），但均大于仅抗－ＨＣＭＶＩｇＧ阳性者（４４６．８±１５８．９Ｕ／ｍｌ），Ｐ均＜０．０５。表明，ＨＣＭＶ感染可致ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平升高，并且活动性感染者上升明显。提示：ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ可能参与了ＨＣＭＶ的免疫致病机制。     

可溶性白介素2受体测定对结核性胸腹水鉴别诊断的价值

用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法检测结核性和非结核性（癌性及漏出液）胸水及血清中的可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）。结果显示：结核组ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平明显增高（２４６４±１００１Ｕ／ｍｌ），与癌性胸腹水组（７５２±４１８Ｕ／ｍｌ）及漏出液组（４１０±３１５Ｕ／ｍｌ）比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．００１）。与胸水中腺苷脱氨酶活性（ＡＤＡ）呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６８８，Ｐ＜０．００１）。敏感性及特异性均为９０％以上。提示用本法检测胸腹水的ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ对于结核性胸腹水的诊断及鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

小儿支气管哮喘发作期体液免疫改变

本文对３３例支气管哮喘发作期患儿进行了免疫球蛋白Ｅ、Ｇ、Ａ、Ｍ以及ＩｇＧ亚类的测定，设健康儿童对照组进行比较，结果表明：哮喘组ＩｇＥ平均值为７４７．３１ＩＵ／ｍｌ，对照组平均值为１０１．３４ＩＵ／ｍｌ，即哮喘患儿ＩｇＥ值明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）。哮喘组ＩｇＧ亚类Ｇ１、Ｇ４分别为３．５３±１．４９、０．３３±０．１２，而对照组分别为４．９２±０．８３、０．２８±０．０８，两组之间有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．００１）、（Ｐ＜０．０５）。Ｇ２、Ｇ３与对照组之间差异不显著。哮喘组ＩｇＧ值明显低于正常组，ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ值属正常范围。结果提示，小儿支气管哮喘发作期的体液免疫功能是紊乱的。     

太湖德永摇蚊过敏的调查

摇蚊（Ｃｈｉｒｏｎｏｍｉｄ　ｍｉｄｇｅ）已被许多国家证实为与变态反应疾病有关的重要变应原。近年来无锡太湖水体严重污染，晚秋出现摇蚊成虫大发生，以优势种太湖德永摇蚊（Ｔｏｋｕｎａｇａｙｕｓｕｒｉｋａ　ｔａｉｈｕｅｎｓｉｓ　Ｗｅｎ　ｅｔ　ａｌ．，１９４９）成虫浸液（Ｔｏｋ．ｔ．）对无锡太湖湖滨区１３８名哮喘患者和１４４名正常人群进行皮肤点刺试验（ＳＰＴ），４４．２％的哮喘患者和１５．２％的正常人出现阳性，两组人群的阳性率具显著差别（Ｐ＜０．０００１），对性别和年龄分布的统计学检验表明，摇蚊皮试反应在男女间无显著性差异；哮喘患者中，２０～３９岁年龄组的皮试反应性明显高于未满２０岁年龄组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。采用配对调查放射变应原吸附试验（ＲＡＳＴ）检测过敏性哮喘患者ＳＰＴ阳性者和阴性者各２０例以及２０名正常人的Ｔｏｋ．ｔ．特异性ＩｇＥ，表明ＳＰＴ阳性哮喘患者的Ｔｏｋ．ｔ．特异性ＩｇＥ明显高于阴性者，也高于正常人ＳＰＴ阴性者。ＲＡＳＴ与ＳＰＴ反应符合率达７５％，两者具有意义的相关（Ｐ＜０．００５）。上述调查证实在我国也存在摇蚊过敏的变态反应疾病，太湖德永摇蚊可能是太湖沿岸重要的变应原之一，与特异性ＩｇＥ介导的速发型变态     

抗磷脂抗体对内皮细胞释放前列环素的影响

用狼疮凝集抑制物（ＬＣＩ）阳性的病人血清、亲和分离的ＩｇＧ和脂质体亲和纯化的抗心磷脂抗体（ＡＣＡ）作用于人内皮细胞（ＥＣ），测定ＥＣ释放的前列环素（ＰＧＩ＿２）。结果表明，对照组ＰＧＩ＿２的平均释放量为１３０５±２４０ｐｇ／ｍｌ，实验组为１２４６±２８７ｐｇ／ｍｌ，差别为４．５％（Ｐ＞０．０５）。经人α－凝血酶（１Ｕ／ｍｌ）刺激后，对照组ＥＣ释放ＰＧＩ＿２的量平均增加２．１倍，实验组为１．３６倍，差别为３５．２％（Ｐ（０．０５）。上述三种成份均能明显抑制低浓度凝血酶（１Ｕ／ｍｌ）介导ＥＣ释放ＰＧＩ＿２，但并不抑制高浓度凝血酶（１０Ｕ／ｍｌ）和花生四烯酸（２０μｍｏｌ／ｍｌ）介导ＥＣ释放ＰＧＩ＿２（Ｐ＞０．０５）。因此，具有ＬＣＩ活性的ＡＣＡ对凝血酶介导的ＥＣ释放ＰＧＩ＿２的抑制是引发血栓形成的机制之一；也是现所知的直接沟通免疫和凝血两大系统的唯一抗体。     

病毒性肝炎患者IL－1、IL－6和TNFα活性的检测

检测了甲、乙型病毒性肝炎患者外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣｓ）ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６和ＴＮＦα的诱生活性及其血清中活性。结果表明，乙型慢性活动性肝炎（ＣＡＨ）、乙型肝炎后肝硬化（ＨＣ）和乙型重型肝炎（ＳＨ）ＰＢＭＣｓ经脂多糖诱导后，ＩＬ－１活性分别为３５３１．１±８８２．７Ｕ／ｍ１、２７６９．７±７３０．４±Ｕ／ｍｌ和５３２９．３±１０８９．３Ｕ／ｍｌ，高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或（０．０１）；ＩＬ－６诱生活性分别为３８．９０±１４．７５Ｕ／ｍ１、２．４５±１８．８５Ｕ／ｍｌ和７１．９５±２８．０５Ｕ／ｍｌ（与正常对照组相比，ｐ＜０．０５或＜０．０１）；ＴＮＦα诱生活性在乙型慢性迁延性肝炎（ＣＰＨ）、ＣＡＨ、ＨＣ和ＳＨ中分别为３３．２３±７．２５Ｕ／ｍｌ、６．９９±１．８４Ｕ／ｍ１、４．２９±２．１７Ｕ／ｍｌ和８６．７０±２４．１８Ｕ／ｍｌ，与对照组相比Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１。各型患者血清中ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６和ＴＮＦα活性均有不同程度的增高。文中对ＳＨ患者ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６和ＴＮＦα之间的相互关系进行了探讨。     

花粉过敏性哮喘的免疫学诊断研究

对４８例与花粉过敏有关的外源性哮喘病例进行过敏史、病史、体格检查，结合花粉变应原支气管激发试验（ＢＰＴ）、皮肤挑刺试验（ＳＰＴ）、特异性ＩｇＥ（Ｓ－ＩｇＥ）及特异性ＩｇＧ（Ｓ－ＩｇＧ）检查。结果ＢＰＴ阳性率为７０．９％（３５／４８），ＢＰＴ阳性组的ＳＰＴ、Ｓ－ＩｇＥ以及Ｓ－ＩｇＧ阳性率分别为１００％，７１．４％，６２．９％，明显高于ＢＰＴ阴性组。ＳＰＴ，Ｓ－ＩｇＥ，Ｓ－ＩｇＧ与ＢＰＴ的符合率分别为     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.