环维黄杨星D对高血压大鼠脑缺血GAP-43 mRNA表达与细胞损伤的影响

目的观察中药单体环维黄杨星D(CVB-D)对易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠(RHRSP)脑缺血再灌注不同时间脑组织生长相关蛋白-43(GAP-43)mRNA表达与细胞超微结构损伤的影响。方法采用环形银夹使SD大鼠的双侧肾动脉狭窄,制成RHRSP,再用线栓法制成一侧大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型。用原位杂交等方法观察CVB-D对脑缺血2h后复流1d、7d、14d、30d不同时间点大鼠脑组织GAP-43mRNA表达、水含量、梗死面积百分率、行为学评分及细胞超微结构的干预作用。结果脑缺血2h复流后1d缺血区周围及海马可见GAP-43mRNA表达,7d明显增多至高峰,14d开始下降,30d时则明显减少,CVB-D治疗组在上述区域各时间点较对照组显著增加。脑缺血再灌注7d后,治疗组较对照组大鼠脑水含量及梗死面积显著降低,受损脑组织神经元和血管壁的超微结构亦明显改善。结论CVB-D对RHRSP缺血性脑细胞损伤有一定保护作用,其促进轴突的再生可能与上调脑组织GAP-43mRNA表达有关。     

环维黄杨星D对高血压大鼠脑缺血神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白与神经粘蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察中药单体环维黄杨星D（CVB-D）对易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠（RHRSP）脑缺血再灌注不同时间神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）与神经粘蛋白（neurocan）表达的影响。方法 100只SD大鼠随机分成随机分为空白组10只（不作任何处理的RHRSP）、假手术组10只（仅作手术创伤分离动脉，不结扎动脉）、CVB-D治疗组40只、生理盐水对照组40只。采用环形银夹使SD大鼠的双侧肾动脉狭窄，制成RHRSP，再用线栓法制成一侧大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）模型。用免疫组化等方法观察CVB-D对脑缺血2h后再灌注1、7、14、30d不同时间点大鼠脑组织GFAP与neurocan表达。结果 缺血2h再灌注后．治疗组脑缺血区周围GFAP阳性表达细胞呈现先递增后减少的趋势。与对照组相比，除第1天外，第7、14、30天差异都有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。Neurocan在空白组、假手术组未见阳性细胞，缺血再灌注1d对照组出现neurocan阳性表达细胞，并且呈先递增后减少趋势。治疗组neurocan阳性表达细胞与对照组相比．除第1天外，第7、14、30天差异都有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论 CVB-D有促进RHRSP脑缺血损伤区神经功能的修复作用，可能与其下调神经抑制因子GFAP、neurocan的表达等机制密切相关。     

MCAO大鼠梗死灶对侧皮层Nogo-A的动态变化及电针干预

目的观察脑缺血再灌注大鼠梗死灶对侧皮层不同时期轴突生长抑制因子Nogo-A的动态变化,并探讨电针对梗死灶对侧皮层Nogo-A的调节作用。方法采用改良Zea Longa法制备左侧大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注模型。采用免疫组织化学染色法及透射电镜技术观察电针对IR后1、7、28d各组大鼠脑梗死对侧皮层轴突再生抑制因子Nogo-A表达及神经元细胞形态、超微结构的影响。结果 (1)电针、假穴位、模型3组大鼠与假手术组大鼠相比,在IR后1d、7d梗死对侧皮层Nogo-A的表达均升高(P<0.05),7d最明显,第28天下降至基础水平(P>0.05);电针组大鼠IR后1d、7d脑梗死对侧皮层Nogo-A的表达均低于同期模型组和假穴位组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但假穴位组与模型组同期对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)电针、假穴位、模型3组各时间点大鼠脑梗死对侧皮层出现神经元细胞胞体肿胀、细胞器水肿、核染色质轻度溶解、毛细血管内皮细胞肿胀、管腔狭窄等轻度病理改变,以缺血再灌注后第7天最明显,28d明显减轻。上述病理改变均较同期脑缺血区病变程度明显减轻,且不足以引起支配侧肢体神经功能缺失。电针组大鼠脑梗死对侧皮层神经元细胞、超微结构的改变均较同期模型组、假穴位组减轻。结论电针治疗脑梗死的有效机制可能与其减轻脑细胞超微结构的损害、下调中枢神经轴突生长抑制因子Nogo-A的表达、诱导神经轴突再生、减轻脑梗死后的远隔损害等密切相关。     

环维黄杨星D对高血压大鼠脑缺血GAP-43与Neurocan表达的影响

目的 观察中药单体环维黄杨星D(CVB-D)对易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠(RHRSP)脑缺血一复流不同时间脑组织生长相关蛋白43(GAP-43)与神经粘蛋白(Neurocan)表达的影响.方法 采用环形银夹使SD大鼠双侧肾动脉狭窄,制成RHRSP,再用线栓法制成一侧大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型.用免疫组化方法观察CVB-D对MCAO大鼠脑缺血2h后复流1、7、14、30d脑组织GAP-43与Neurocan表达的影响,并与生理盐水组对照.结果 缺血2h后再灌注1d,对照组缺血周围半暗区出现GAP-43阳性细胞,7d明显增多,14d减少,30d明显减少,各时间点阳性细胞数表达差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01);治疗组GAP-43阳性细胞数表达在各时间点较对照组显著增加(P＜0.01).Neuroean阳性细胞数表达对照组在缺血再灌注ld出现,7d明显增多,14d达高峰,30d时下降,但仍高于假手术组水平(P＜0.05);治疗组neurocan阳性细胞数表达在缺血再灌注7、14、30d则较对照组显著减少(P＜0.01).结论 CVB-D上调RHRSP脑缺血区GAP-43阳性细胞数表达与下调Neurocan表达的作用,可能是其促进脑损伤区中枢神经修复的重要机制之一.     

环孢素A对大鼠急性脑缺血再灌注损伤小胶质细胞的活化及iNOS表达的影响

目的 观察环孢素A(Cyclosporin,CSA)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后小胶质细胞(microglia,MG)活化及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS)表达的影响,探讨其脑保护作用的可能机制.方法 将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、环孢素A组.改良线栓法制备建立局灶性脑缺血-再灌注动物模型,即大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型,分别于手术后1 d,3 d,7 d,14 d免疫组化法观察大鼠海马一区OX-42及iNOS的表达情况,同时对大鼠神经行为学进行评分.结果 模型组、环孢素组1 d即有OX-42的大量表达,3 d时OX-42达到高峰,14 d时接近正常;iNOS 1 d达峰,7 d及14 d时接近正常.环孢素组OX-42、iNOS较模型组减少(P<0.05),且神经行为学评分优于模型组(P<0.05).结论 小胶质细胞的激活及iNOS大量表达和脑缺血-再灌注损伤密切相关,环孢素A可显著减少脑缺血再灌注损伤后小胶质细胞的激活和iNOS的表达,对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤有一定的保护作用.     

重组人生长激素对脑缺血/再灌注损伤细胞凋亡及Nestin表达的影响

目的观察重组人生长激素(recombinant human growth hormone,rhGH)对脑缺血/再灌注(ischemia-reperfu-sion,I/R)损伤后神经元细胞凋亡及Nestin表达的影响。方法54只SD雄性大鼠随机分成3组:假手术组、对照组(脑缺血/再灌注+生理盐水组)、治疗组(脑缺血/再灌注+重组人生长激素),每组18只。应用线栓法制作大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤模型,大脑中动脉缺血2h,分别在再灌注7d、14d、21d后处死,采用TUNEL法,免疫组织化学法检测顶叶皮质内7d、14d、21d的神经元凋亡和巢蛋白(Nestin)的表达。结果应用重组人生长激素干预后顶叶皮质在7d、14d、21d神经元凋亡数较大鼠对照组明显减少,Nestin的表达显著增加。结论rhGH的神经保护作用可能与抑制缺血神经元细胞凋亡和上调Nestin的表达有关。     

七氟醚预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤后星形胶质细胞缝隙连接的影响

目的探讨七氟醚预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后星形胶质细胞缝隙连接蛋白43(CX-43)以及缝隙连接超微结构的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血对照组(对照组)和七氟醚预处理组。采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)模型。脑缺血再灌注24 h后,采用透射电镜观察星形胶质细胞间缝隙连接超微结构的改变;脑缺血再灌注24和72 h后,免疫荧光染色和蛋白免疫印迹法检测缺血侧脑组织内CX-43的表达。结果脑缺血再灌注24 h后,对照组仅残留少量缝隙连接,七氟醚预处理组细胞间缝隙连接超微结构完整。脑缺血再灌注24 h后,对照组CX-43含量显著低于七氟醚预处理组(P0.05)。结论七氟醚预处理可能通过减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤后缝隙连接的破坏和CX-43的缺失起到神经保护作用。     

依达拉奉对脑缺血-再灌注大鼠的神经保护作用及其机制研究

目的探讨依达拉奉对局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤的影响及其可能的神经保护机制。方法用线栓法制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤模型,用试剂盒检测脑组织丙二醛(MDA)含量和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性;分别测定脑组织含水量;免疫组织化学染色检测水通道蛋白4(AQP-4)的表达水平。结果缺血再灌注损伤后,大鼠脑组织脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量和一氧化氮合酶活性增高,MDA含量和NOS合酶活性于脑缺血-再灌注后30min开始增高,于3d达到高峰,于7d基本恢复正常;脑组织含水量于脑缺血再灌注后1d开始增高,于3d达到高峰,于7d时下降至大致正常水平;AQP-4的表达于脑缺血-再灌注后6h开始增高,于3d达到高峰,于7d时下降至大致正常水平。依达拉奉干预能显著降低MDA含量和NOS活性,降低脑组织的含水量,并使AQP-4的表达明显下降。结论在脑缺血-再灌注损伤后,依达拉奉能通过清除自由基而减轻脂质过氧化损伤,并通过抑制AQP-4的表达减轻脑水肿,从而起到神经保护作用。     

电针预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后EAAT2的表达研究

目的研究电针预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤后大鼠缺血半暗带兴奋性谷氨酸转运体2(EAAT2)表达的影响,探讨EAAT2在电针预处理诱导脑缺血耐受中的作用。方法 18只SD雄性大鼠随机分为3组(n=6):分别为假手术(Sham)组、右侧大脑中动脉阻闭(MCAO)组、电针预处理(EA)组。假手术组仅分离血管,不进行阻闭,术后24 h检测;MCAO组用MCAO法致缺血120 min后于再灌注24 h检测;EA组大鼠予电针刺激30 min,刺激结束2 h后处理同MCAO组。3组大鼠在观察神经行为学变化后取材,通过2,3,5-氯化三苯四唑(TTC)染色评估梗死面积,并检测EAAT2 mRNA及蛋白表达水平。结果电针预处理能明显降低脑梗死容积百分比(P0.01),提高MCAO大鼠神经行为学评分,诱导脑缺血耐受并抑制脑缺血再灌注损伤后24 h EAAT2表达的下降(P0.01)。结论脑缺血再灌注损伤后,EAAT2表达下降,而电针预处理能显著抑制缺血半暗带EAAT2的表达下调,诱导脑缺血耐受,从而减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

雌激素对去卵巢大鼠缺血再灌注脑损伤的保护作用

目的探讨雌激素对去卵巢大鼠缺血再灌注脑损伤的保护作用。方法将大鼠切除双侧卵巢后30d给予肌肉注射苯甲酸雌二醇100μg/(kg·d)连续14d,然后制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型;制模12h后取脑组织行免疫组化染色,检测细胞间黏附分子(CD54)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的表达;TUNEL法检测脑组织凋亡细胞数;电镜观察脑细胞膜超微结构的变化。结果与缺血再灌注组及去卵巢组比较,雌激素组脑组织CD54、TNF-α表达明显降低,凋亡细胞数明显减少(均P<0.05);脑细胞膜结构非特异性损伤减轻。结论雌激素通过减少缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织炎性细胞因子表达、减轻炎症反应、降低脑组织细胞凋亡而发挥脑保护作用。     

沿皮浅刺脑缺血大鼠内关及公孙穴：细胞凋亡调控基因和血管活性物质的变化

治疗脑缺血的针刺多是将针刺入肌层及深部组织,从皮肤表层浅刺的治疗研究相对较少。实验以血栓法大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)模型,沿皮浅刺其双侧内关、公孙,发现浅刺和常规针刺均能不同程度改善脑缺血模型大鼠神经功能,提高缺血脑组织抗凋亡基因bcl-2表达,抑制促凋亡基因bax及血清血管活性物质一氧化氮合酶及内皮素1表达,浅刺的调节作用更佳。     

Puerarin protects brain tissue against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response

Puerarin, a traditional Chinese medicine, exerts a powerful neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, but its mechanism is unknown. Here, we established rat models of middle cerebral artery ischemia/reperfusion injury using the suture method. Puerarin(100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 minutes before middle cerebral artery occlusion and 8 hours after reperfusion. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, we found that puerarin significantly improved neurological deficit, reduced infarct size and brain water content, and notably diminished the expression of Toll-like receptor-4, myeloid differentiation factor 88, nuclear factor kappa B and tumor necrosis factor-α in the ischemic region. These data indicate that puerarin exerts an anti-inflammatory protective effect on brain tissue with ischemia/reperfusion damage by downregulating the expression of multiple inflammatory factors.     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后不同部位神经细胞Nestin的表达

目的研究大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经细胞巢蛋白（Nestin）的表达，为神经干细胞治疗脑损伤提供理论依据。方法成年健康雄性SD大鼠30只，随机分为实验组和对照组。线栓法建立大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注模型，应用免疫组化SABC法观察2组再灌注后各观察部位不同时间Nestin的表达情况。结果缺血再灌注6h Nestin阳性细胞少量表达；1d时数量增多；3d时明显增多，7d时变化最为显著；各实验组与对照组比较差别均极显著。结论Nestin阳性细胞在正常成年脑组织中广泛表达，损伤后各部位Nestin阳性细胞的表达呈一致性增强，各部位阳性细胞数的增加量在不同时间又有所不同。     

亚低温治疗对脑缺血大鼠AQP4基因表达及血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的 观察亚低温治疗对脑缺血大鼠AQP4表达和血脑屏障通透性的变化的影响,探讨亚低温减轻缺血性脑水肿的可能机制.方法 线栓法制作脑缺血大鼠模型,实验分常温组、亚低温组和假手术组,分别在缺血后6h、24h、48h、72h用干湿重法测脑组织含水量,荧光法检测血脑屏障通透性的改变,原位杂交检测AQP4的表达变化.结果 假手术组脑组织含水量、血脑屏障通透性、AQP4表达无变化.缺血组脑组织含水量和血脑屏障通透性增加,AQP4表达上调,缺血48～72h变化最显著.相同时间点常温组脑组织含水量和血脑屏障通透性增加、AQP4的表达上调比亚低温组明显,两组之间的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 亚低温条件下AQP4表达下调、血脑屏障通透性和脑水肿程度减轻.亚低温可能通过下调AQP4表达、减轻血脑屏障通透性,减轻缺血性脑水肿.     

Acupuncture for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury Does it reduce the inflammatory reaction?

BACKGROUND:Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in brain tissue can participate in inflammatory reactions after cerebral ischemia.Acupuncture treatment for acute cerebral ischemia produces abnormal protein expression.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of acupuncture on NF-κB, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 mRNA and protein expression in the brain tissue of rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING:Randomized...     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后星形胶质细胞反应性变化差异与海马CA1区的迟发性神经元死亡

BACKGROUND： Blood supply to the hippocampus is not provided by the middle cerebral artery. However, previous studies have shown that delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus may occur following focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion.
OBJECTIVE： To observe the relationship between reactive changes in hippocampal astrocytes and delayed neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region following middle cerebral artery occlusion.
DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The immunohistochemical, randomized, controlled animal study was performed at the Laboratory of Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, from July to November 2007.
MATERIALS： Rabbit anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） （Neomarkers, USA）, goat anti-rabbit IgG （Sigma, USA） and ApoAlert apoptosis detection kit （Biosciences Clontech, USA） were used in this study. METHODS： A total of 42 healthy adult male Wistar rats, aged 3–5 months, were randomly divided into a sham operation group （n = 6） and a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group （n = 36）. In the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion models were created by middle cerebral artery occlusion. In the sham operation group, the thread was only inserted into the initial region of the internal carotid artery, and middle cerebral artery occlusion was not induced. Rats in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group were assigned to a delayed neuronal death （＋） subgroup and a delayed neuronal death （–） subgroup, according to the occurrence of delayed neuronal death in the ischemic side of the hippocampal CA1 region following cerebral ischemia.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Delayed neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region was measured by Nissl staining. GFAP expression and delayed neuronal death changes were measured in the rat hippocampal CA1 region at the ischemic hemisphere by double staining for GFAP and TUNEL.
RESULTS： After 3 days of ischemia/reperfusion, astrocytes with abnormal morphology were detected in the rat hippocampal CA1 region in the delayed neuronal death （＋） subgroup. No significant difference in GFAP expression was found in the rat hippocampal CA1 region at the ischemic hemisphere in the sham operation group, delayed neuronal death （＋） subgroup and delayed neuronal death （–） subgroup （P 〉 0.05）. After 7 days of ischemia/reperfusion, many GFAP-positive cells, which possessed a large cell body and an increased number of processes, were activated in the rat hippocampal CA1 region at the ischemic hemisphere. GFAP expression in the hippocampal CA1 region was greater in the delayed neuronal death （＋） subgroup and delayed neuronal death （–） subgroup compared with the sham operation group （P 〈 0.01）. Moreover, GFAP expression was significantly greater in the delayed neuronal death （–） subgroup than in the delayed neuronal death （＋） subgroup （P 〈 0.01）. After 30 days of ischemia/reperfusion, GFAP-positive cells were present in scar-like structures in the rat hippocampal CA1 region at the ischemic hemisphere. GFAP expression was significantly greater in the delayed neuronal death （＋） subgroup and delayed neuronal death （–） subgroup compared with the sham operation group （P 〈 0.05）. GFAP expression was significantly lower in the delayed neuronal death （–） subgroup than in the delayed neuronal death （＋） subgroup （P 〈 0.05）. The delayed neuronal death rates were 42% （5/12）, 33% （4/12） and 33% （4/12） at 3, 7 and 30 days, respectively, followingischemia/reperfusion. No significant differences were detected at various time points （χ2 = 0.341, P 〉 0.05）.
CONCLUSION： The activation of astrocytes was poor in the hippocampal CA1 region during the early stages of ischemia, which is an important reason for delayed neuronal death. Glial scar formation aggravated delayed neuronal death during the advanced ischemic stage.     

两次线栓法构建脑缺血耐受模型大鼠血脑屏障通透性改变与基质金属蛋白酶9的表达☆

背景：诸多研究证实,短暂性脑缺血预处理可诱导脑缺血耐受。然而,脑缺血耐受的内源性保护机制尚未明确。 目的：观察脑缺血预处理诱导脑缺血耐受大鼠再灌注不同时间窗血脑屏障通透性改变及基质金属蛋白酶9表达的变化。 方法：将Wistar大鼠随机分为3组,缺血预处理组采用线栓法阻塞大脑中动脉10 min建立局灶性缺血预处理模型,分别在缺血预处理后1,3,7,14,21 d进行再次缺血2 h;模型组不进行缺血预处理,假手术组不阻塞血管。于再灌注22 h进行神经功能检测,采用TTC染色测定脑梗死体积,通过测定渗出血管外的伊文思蓝含量来评价血脑屏障通透性的变化,免疫组织化学和原位杂交法检测基质金属蛋白酶9蛋白及mRNA的表达。 结果与结论：与模型组比较,缺血预处理组1,3,7 d亚组的神经功能评分、脑梗死体积、血脑屏障通透性、脑含水量以及基质金属蛋白酶9蛋白和mRNA表达均明显减小/降低(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),其中以3 d亚组降低最为明显。提示缺血预处理诱导了脑缺血耐受,预缺血诱导的血脑屏障通透性改变以及基质金属蛋白酶9表达减低在脑缺血耐受中发挥重要作用。     

脑缺血再灌注后脑组织C—fos基因表达与丹参的影响

采用线栓法制成大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,用地高辛精标记C-fos探针进行原位杂交。结果示缺血再灌注鼠栓塞侧和丹参组栓塞侧皮层及海马C-fos基因表达显著增多,但丹参组栓塞侧C-fos基因表达显著低于缺血再灌组(P<0.05),而两组栓塞对侧比较无显著差异。表明,脑缺血再灌注后脑组织C-fos基因表达显著增多,丹参能部分抑制缺血后C-fos基因的表达。     

Cycloheximide reduces infarct volume when administered up to 6 h after mild focal ischemia in rats

We have previously described a rodent model of brief (30 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion, in which infarction develops gradually, reaching completion more than 3 days after ischemia, accompanied by morphological, biochemical, and pharmacological evidence of apoptosis. In the present study, we tested the hypotheses that delayed administration of a protein synthesis inhibitor would be effective in reducing tissue injury in this slowly evolving ischemic infarction, and that efficacy of this treatment would wane with more prolonged ischemia. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in Long-Evans rats by occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Infarction volume was analyzed using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, and morphology was studied using hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Following 30 min middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion, the core ischemic region exhibited vacuolization in the neuropil by 36 h after ischemia, and infarction reached full size by 7 days after ischemia. Cycloheximide reduced infarct volume when given up to 6 h after ischemia. If the duration of ischemic insult was increased to 90 min, the therapeutic window for delayed cycloheximide was only 30 min. In permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, cycloheximide was ineffective even when given prior to ischemia onset. After mild, but not severe, ischemic insults, cerebral infarction develops slowly and may be treatable with protein synthesis inhibitors, even when treatment is delayed for up to 6 h after the onset of ischemia.