显微内窥镜下手术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症

目的探讨显微内窥镜下手术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的方法、疗效及并发症。方法显微内窥镜下手术治疗132例退行性腰椎管狭窄症,经椎板间隙切除黄韧带、部分椎板和关节突,充分减压硬膜囊和神经根。结果平均手术时间46min,平均术中出血量75ml,全部病例镜下完成手术,出现并发症7例,占5.3%,其中硬脊膜损伤5例,硬膜外血肿1例,椎间盘炎1例。平均随访13.5个月,疗效参考Nakai标准,优97例(73.5%),良23例(17.4%),可7(例5.3%),差5例(3.8%)。结论显微内窥镜下手术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症能够充分减压,并能维持腰椎稳定,术后效果优良。     

显微内镜下椎板开窗潜行减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症的中远期随访报告

目的探讨显微内镜下椎板开窗潜行减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症的方法,并对临床应用的有效性和可行性进行初步评价。方法对73例腰椎管狭窄症（单节段55例,双节段16例,三节段2例）,在显微内窥镜下配合直式骨刀截骨减压以及“L”形骨刀切除椎体后缘硬质骨等技术,经椎板间隙切除黄韧带、部分椎板和关节突,扩大侧隐窝,充分减压硬膜囊和神经根。随访2～7年。结果并发症6例,其中3例为硬脊膜撕裂,2例为神经根牵拉伤,1例术中定位错误。随访率71.2%（52/73）。采用北美脊柱外科学会的腰椎功能障碍指数评定疗效：优31例,良12例,可7例,差2例。优良率82.7%（43/52）。术后恢复工作的时间平均2.9月（2～4个月）,其中8例表示不能胜任原来工作。患者自觉手术满意率92.3%（48/52）。结论显微内镜下椎板开窗潜行减压手术能够充分解除硬膜囊及神经根压迫,并能维持腰椎稳定,术后效果优良。     

显微内窥镜下手术治疗腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症

目的：评价显微内窥镜下神经根减压术治疗腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症的应用价值。方法：应用经椎板间隙入路显微内窥镜下神经根减压术治疗腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症43患者，随访观察疗效。结果：平均随访13.2个月，手术优良率93%，结论：应用椎板间隙入路显微内窥镜下手术治疗腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症可以达到较理想的临床疗效。     

显微内窥镜治疗合并腰椎管狭窄症的椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨后路显微内窥镜经椎板间隙入路行椎间盘摘除术及神经根管扩大术治疗腰椎间盘突出症合并腰椎管狭窄的技术特点和效果分析.方法 对68例腰椎间盘突出症合并腰椎管狭窄应用后路显微内窥镜系统行髓核摘除及神经根管减压手术治疗.结果 60例随访3～48个月,按Nakai标准评定:优43例,良13例,可3例,差1例,优良率93....     

后路椎间盘镜显微治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症

目的 报道显微后路椎间盘镜治疗退行性腰椎椎管狭窄症的临床效果。方法 选取退行性腰椎管狭窄症病例，椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜下行椎管减压，单侧单节段开窗减压23例，双侧单节段开窗减压12例，单侧双节段开窗减压9例，单侧双节段半椎板切除减压4例。结果 除1例术中硬膜破裂改常规手术外，其余病例均在手术显微镜下完成腰椎管减压术。所有病例获得5～18个月随访，平均8．3个月，优良率92％。结论 显微后路椎间盘镜治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症具有手术创伤小、神经根减压彻底、术后恢复快的特点；单纯腰椎间盘膨出或突出、黄韧带肥厚和小关节增生引起的退行性腰椎管狭窄症是其适应证。     

显微内窥镜下治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症的初步探讨

[目的]探讨显微内窥镜下单侧入路保留椎间关节的椎管内硬膜及双侧神经根减压术治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症的临床应用效果。[方法]对29例腰椎椎管狭窄症病人使用METRxTMsystem行单侧入路保留椎间关节的椎管内硬膜及双侧神经根减压术。对手术时间、出血量、术后消炎镇痛药使用的次数、并发症及影像学术后的改变进行了探讨。疗效评定采用日本骨科学会腰椎疾病29分评分法(JOA评分)。[结果]24例患者获得随访7~24个月,平均15.3个月。术前JOA评分(14.5±3.7)分,随访时JOA评分(22.4±2.3)。改善率平均54.7%。本组手术时间平均94.2分,平均出血量56.4 m。l术后消炎镇痛药使用的次数平均0.37次。并发症包括定位错误1例次,硬脊膜撕裂2例次。术中镜下显示双侧神经根和硬膜得以充分减压;术后CT、3D-CT示进入侧、对侧的椎间关节得以保留。[结论]显微内窥镜下单侧入路保留椎间关节的椎管内硬膜及双侧神经根减压术使病理压迫组织切除减小到最小,是治疗腰椎管狭窄症安全有效的理想的减压方法。     

后路显微内窥镜手术系统治疗腰椎管狭窄症94例报告

目的探讨后路显微内窥镜手术系统治疗腰椎管狭窄症的临床效果和适应证。方法通道管经棘突旁做1-3个长约1.6cm互不相连的小切口进入,在显微内窥镜下半环切除椎板下部,关节突内侧,清除增生内聚的关节突﹑肥厚的黄韧带及突出的纤维环和髓核组织,扩大椎管,彻底解除其对硬脊膜,神经根的压迫。进行单侧、双侧、多节段局部“开窗”减压等。本组共治疗腰椎管狭窄症94例,随访6-12个月,平均8.3个月。结果按Nakai标准评定,优78例,良10例,可1例,差1例。优良率为97.8(?/90)。4例中转开放式手术。结论本术式创伤小、手术视野清楚、术后效果优良,既保证神经根的充分减压,又保持脊柱的稳定性,治疗腰椎管狭窄症是一种可靠的手术方式。本方法适用于单节段或多节段腰椎管狭窄症及合并腰椎间盘突出的患者。     

脊柱后路显微内窥镜下腰椎神经根管扩大术

目的：探讨脊柱后路显微内窥镜在单节段腰椎管狭窄症手术治疗中的应用。方法：通过改良手术器械,对２６例单节段腰椎管侧陷窝狭窄病例在脊柱后显微内窥镜下经椎板间隙施行神经根管扩大术。结果：术后随访１２￣１８个月,按Ｎａｋａｉ评定分级优２０例,良４例,可２例。术后离床活动时间２￣３ｄ,恢复工作时间３￣４周。结论：通过改良手术器械、扩大了脊柱后路显内窥镜的适用范围。本术式创伤小,操作安全,缩短患者住院及康复时     

可动式椎间盘镜下单侧开窗双侧减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的 探讨可动式椎间盘镜下单侧开窗双侧减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症的疗效.方法 2007年6月至2009年6月采用可动式椎间盘镜下单侧开窗双侧减压治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症32例,男14例,女18例;年龄56～74岁,平均65岁.均为双侧椎管狭窄合并椎问盘突出,有间歇性跛行和坐骨神经痛等症状,双下肢症状以一侧为重.在症状严重侧行棘突旁2 cm纵切口,在可动式椎间盘镜下行单侧椎板间隙开窗,神经根通道减压、突出髓核摘除;在棘突和椎板腹侧分别向上、下方用棉片压低保护硬膜囊,潜行咬除棘突基底部,在棘突基底、椎板腹侧与硬膜囊背侧之间形成工作空间,经此空间潜行咬除对侧椎板下缘和增厚的黄韧带,直至显露松解对侧神经根起始部.结果 术中无神经损伤发生,无中途转开放手术病例.发生硬膜囊撕裂2例,用棉片将其压低后完成手术.手术时间5～100min,平均70min;术中出血量50～350ml,平均150ml.术后CT示减压充分,中央椎管和对侧椎管扩大,对侧椎板、关节突和椎旁肌等结构保留完好.全部病例随访6～24个月,平均12个月.根据Macnab标准,优21例,良11例.结论 可动式椎间盘镜下单侧开窗双侧减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症操作简便,能保留对侧结构,达到双侧减压目的 ,早期随访结果优良.对双侧严重骨性狭窄者应慎用.     

后路椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症和腰椎管狭窄30例分析

显微内窥镜椎间盘摘除术(MED)是在放大数十倍的内窥镜电视监视下完成的手术操作，具有微创，直接摘除髓核，切除椎板，解除神经根压迫的特点，能广泛用于腰椎间盘突出症及部分腰椎管狭窄的病人。自2001年12月～2002年7月应用此项技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症及选择性地应用于腰椎管狭窄症30例，远期疗效满意。     

内镜下经单侧入路行双侧椎管减压治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症

目的 报道内镜(METRx)辅助下经单侧椎板间隙入路,行双侧中央椎管和侧隐窝减压,治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症患者的手术技巧与临床效果. 方法 透视下经单侧置入18 min的METRx工作通道,术中通过调整METRx工作通道和内窥镜角度,经单侧椎板间隙入路行双侧中央椎管和侧隐窝减压,从而可保留棘上、棘间韧带和对侧的骨性椎板,以及不影响对侧软组织,临床治疗56例. 结果 单节段METRx操作时间平均94 min.平均失血量为65 ml,双节段操作时间平均135 min,平均失血量为90 ml.平均卧床时间6.5 d.平均腰痛VAS指数从术前6.5降到术后平均3.1.平均腿痛VAS指数从术前7.2降到术后平均2.2,Oswestry功能指数(ODI)也从术前的平均46.8降到术后平均24.6,手术前后差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).Nakai分级评定手术的优良率为84%. 结论 内窥镜(METRx)辅助下经单侧椎板间隙入路,行双侧椎管治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症,不但手术创伤小,而且安全有效.     

显微内窥镜下单侧入路双侧减压治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症

目的 探讨显微内窥镜下利用单侧入路双侧减压技术治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症的手术适应证及临床疗效.方法 2005年2月至2007年6月,采用显微内窥镜下单侧入路双侧减压技术治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症患者53例,男36例,女17例;年龄52～75岁,平均57岁.全部病例均有腰痛、单侧或双侧下肢疼痛、麻木及神经性间歇性跛行病史,其中有双下肢症状者均自觉一侧下肢症状较重.所有患者术前均行腰椎X线摄片、CT、MR等影像学检查确诊为单节段腰椎椎管狭窄症,并结合临床表现排除退变性腰椎失稳、多节段腰椎椎管狭窄.术后患者获得平均16个月(8～26个月)的随访,采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)及腰椎功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)评定患者手术后的疗效.结果 术后无硬脊膜撕裂、神经根损伤等严重并发症发生.VAS及ODI评定结果显示患者手术前后的VAS及ODI分值改变有统计学意义(P<0.01).术后CT显示椎管得到有效扩大,解剖结构破坏较少.结论 显微内窥镜下单侧入路双侧减压技术减压效果良好,复发率低,适用于早期症状较轻的单节段腰椎椎管狭窄症患者.     

双牵开摆动椎间盘镜技术治疗多节段腰椎间盘突出症

目的 评价双牵开摆动椎间盘镜技术治疗多节段腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果.方法 2006年12月至2009年11月,应用双牵开摆动椎间盘镜技术治疗多节段腰椎间盘突出症85例,椎间盘突出合并腰椎管狭窄53例,椎间盘突出伴腰椎失稳15例.两处开窗105例,三处开窗33例,四处开窗13例,五处开窗2例;15例伴腰椎失稳者行"全合"膨胀式融合器椎间融合+椎弓根钉内固定术.根据Macnab评分标准评价疗效.结果 术后随访3～36个月,平均16个月.两处开窗减压手术时间平均45min,三处开窗61 min,四处开窗83 min,五处开窗110 min;"全合"膨胀式融合器椎间融合+椎弓根钉内固定者另平均增加92min.术中出血量平均150ml;术中发生硬膜囊撕裂1例,马尾轻度损伤1例;术后发生切口浅表感染1例,下肢静脉血栓形成1例,"全合"膨胀式椎间融合器翻修1例.患者术后1～3 d下床活动,平均住院10d.疗效:优117例,良32例,可4例.132例患者术后3周内恢复原工作或生活.结论 双牵开摆动椎间盘镜技术应用时不必过度倾斜工作通道即可满足对临近椎间隙的手术操作要求,操作难度相对降低、显露理想、神经双牵开应力分散,更有利于保护神经,减压彻底,效果优良.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of double tractors swing microendoscopic discectomy technique in multi-segmental lumbar disc herniation. Methods From December 2006 to November 2009,153 patients with multi-segmental lumbar disc herniation were treated with double tractors swing microendoscopic discectomy. They included 85 cases of multi-segmental disc herniation, 53 cases of degenerative canal stenosis and 15 cases of lumbar instability. Among them, 2, 3, 4 and 5 fenestrations were performed in 105,33, 13 and 2 cases respectively and interbody fusion was done with "quanhe" inflation cage and screws in 15 cases. The results were evaluated with Macnab scale. Results All the 153 patients were followed from 3to 36 months, with an average of 16 months. The mean operative time was 45, 61, 83 and 110 min for 2,3,4 and 5 fenestrations respectively, with a mean blood loss of 150 ml. And it took extra 92 min to finish interbody fusion. Complications included dural sac tears in 1 case,canda equina slight lesion in 1, superficial incision infection in 1, the formation of deep venous thrombosis in 1, and revision for"quanhe"inflation cage in 1. The mean hospital stay was 10 days. Excellent results were obtained in 117 cases, good in 32 and fair in 4. One hundred and thirty-two patients returned to their work or normal activities in 3 weeks. One hundred and forty-nine cases were satisfied with the therapeutic effect. Conclusion This technique not only can reach adjacent intervertebral space easily but also disperse pressure on the nerve root effectively. This technique can provide thorough decompression and good results.     

Clinical outcomes of microendoscopic decompression surgery for cervical myelopathy

Retrospective study on the results of microendoscopic decompression surgery for the treatment of cervical myelopathy. The purpose of this study was to describe the microendoscopic laminoplasty (MEL) technique as the surgical method in the treatment of cervical myelopathy, and to document the clinical outcomes for MEL surgery. Endoscopic surgery poses several challenges for the aspiring endoscopic surgeons, the most critical of which is mastering hand–eye coordination. With training in live animal and cadaver surgery, the technical progress has reduced the problem of morbidity following surgery. The authors have performed microendoscopic decompression surgery on more than 2,000 patients for lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Fifty-one patients underwent the posterior decompression surgery using microendoscopy for cervical myelopathy at authors’ institute. The average age was 62.9 years. The criteria for exclusion were cervical myelopathy with tumor, trauma, severe ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament, rheumatoid arthritis, pyogenic spondylitises, destructive spondylo-arthropathies, and other combined spinal lesions. The items evaluated were neurological evaluation, recovery rates; these were calculated following examination using the Hirabayashi’s method with the criteria proposed by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scoring system (JOA score). The mean follow-up period was 20.3 months. The average of JOA score was 10.1 points at the initial examination and 13.6 points at the final follow-up. The average recovery rate was 52.5%. The recovery rate according to surgical levels was, respectively, 56.5% in one level, 46.3% in two levels and 54.1% in more than three levels. The complications were as follows: one patient sustained a pin-hole-like dura mater injury inflicted by a high-speed air-drill during surgery, one patient developed an epidural hematoma 3 days after surgery, and two patients had the C5 nerve root palsy after surgery. The epidural hematoma was removed by the microendoscopy. All two C5 palsy improved with conservative therapy, such as a neck collar. These four patients on complications have returned to work at the final follow-up. This observation suggests that the clinical outcomes of microendoscopic surgery for cervical myelopathy were excellent or showed good results. This minimally invasive technique would be helpful in choosing a surgical method for cervical myelopathy.     

头灯辅助小切口治疗腰椎间盘突出并神经根管狭窄症

目的:评价头灯辅助下小切口手术治疗腰椎间盘突出并神经根管狭窄症的优点及临床疗效。方法:采用冷光源头灯(Heine3S LED headlight)辅助下小切口手术治疗腰椎间盘突出并神经根管狭窄症45例,男32例,女13例;年龄36～68岁,平均53.6岁;病程6～72个月,平均29.5个月。结果:28例患者术后次日原有腰腿痛症状消失,17例症状明显减轻。经6～14个月(平均8个月)的随访,依据JOA29分法进行疗效评分,由术前7～15分(平均11.6分)改善至术后26～29分(平均28.2分),平均改善率为93.1%。结论:冷光源头灯辅助下小切口手术治疗腰椎间盘突出并神经根管狭窄症具有损伤小、操作方便、直视视野清晰、不影响脊柱的稳定性、减压彻底、疗效确实等优点。     

Nerve root herniation secondary to lumbar puncture in the patient with lumbar canal stenosis. A case report.

STUDY DESIGN: A very rare case of nerve root herniation secondary to lumbar puncture is reported. OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristic clinical features of this case and to discuss a mechanism of the nerve root herniation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There has been no previous report of nerve root herniation secondary to lumbar puncture. METHODS: A 66-year-old woman who experienced intermittent claudication as a result of sciatic pain on her right side was evaluated by radiography and magnetic resonance imaging, the results of which demonstrated central-type canal stenosis at L4-L5. The right sciatic pain was exacerbated after lumbar puncture. Myelography and subsequent computed tomography showed marked stenosis of the thecal sac that was eccentric to the left, unlike the previous magnetic resonance imaging finding. RESULTS: At surgery, a herniated nerve root was found through a small rent of the dorsocentral portion of the thecal sac at L4-L5, presenting a loop with epineural bleeding. The herniated nerve root was put back into the intrathecal space, and the dural tear was repaired. CONCLUSION: Lumbar puncture can be a cause of nerve root herniation in cases of lumbar canal stenosis. The puncture should not be carried out at an area of stenosis.     

椎间盘镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的：评价椎间盘镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法：腰椎间盘突出症患者15例，男11例，女4例；平均年龄39．8岁。在椎间盘镜下行腰椎间盘髓核切除、椎板减压及神经根管扩大术。术前在X线机下，分别于病变节段上位棘突下缘、上位椎板下缘中点定位，置人内窥镜头。在椎间盘镜配套的监视器下咬除部分椎板下缘及黄韧带，扩大椎板间隙，清除椎间盘髓核组织，扩大神经根管。结果：本组除1例患者因术中硬膜囊破裂改为开放手术，其余14例平均手术出血量60ml，平均手术时问86min。本组平均随访时间13．2个月，按照Nakai评级，优11例，良3例，可1例。结论：椎间盘镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症比常规手术方法视野清晰、创伤小、恢复快，基本保持了脊柱后柱完整。     

Study of dural sac cross-sectional area in early and late phases after lumbar decompression surgery

Background contextLumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the early phase after lumbar decompression surgery sometimes reveals an absence in the expansion of the dural sac, regardless of the presence or absence of clinical symptoms; the reason for such a condition is often difficult to explain. There are some reports that compared the dural sac area between the preoperative and early postoperative phases; however, no report exists that compares the early and late phases after lumbar decompression surgery.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare changes in the dural sac cross-sectional area (CSA) in the early and late phases after lumbar decompression surgery. Factors related to the insufficient increase in the postoperative dural sac CSA were also analyzed.Study designThe dural sac CSA preoperatively and in the early and late phases after lumbar decompression surgery was analyzed retrospectively.Patient sampleOf 105 patients who underwent lumbar decompression surgery and MRI within 1 week and again more than 1 month after surgery, 83 patients (38 men, 45 women; mean age 65.6 years) were included in this study.Outcome measuresCross-sectional areas of the dural sac.MethodsThe dural sac CSA was measured within 1 week (early phase) and more than 1 month (late phase) after surgery, using T2 axial plane MR images. The preoperative and the early and late postoperative CSAs were measured at the same site. The relationship between the dural sac area and age and presence of dural injury was also analyzed.ResultsThe mean area of the dural sac preoperatively and in the early and late postoperative phases was 71.2±4.9, 102.2±5.7, and 164.1±6.9 mm², respectively. The mean area increased significantly (p<.001) between the preoperative and postoperative early phases and between the early and late postoperative phases. The dural sac area in the early (p=.16) and late (p=.086) phases did not differ significantly between patients aged 75 years or more and those aged less than 75 years. In the case of lumbar spinal stenosis, patients with a preoperative dural sac area of less than 60 mm² showed a significantly (p<.001) smaller dural sac area in the early and late postoperative phases, compared with patients with a preoperative dural sac area of 60 mm² or more. No significant increase was observed in the dural sac area with regard to the presence or absence of dural injury.ConclusionsThe dural sac area increased significantly between the early and late postoperative phases. No significant difference in the dural sac CSA between the early and late postoperative phases was observed with regard to age or the presence/absence of dural sac injury. A smaller preoperative dural sac CSA resulted in a smaller dural sac CSA in the early and late postoperative phases.     

显微内镜手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的介绍显微内镜手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的方法,分析其临床效果。方法16例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症(椎间孔内型7例,椎间孔外型9例)接受显微内镜手术。5例椎间孔内型采用常规显微内镜椎间盘髓核摘除术入路,切除部分椎板、椎弓峡部和小关节。2例椎间孔内型采用经关节突入路,使用X-tube工作通道,切除大部分关节突。9例椎间孔外型采用横突间入路,工作导管置于横突间,部分切断横突间韧带。所有手术均需找到受压神经根并松解,切除突出椎间盘。结果术后平均随访8·3个月,采用改良MacNab标准评定临床结果,优12例,良3例,可1例。平均住院日13·8d,平均手术时间78min,平均术中出血68ml。结论显微内镜手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症具有小切口和组织损伤轻的优点,能够充分直接探查松解神经根压迫。