小鼠肝癌细胞H22在肿瘤淋巴道转移研究中的应用

目的：探讨小鼠肝癌细胞H22在肿瘤淋巴道转移研究中的应用。方法：将小鼠肝癌细胞株H22分别接种于Km小鼠左腹股沟部（A组）和左后肢爪垫皮下（B组）,于接种后分批处死小鼠。H-E染色观察A组移植瘤及B组胴淋巴结、腹股沟淋巴结;透射电镜下观察A组移植瘤内毛细淋巴管超微结构。结果：A组小鼠移植瘤周边区可见毛细淋巴管,其内皮细胞亚细胞结构发生改变。B组淋巴结发生癌转移的概率和程度与接种细胞数相关。结论：小鼠肝癌（H22）模型可作为一种重要的肿瘤移植性模型而在肿瘤的淋巴道转移研究中发挥作用。     

吲哚类化合物MAZ51对小鼠移植瘤生长及淋巴管生成的影响

目的:观察吲哚类化合物MAZ51对小鼠移植瘤生长及淋巴管生成的影响,并探讨其作用机制.方法:皮下注射肉瘤(S180)腹水型瘤株构建小鼠移植瘤模型,成瘤后给予MAZ51,观察其对移植瘤生长的影响.免疫组织化学标记淋巴管,分析移植瘤周边区和正常皮肤的毛细淋巴管密度(LMVD).结果:移植瘤周边区的LMVD高于正常皮肤组织.给予MAZ51后,明显减慢移植瘤的生长,但瘤周边区的LMVD并没有变化.结论:实验结果显示肿瘤周边区有淋巴管新生.MAZ51影响移植瘤的生长,但不影响淋巴管的生成.     

小鼠肝癌细胞移植瘤内淋巴管的形态与亚细胞结构

目的 观察小鼠肝癌细胞所致小鼠移植瘤内淋巴管形态学改变，探讨移植瘤内是否有淋巴管新生。方法 将小鼠肝癌(H22)腹水型瘤株细胞接种于昆明小鼠腋部皮下，2周时摘取肿瘤，采用HE染色观察癌肿的发展，光镜下用5′-核苷酸酶一碱性磷酸酶双重染色法观察毛细淋巴管；半薄切片筛选毛细淋巴管；应用透射电镜观察毛细淋巴管内皮细胞超微结构。结果 动物模型显示2周时小鼠腋部可见明显肿块。5′-核苷酸酶一碱性磷酸酶双重染色法可见中心区无毛细淋巴管，周边部可见稀疏的染成棕黄色的毛细淋巴管，染成蓝色的血管较为多见。透射电镜下，周边区可见毛细淋巴管，亚细胞结构发生损伤。结论 小鼠肝癌细胞所致小鼠移植瘤内存在新生毛细淋巴管。     

人参皂甙Rh-2对细胞间连接黏附分子在小鼠移植瘤淋巴管表达的影响

目的观察细胞间黏附分子(JAM)在小鼠移植瘤淋巴管内皮细胞的表达及人参皂甙Rh-2的影响,探讨JAM在癌淋巴管转移中的意义。方法于小鼠前肢皮下接种S180小鼠癌性腹水,成瘤后给予人参皂甙Rh-2灌服,6周后取材。用免疫组化法观察LYVE-1、JAM-1、JAM-2在淋巴管内皮细胞的表达。结果在对照组肿块的周边部可见LYVE-1阳性表达的淋巴管,JAM-1、JAM-2在淋巴管有阳性表达,用药组表达减少。结论JAM-1、JAM-2在淋巴管内皮细胞的表达可能与癌淋巴管转移有关。     

小鼠移植瘤淋巴管分布及细胞间粘附分子-1的表达

目的：观察小鼠移植瘤内淋巴管的分布及细胞间粘附分子（ICAM-1）在癌细胞和淋巴管内皮细胞的表达。方法：于小鼠腹股沟区皮下接种肝癌细胞株（H22），分期取材。用5＇-Nase-Alpase双重染色法和VEGFR-3免疫组化法观察淋巴管的分布；检测ICAM-1在癌细胞和淋巴管内皮细胞的表达。结果：在肿块的周边部可见少量褐色的毛细淋巴管，VEGFR-3阳性表达。ICAM-1在肿瘤细胞和淋巴管内皮细胞都有表达，随肿瘤的发展而增强。结论：在移植瘤中存在毛细淋巴管，可能为新生的；ICAM-1在肿瘤细胞及淋巴管内皮细胞的表达，可能与癌淋巴管转移有关。     

VEGF-C在淋巴管生成及乳腺癌淋巴道转移中的作用

目的： 探讨阻断VEGF-C/Flt-4调控系统对淋巴管生成和乳腺癌淋巴道转移的影响。方法： 体外培养胎牛胸导管内皮细胞，观察VEGF-C和抗Flt-4抗体对淋巴管内皮细胞增殖的影响；设计合成VEGF-C反义脱氧寡核苷酸（ASODN），体外实验观察其对VEGF-C基因表达的影响；建立乳腺癌裸鼠原位移植瘤模型并观察ASODN对肿瘤淋巴管生成及肿瘤生长转移的影响。结果： 加入前列腺癌细胞PC3(高表达VEGF-C)上清后，淋巴管内皮细胞增殖活跃；加入抗Flt-4抗体后各时段细胞计数均明显少于其它各组。体外实验RT-PCR及 Western blotting显示ASODN作用的MCF-7细胞组VEGF-C mRNA及蛋白表达均低于对照组。体内RT-PCR检测表明ASODN组移植瘤VEGF-C mRNA表达明显受抑制；5-Nase-ALPase双重酶组织化学法结果显示ASODN组移植瘤的淋巴管生成明显减少；ASODN组肿瘤生长速度较对照组缓慢，且肿瘤体积、淋巴结转移明显低于对照组。结论： VEGF-C/Flt-4调控系统与乳腺癌组织的淋巴管生成及肿瘤的淋巴道转移密切相关。阻断淋巴管内皮细胞Flt-4表达，可在一定程度上抑制肿瘤细胞诱导的淋巴管内皮细胞增殖；ASODN通过下调乳腺癌VEGF-C的表达，减少肿瘤淋巴管的生成及淋巴结转移。     

VEGF-C在卵巢癌局部淋巴结内淋巴管生成中的作用

目的观察血管内皮生长因子-C(VEGF-C)在卵巢癌组织内的表达,分析其与卵巢癌局部淋巴结内淋巴管生成之间的关系。方法取卵巢癌64例,其中,有淋巴结转移40例,无淋巴结转移24例。应用免疫组化法和Western blot技术观察VEGF-C在卵巢癌组织内的表达。以D2-40作为淋巴管内皮特异性标记物,检测卵巢癌局部淋巴结内淋巴管生成情况。结果 VEGF-C主要表达于卵巢癌细胞浆和胞膜以及癌组织周围浸润的炎性细胞,在有淋巴结转移组的表达率明显高于其在无淋巴结转移组的表达率。Western blot检测结果表明,VEGF-C蛋白在有淋巴结转移的卵巢癌组织中的表达量高于其在无淋巴结转移的卵巢癌组织内的表达量。D2-40表达于卵巢癌局部淋巴结内的淋巴管内皮细胞,在有转移的淋巴结内可见大量新生的淋巴管,淋巴管腔内存在入侵的肿瘤细胞,在无转移的淋巴结内观察到新生的淋巴管。在无淋巴结转移组病例中,卵巢癌组织VEGF-C阳性者局部淋巴结内淋巴管密度明显高于VEGF-C阴性者淋巴结内的淋巴管密度。结论 VEGF-C的表达与卵巢癌淋巴结转移密切相关,卵巢癌在发生局部淋巴结转移之前存在淋巴结内淋巴管生成的现象,卵巢癌组织内VEGF-C的表达在卵巢癌局部淋巴结内的淋巴管生成中可能发挥重要作用。     

塞来昔布对小鼠移植瘤生长及淋巴管生成的影响

目的观察塞来昔布(Celecoxib)对小鼠移植瘤生长、COX-2、VEGF-C表达和淋巴管生成影响,探讨抑制肿瘤淋巴转移的机制。方法构建S180小鼠移植瘤模型,应用大体观察、HE染色、免疫组化和Western blot,比较对照组和Celecoxib给药组荷瘤鼠肿瘤生长、COX-2、VEGF-C表达和淋巴管分布。结果 Celecoxib组与对照组相比瘤体生长缓慢,第8周时肿瘤体积明显比对照组小,COX-2和VEGF-C的表达均下调,淋巴管密度降低。结论 Celecoxib抑制肿瘤的转移和生长可能与下调COX-2表达,减少VEGF-C的产生和淋巴管生成有关。     

人参皂甙Rh2对小鼠移植瘤血管内皮生长因子C及淋巴管生成的影响

目的 观察人参皂甙Rh2对小鼠移植瘤生长,肿瘤细胞血管内皮生长因子c(VEGF-C)表达和淋巴管密度的影响,探讨其作用机制.方法 用S180瘤株构建55只小鼠移植瘤模型,成瘤后灌服人参皂甙Rh2,观察用药组与对照组移植瘤的生长情况,免疫组织化学染色,比较用药2周、3周后癌细胞VEGF-C的表达及LYVE-1标记的淋巴管密度与对照组的差异.结果接种约第3周开始,对照组移植瘤生长速度明显快于用药组.用药第2周癌细胞VEGF-C表达及淋巴管密度与对照组无差异;第3周VEGF-C表达较对照组弱,淋巴管密度也较对照组低,有差异(P<0.05). 结论 人参皂甙Rh2能抑制肿瘤生长,降低淋巴管密度,其机制可能是通过降低VEGF-C在癌细胞的表达,干扰淋巴管的生成.     

人巨细胞肺癌裸鼠移植瘤中mts1和nm23-H1表达及其与肺癌淋巴结转移关系

目的 探讨肿瘤转移相关基因mts1和nm23-H1在人巨细胞肺癌裸鼠移植瘤中的表达及其与啼癌淋巴结转移的关系。方法 用高转移的人巨细胞肺癌瘤株PLA-801—D和低转移的人巨细胞肺癌瘤株PLA-801—C在裸鼠中建立转移模型,观察瘤细胞在裸鼠淋巴结及肺中的转移情况;原位杂交检测mts1和nm23-H1mRNA在移植瘤中的表达。结果 PLA-801—D在12只移植裸鼠中均有淋巴结转移,转移率100%,2只裸鼠中有肺转移,转移率17％;PLA-801—C在12只移植的裸鼠中均无淋巴结及肺转移。mts1mRNA在PLA-801—D、PLA-801-C裸鼠移植瘤中阳性表达分别为12例、2例;nm23-H1mRNA在PLA-801—D、PLA-801—C裸鼠移植瘤中阳性表达分别为12例、11例。结论 mts1 mRNA表达与人巨细胞啼癌裸鼠移植瘤淋巴结转移呈正相关,nm23-H1 mRNA表达与人巨细胞肺癌裸鼠移植瘤淋巴结转移不相关。     

VEGF-C表达与胰腺癌淋巴结转移及预后的关系

目的 观察血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)-C在胰腺癌组织内的表达情况,分析VEGF-C的表达与胰腺癌淋巴结转移和预后之间的关系。方法 取胰腺癌病例52例,其中,伴淋巴结转移组36例,无淋巴结转移组16例。应用免疫组化法和Western blot技术观察VEGF-C在胰腺癌组织内的表达。以D2-40作为淋巴管内皮特异性标记物,观察胰腺癌组织内淋巴管生成的情况。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线判断VEGF-C的表达对胰腺癌预后的影响。结果 Western blot和免疫组化法检测结果表明,VEGF-C主要表达于胰腺癌细胞浆内,淋巴结转移组阳性表达量明显高于无淋巴结转移组(p<0.05)。D2-40表达于胰腺癌组织内淋巴管内皮细胞,VEGF-C阳性组淋巴管数密度明显高于VEGF-C阴性组(p<0.05),表明VEGF-C的表达与胰腺癌淋巴管生成密切相关。Kaplan-Meier生存分析表明VEGF-C表达阴性患者的生存率均高于VEGF-C表达阳性患者,VEGF-C的表达影响患者的预后。结论 VEGF-C在胰腺癌的淋巴管生成和淋巴结转移过程中发挥重要作用,VEGF-C的表达是影响胰腺癌患者预后的主要因素之一。     

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and its receptor in invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast

Invasion to lymphatic vessels and metastasis to lymph nodes are frequent complications in invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) of human breast cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and its receptor, VEGFR-3 have been implicated as the important factors in the formation of lymphatic vessels and recent experimental evidence strongly suggests that lymphangiogenesis in tumor promotes lymphatic metastasis. To clarify the mechanism of its occurrence, the expression of VEGF-C, VEGFR-3 and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was examined in 40 cases of IMPC (pure and mixed type) and in 40 cases of pseudo-IMPC. Cytoplasmic expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 were more frequent in tumor cells of IMPC compared to those of pseudo-IMPC. A significant positive correlation was found between the expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in both IMPC and pseudo-IMPC. The expression of VEGF-C was also significantly associated with higher peritumoral LVD, lymphatic invasion and number of lymph node metastasis in IMPC. These findings suggest that VEGF-C promotes the proliferation of peritumoral lymphatic vessels and that lymphatic invasion and metastasis to lymph nodes are frequently induced in IMPC of breast.     

血管内皮生长因子C及其受体3在人恶性黑色素瘤组织内的表达及意义

目的 观察人恶性黑色素瘤组织内血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)及其受体3(VEGFR-3)的表达,探讨VEGF-C和VEGFR-3在恶性黑色素瘤淋巴管生成及淋巴道转移中的作用.方法 取人恶性黑色素瘤组织48例(石蜡标本30例,术后新鲜组织18例),应用免疫组织化学和RT-PCR技术,观察VEGF-C和VEGFR-3蛋白及mRNA在恶性黑色素瘤组织内的表达情况.以淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体(LYVE-1)标记淋巴管,计数恶性黑色素瘤组织淋巴管数密度.结果 VEGF-C和VEGFR-3蛋白主要表达于恶性黑色素瘤细胞胞浆内,在肿瘤周围的血管和淋巴管内皮上也可见VEGFR-3蛋白表达,VEGF-C和VEGFR-3蛋白在淋巴结转移组恶性黑色素瘤组织内的表达水平明显高于无淋巴结转移组(P<0.05).在18例新鲜恶性黑色素瘤中,淋巴结转移组VEGF-C和VEGFR-3mRNA的表达明显高于无淋巴结转移组(P<0.01).LYVE-1表达于肿瘤间质内的淋巴管内皮细胞,淋巴结转移组恶性黑色素瘤组织中的淋巴管数密度(LMVD)为9.845±2.454,无淋巴结转移组恶性黑色素瘤组织中的淋巴管数密度为6.534±2.193,淋巴结转移组恶性黑色素瘤组织内的淋巴管数密度明显高于无淋巴结转移组(P<0.01).结论恶性黑色素瘤组织内VEGF-C表达明显增高,并通过上调其受体VEGFR-3的表达促进恶性黑色素瘤组织内淋巴管的生成,从而促进恶性黑色素瘤的淋巴道转移.     

Smad4的表达与卵巢癌淋巴管生成及淋巴结转移之间的关系

目的观察Smad4和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)-C在卵巢癌组织内的表达情况,分析Smad4和VEGF-C的表达与卵巢癌淋巴管生成及淋巴结转移之间的关系。方法取卵巢癌病例60例,其中,淋巴结转移组36例,无淋巴结转移组24例。应用免疫组化法和Westernblot技术观察Smad4和VEGF-C在卵巢癌组织内的表达。以D2-40作为淋巴管内皮特异性标记物,检测卵巢癌组织内淋巴管生成情况。结果 Smad4表达于卵巢癌细胞胞浆和胞核内,其在无淋巴结转移组的表达率明显高于其在有淋巴结转移组的表达率。Smad4表达阳性组的淋巴管数密度(LVD)明显低于Smad4表达阴性组的LVD。VEGF-C主要表达于卵巢癌细胞胞浆内,其在淋巴结转移组的表达率明显高于其在无淋巴结转移组的表达率。Smad4的表达与VEGF-C的表达呈显著的负相关性。Western blot检测结果表明,VEGF-C蛋白在有淋巴结转移卵巢癌组织中的表达量高于其在无淋巴结转移卵巢癌组织内的表达量,而Smad4在有淋巴结转移卵巢癌组织内的表达量明显低于其在无淋巴结转移组的表达量。结论 Smad4与VEGF-C的表达呈负相关,Smad4可能通过调节VEGF-C蛋白的表达而抑制卵巢癌淋巴管生成和淋巴道转移。     

Lymphatic spread is related to VEGF-C expression and D2-40-positive myofibroblasts in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Lymph node metastasis via lymphatic vessels is related with an adverse outcome in many tumors. It is unclear whether lymphatic spread needs the development of the new lymphatic vessels or the expression of lymphangiogenetic factor in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to assess the role of lymphangiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) expression, and D2-40-positive myofibroblastic cells for lymphatic spread and patient outcome in 88 cases of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. We also assessed VEGF-C expression in 15 cases of metastatic lymph nodes. There was a significant correlation between lower lymphatic vessel density in the tumor center and positive lymphatic invasion (P=0.0100). Poorly differentiated cholangiocarcinoma showed higher lymphatic vessel density in the tumor periphery and in the peritumoral area (P=0.0315 and P=0.0360, respectively). Lymphatic invasion was observed higher in the peritumoral area (63%, 24/38) and in the tumor periphery (79%, 30/38) than in the tumor center (27%, 9/38). There was no significant correlation between the proliferative lymphatic vessels and pathologic features; however, lymphatic invasion was significantly associated with VEGF-C expression (P=0.0006), and the VEGF-C expression was seen in 12 of 15 cases (80%) of metastatic lymph node. Nodal metastasis was correlated with D2-40-positive myofibroblasts (P=0.0161). VEGF-C expression was an independent prognostic factor by multivariate survival analysis (P=0.0131). Our findings suggest that VEGF-C has an important role in lymphatic invasion via the preexisting lymphatic vessels in the tumor margin, and that lymphangiogenesis does not play a direct role in lymphatic metastasis. D2-40-positive myofibroblasts may contribute to lymphatic metastasis.     

VEGF-C与VEGF-D比值变化与肿瘤淋巴道转移的研究进展

肿瘤侵袭周边原有淋巴管以及诱导组织内新生淋巴管的形成,是肿瘤淋巴道转移的必要条件。VEGF-C和VEGF-D是特异性淋巴管生长调节因子,与淋巴管的增生和分化密切相关。二者的比值升高可能是肿瘤淋巴道转移的早期事件和潜在评估指标。本文介绍VEGF-C和VEGF-D的结构、功能、比值变化以及二者与肿瘤淋巴道转移关系的研究进展。     

The extent of retraction clefts correlates with lymphatic vessel density and VEGF-C expression and predicts nodal metastasis and poor prognosis in early-stage breast carcinoma

Although the earliest feature of disseminated disease in breast cancer is regional lymph node involvement, little is known about the mechanisms whereby cancer cells interact with lymphatic endothelial cells and enter the lymphatic system. We have previously reported that the extensive presence of retraction clefts in breast carcinomas highly significantly correlates with lymphatic tumor spread and predicts poor outcome, suggesting that retraction clefts are not just fixation artifacts, but real potential spaces that are exaggerated by tissue processing and may reflect an early stage of lymphatic invasion. In this study, we examined the correlation between the extent of retraction clefts and lymphangiogenesis, as assessed by lymphatic vessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) expression in a series of 256 early-stage breast carcinomas. The presence and extent of retraction clefts around tumor cell nests was determined by review of all hematoxylin- and eosin-stained tumor sections. Lymphatic vessels were detected by podoplanin immunohistochemistry and lymphatic vessel density was measured using the hot-spot method. The expression of VEGF-C in the tumor cells was determined by immunohistochemistry and analyzed semiquantitatively on a four-tiered scale. High levels of retraction clefts, peritumor lymphatic vessel density and VEGF-C expression at the invasive edge in breast carcinomas significantly correlated with tumor size, histological grade, lymphatic invasion and nodal metastasis. Breast carcinomas showing extensive retraction clefts (>20% of tumor volume) were found to have significantly higher lymphatic vessel density and VEGF-C expression levels compared to tumors without this feature. High retraction clefts, peritumor lymphatic vessel density and VEGF-C expression predicted poor outcome in breast carcinomas. Our results support the hypothesis that retraction clefts are real potential spaces that may represent 'pre-lymphatic spaces' facilitating initial lymphatic invasion and that growth factors secreted by the tumor cells may stimulate tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis by promoting the endothelialization of these 'pre-lymphatic channels'.