内镜下覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌性狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床应用价值

目的探讨内镜下覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌性狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床价值及食管支架置入术并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析163例晚期食管癌患者内镜下覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌性狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床资料,其中7例患者为食管癌性狭窄并食管-支气管瘘伴双下肺感染,19例患者为食管癌术后复发吻合口狭窄置入镍钛记忆合金覆膜支架。102例患者由于食管过于狭窄先行食管扩张,再进行内镜下放置食管支架,35例患者直接内镜下置入食管支架。结果 163例患者先后放置174个支架,均一次性置入成功,成功率为100%。163例患者均有不同程度胸痛不适,有32例支架再狭窄,其中19例单纯行支架内球囊扩张,11例于原支架上端内部分重叠再放置一支架,有26例行氩气刀再通治疗。7例患者出现支架移位,有2例支架进入食管瘘管内于次日在内镜下取出支架重新放置。所有病例均未出现食管破裂、食管血肿或出血等严重并发症,术后患者进食能力提高,食管气管瘘闭合。结论内镜下覆膜食管支架置入术是中晚期食管癌性狭窄简单、安全、有效的姑息治疗方法,能提高患者的生活质量,延长患者的生存期。     

食管带膜支架姑息治疗老年人晚期食管癌（附14例报告）

在内镜引导下,用国产食管镍钛记忆合金带膜支架姑息治疗老年晚期食管癌患者１４例,３例合并食管呼吸道瘘。共安放支架１５个（１例安放２次）,均安放成功,进入预定位置,支架扩张满意。术后患者吞咽困难平均从３．２０±０．４１级降至１．１５±０．１４级,食管呼吸道瘘均被阻断,生活质量评分（Ｋａｍｏｆｓｋｙ评分）平均提高２８．４±５．１２。无出血、穿孔等严重并发症,仅１０例出现短期胸骨后痛（２～４天逐渐消失）,１例开始置入网状支架,肿瘤组织从网眼中长入而再次引起吞咽困难,２次扩张后放入带膜支架,吞咽困难缓解。本组死亡６例。认为内镜下引导置入食管带膜支架治疗老年人晚期食管癌操作简单、安全,效果好,并发症少,患者生活质量明显提高     

食管金属支架治疗125例食管狭窄和食管气管瘘临床分析

背景：食管狭窄和食管气管瘘是临床常见疾病，近年来食管金属支架逐渐成为其治疗的重要手段，并取得了良好的疗效。目的：探讨食管金属支架治疗食管狭窄和食管气管瘘的临床疗效。方法：选择125例良恶性食管狭窄和食管气管瘘患者，行内镜和x线检查以明确狭窄或瘘口的部位和性质。在x线引导下置入食管金属支架，术后密切随访观察临床疗效和并发症。结果：支架术后2周内，所有患者的吞咽困难均显著改善；食管气管瘘患者的呛咳均显著缓解，仪5例患者进流质时仍有轻微呛咳：86例(68．8％)患者术后出现胸痛，8例(6.4％)发生消化道出血，4例(3.2％)出现支架移位。术后半均随访时间为18个月。吞咽困难的平均缓解时间为7.4个月，27例恶性食管狭窄患者平均于术后6.4个月因肿瘤组织增生而导致再狭窄，8例良性食管狭窄患者平均于术后12．8个月因肉芽组织增生而导致再狭窄。38例患者有胃(或肠)食管反流表现，大多为吻合口支架或食管下段支架。7例患者出现支架移位。恶性食管狭窄患者支架术后平均存活时间为11．8个月。结论：食管金属支架能有效治疗良恶性食管狭窄和食管气管瘘，提高患者的生活质量。但支架术后再狭窄、食管功能紊乱和支架移位等并发症目前仍无法避免，且可能对支架的临床应用产生一定影响。     

全覆膜可取出金属支架治疗难治性食管良性狭窄

目的评价全覆膜可取出金属支架治疗难治性食管良性狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法选择经内镜扩张治疗失败的难治性食管良性狭窄病例6例，其中化学性烧伤3例，食管胃吻合口狭窄2例，吻合口狭窄、金属支架置入术再再狭窄1例，按病例不同情况设计全覆膜可取出金属支架的形状，置入食管狭窄段，定期观察症状的变化、支架两端黏膜增生情况及支架取出后症状的变化情况。结果所有病例均成功置入支架，支架置入后吞咽困难症状均得到持续改善，能进食软食。支架置入3～6个月后均经内镜成功取出，无1例发生支架端口黏膜增生、支架再狭窄：其中4例支架取出后随访2～12个月，症状持续改善，无需阿治疗；另2例发生支架移位，支架取出后1个月内再次出现吞咽困难。1例支架置入术后出现胸骨后疼痛，无其它并发症发生．结论个体化设计的全覆膜可取出金属支架足治疗难治性食管良性狭窄的一种安全、有效的方法。     

内镜直视下置放支架术治疗食管贲门癌性狭窄

目的 探讨内镜直视下置放支架治疗食管贲门癌性狭窄的临床疗效。方法选择67例食管贲门癌性狭窄病人，行内镜检查以明确狭窄部位，在直视下先行内镜扩张术，再置入食管支架，术后密切观察临床疗效和并发症。结果全部病人吞咽困难均显著改善，梗阻好转率100％。术后发生食管返流40例(59．7％)，胸痛28例(41．8％)，发热5例(7．5％)，消化道出血4例(6％)。结论内镜直视下置入支架术能够有效地治疗食管贲门癌性狭窄，定位准确，置放安全，成功率高，严重并发症少，是一项很有价值、值得推广应用的技术。     

内镜直视下放置支架治疗食管贲门狭窄和瘘68例

1998年 1月～ 2 0 0 0年 12月 ,我们对食管贲门良恶性狭窄和瘘患者 6 8例进行内镜直视下放置支架治疗 ,效果满意。现报告如下。一般资料 :本组男 46例 ,女 2 2例 ;年龄 34～ 78岁 ,平均6 0 .5岁晚期食管癌 2 7例 ,食管癌术后狭窄 5例 ,贲门癌 2 4例 ,贲门癌术后狭窄 8例 ,食管气管瘘 3例 ,食管纵隔瘘 1例。其中 4例狭窄支架置入后肿瘤生长蔓延再次引起狭窄 ,行第二次置入支架治疗。本组 6 8例均经 X线造影、胃镜及病理检查确诊。狭窄口直径 2～ 9m m,狭窄段长度 5～ 80 mm,平均6 4mm。吞咽困难程度 :O级 (无吞咽困难 ) 2例 ;1级 (进固体食…     

带膜支架置入术治疗晚期食管癌的临床观察

目的 探讨带膜支架置入术治疗晚期食管癌引起的管腔狭窄及食管气管瘘患者97例的临床效果.方法 在内镜直视下根据狭窄部位及瘘口长度、形态的不同,置入不同型号的带膜镍钛记忆合金支架进行治疗.结果 本组97例患者,均1次置入支架成功.术后患者吞咽困难、呛咳症状迅速缓解消失.结论 食管内带膜支架置入治疗晚期食管癌狭窄.能迅速缓解吞咽困难,使食管气管瘘呛咳现象消失,改善摄食状况,提高了患者的生活质量.     

食管支架置入后再狭窄的内镜治疗疗效观察

食管贲门及吻合口良恶性狭窄置入金属食管支架后能有效解除患者的吞咽困难，改善生活质量，延长生存期。但支架置入后再狭窄的发生率较高，约束了其广泛应用。我院自1998年至2002年对食管贲门及吻合口良恶性狭窄患者置入食管支架共54例，13例出现了支架置入后再狭窄，经内镜下高频电切、微波烧灼，探条扩张或再次置入支架治疗后取得一定的疗效，现报道如下。     

内镜引导置入食管支架的选择与疗效观察

经内镜置入记忆合金支架治疗食管、贲门狭窄,具有迅速解除吞咽困难、明显改善患者生活质量的作用。根据狭窄的原因和特点选用不同类型、型号的支架是治疗成功的关键。1995年1月～1998年10月,我们对无手术适应症的63例食管贲门癌性狭窄、术后吻合口狭窄患者实施食管内支架置放术。现报告如下。临床资料:本组63例中,男43例,女20例;年龄34～80岁,平均57.8岁。食管癌性狭窄37例(合并食管—气管瘘5例,高位狭窄3例)贲门癌狭窄5例,吻合口狭窄21例。方法:术前空腹8h,含服润滑止痛胃镜胶、肌注安定和山莨菪碱各10mg。用内镜直视气囊扩张器将狭窄处扩…     

内镜直视下带膜支架治疗食管瘘

目的 探讨食管带膜支架治疗食管瘘的近中期效果，分析其并发症及对策。方法 对65例食管瘘患者，予胃镜直视下置入国产带膜支架，随访35～545天，观察患者术后近中期疗效及其并发症。结果 65例病人均首次置入成功，成功率100％。术后2h病人可进流质及半流质饮食，吞咽困难迅速缓解，呛咳症状立即消失，肺部、胸腔及纵隔感染得到控制。术后患者无严重并发症，常见胸骨后疼痛45例，发生率69．20％；再发瘘5例，发生率7．69％，其中3例支架下移，1例支架覆膜破裂，1例支架及覆膜过短；25例出现吞困难，发生率38．46％。结论 带膜支架置入治疗食管瘘是疗效肯定、操作简便、安全可靠、无严重并发症、患者易接受的姑息性疗法。     

The future of esophageal endoprosthetics including the use of biodegradable materials

Endoscopic esophageal stent placement is an effective palliative treatment for malignant dysphagia and complications related to esophageal malignancies. Lately, esophageal stents have also been successfully used for benign indications including anastomotic stricture, iatrogenic perforation or leak, achalasia, fistula and to stabilize patients with esophageal variceal bleeding. At present, there are a wide variety of esophageal stents available to choose from; however, an ideal esophageal stent, which is both effective and without complications, has yet to be developed. Despite the evolution in this field, challenges such as stent migration, malignant tissue ingrowth, and recurrent stricture are some of the unsolved problems. In this article, we discuss about currently available esophageal stents including biodegradable stents, various stent materials, stent designs, indications for esophageal stent placement in treating both benign and malignant esophageal diseases, clinical outcomes, complications, novel esophageal stents including drug fiber coated stents, dynamic esophageal stents, and the future direction of esophageal endoprosthetics.     

Self-expandable metal coil stents in the treatment of benign esophageal strictures refractory to conventional therapy: a case series

BACKGROUND: Benign, refractory esophageal strictures are an important therapeutic challenge. Metallic self-expandable stents developed to treat malignant strictures have occasionally been used in the treatment of benign stenoses. This is a report of the use of 14 esophageal metallic stents in 10 patients with severe benign strictures. METHODS: Ten patients with peptic, post-surgical, or post-radiation esophageal strictures were treated with metallic stents. All patients had previously been treated, unsuccessfully, by endoscopic dilatation. Their strictures, although benign, gave rise to the same problems as malignant ones. RESULTS: In all patients, marked improvement of dysphagia was achieved with the use of metallic stents. They were inserted without early complications except for chest pain in one patient. Late complications were proximal and distal migration (in three patients) and a proximal stricture in one other patient. The best results were achieved in post-radiation strictures. CONCLUSIONS: Metallic stents can be considered as a therapeutic alternative in selected patients with severe benign esophageal strictures refractory to conventional treatment.     

Temporary partially-covered metal stent insertion in benign esophageal stricture

AIM: To study the therapeutic efficacy of temporary partiallycovered metal stent insertion on benign esophageal stricture.METHODS: Temporary partially-covered metal stent was inserted in 83 patients with benign esophageal stricture. All the patients had various dysphagia scores.RESULTS: Insertion of 85 temporary partially-covered metal stents was performed successfully in 83 patients with benign esophageal stricture and dysphagia was effectively remitted in all the 83 cases. The dysphagia score was 3.20±0.63(mean±SD) and 0.68±0.31 before and after stent insertion,and 0.86±0.48 after stent removal. The mean diameter of the strictured esophageal lumen was 3.37±1.23 mm and 25.77±3.89 mm before and after stent insertion, and 16.15±2.96 mm after stent removal. Follow-up time was from 1 week to 96 months (mean 54.26±12.75 months). The complications were chest pain (n=37) after stent insertion,and bleeding (n=12) and reflux (n=13) after stent removal.CONCLUSION: Temporary partially-covered metal stent insertion is one of the best methods for treatment of benign esophageal stricture.     

Self-expanding plastic stents in treatment of benign esophageal conditions

BACKGROUND: Recently, self-expanding plastic stents (SEPSs) have been proposed for the treatment of benign esophageal disease. OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was to review our experience with SEPSs in patients with benign esophageal conditions. DESIGN: This was a retrospective case review of patients who underwent SEPS placement for benign esophageal disease, including (1) benign stricture, including reflux disease, ischemia, and idiopathic, (2) radiation-induced strictures, (3) anastomotic strictures, and (4) esophageal leak/fistulae. PATIENTS: Nineteen male and 11 female patients (average age 52.1 years, range 11-87 years) underwent SEPS placement. INTERVENTIONS: SEPS placement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Initial complications, stent migration, long-term complications, and treatment success according to clinical symptoms, follow-up endoscopy, or imaging. RESULTS: Eighty-three of 84 SEPS placements were successful. The most common complications were chest pain, dysphagia, nausea, and vomiting. No deaths were reported from stent placement. Stent migration was more frequent in proximal (30/44 stents, 68.1%) and distal (19/27 stents, 70.4%) compared with mid esophageal (3/10 stents, 30%). Migration was more frequent in stents placed for benign strictures (18/22 stents, 81.8%), anastomotic strictures (18/24 stents, 75%), and fistulae/leak (13/22 stents, 59.1%) compared with radiation-induced strictures (4/14 stents, 28.6%). Only 5 of 83 interventions (6%) resulted in long-term improvement after stent removal. LIMITATIONS: This was a retrospective review, and patients were selected from a tertiary medical center. CONCLUSION: Use of SEPSs for benign esophageal conditions resulted in frequent stent migration and few cases of long-term improvement. Further investigation is warranted to identify optimal patient populations and to guide future recommendations for the use of SEPSs.     

Evaluation and management of benign esophageal strictures

Patients with progressive or solid food dysphagia should be evaluated for the presence of an esophageal stricture. Barium esophagram and endoscopy can define strictures as benign or malignant. The majority of benign strictures are acid-related. Benign strictures are best managed by esophageal dilation with acid-suppressing medications if a peptic stricture is suspected. If dysphagia recurs, repeat dilation should be performed. There are a variety of interventions for refractory strictures which include injection of intralesional corticosteroids, temporary placement of self-expanding plastic stents and surgery.     

Removable esophageal stents have poor efficacy for the treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures (RBES)

With the recent availability of removable esophageal stents, endoscopic stenting has been utilized to treat refractory benign esophageal strictures (RBES). The objective of this study was to review the feasibility and effectiveness of removable esophageal stents to treat RBES. Patients who received removable esophageal stents for the treatment of RBES at the institution between 2004–2010 using its stent implantation logs and endoscopic database were retrospectively identified. Patient demographics, stricture etiology and location, stent and procedure characteristics, and clinical outcomes were obtained. Twenty‐five patients with a mean age of 70 (72% male) underwent initial stent placement; 24 were successful. Overall clinical success was achieved in five of the 19 patients (26%) ultimately undergoing stent removal. RBES etiologies included anastomotic (13), radiation (5), peptic (3), chemotherapy (1), scleroderma (1), and unknown (2). Alimaxx‐E (Merit‐Endotek, South Jordan, UT, USA) stents were placed in 20 patients and Polyflex (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA) stents were used in five patients. Immediate complications included failed deployment (1) and chest pain (7). Five patients died prior to stent removal. Stent migration was found in 53% (10/19) of patients who underwent stent removal: nine required additional therapy and one had symptom resolution. Out of the nine patients without stent migration, five required additional therapy and four had symptom resolution. Although placement of removable esophageal stents for RBES is technically feasible, it is frequently complicated by stent migration and chest pain. In addition, few patients achieved long‐term stricture resolution after initial stenting. In this study, most patients ultimately required repeated stenting and/or dilations to maintain relief of dysphagia.     

食管及贲门癌术后吻合口狭窄气囊导管扩张术及预后评价

目的:评价食管和贲门癌术后吻合口狭窄气囊导管扩张术的治疗效果。方法:57例(男31例,女26例)吻合口狭窄作了气囊导管扩张术,其中食管-胃吻合54例,食管-空肠吻合3例。作1次扩张术者28例,2次扩张术者15例,3次扩张术者5例,4次扩张术者9例。全部病例均在门诊随访和作钡餐造影随访观察。结果:本组病例于末次扩张术后经2mo～36mo(平均21mo)的随访观察,疗效满意者44例(77.2％);扩张无效者13例(22.8％),给予放置金属内支架治疗。采用丝线和采用金属吻合钉吻合的两组吻合口的扩张术疗效对比无显著性意义(x~2=0.138,P>0.05);扩张术前吻合口最大舒张期直径0.2cm～0.3cm 和0.4cm～0.5cm 两组之间的疗效差异也无显著性意义(x~2=0.235,P>0.05);扩张术前吻合口长度0.2cm～0.4cm,0.5cm～1.0cm,1.1cm～4.5cm 三组之间的疗效差异有显著性意义(x~2=7.746,P<0.05)。结论:食管及贲门癌术后吻合口狭窄气囊导管扩张术简单、安全而有效,应作为首选的治疗方法。金属内支架置入可作为气囊导管扩张术无效的补救治疗措施。     

可拆出机织型捆绑式食管支架预防碱烧伤食管疤痕狭窄

目的 :研究置入可拆出机织型捆绑式食管支架能否预防和治疗碱烧伤所致的腐蚀性食管炎疤痕狭窄。方法 :2 4例消化道碱烧伤患者 ,经食管扩张后置入可拆出机织型捆绑式食管支架 ,4周后拆除食管支架 ,每 3个月定期随访患者的症状及胃镜检查。结果 :支架置入成功率 10 0 % ,2 0例患者能进食普食 ,4例进食半流 ,4周后拆除食管支架 ,当时显效 2 0例 ,有效 4例 ,总有效率 10 0 % ,随访观察 18～ 2 4个月 ,随访结果用Kaplan Meier法统计分析 ,发现只有大约 30 %的患者在日后需要行食管扩张治疗 ,其中大部分是发生在拆除食管支架后的 12～ 18个月。结论 :置入可拆出机织型捆绑式食管支架可预防和治疗碱烧伤后食管疤痕狭窄 ,与单纯食管扩张疗法比较 ,可明显减少患者术后再次进行食管扩张治疗的发生率。