脐动脉血气指标诊断新生儿窒息的多中心临床研究

目的 统计新生儿脐动脉血气的正常范围,重点研究临床上诊断新生儿窒息的脐动脉血气指标,为诊断本病增加循证医学依据.方法 组织5省6家医院从2008年3月至2009年9月前瞻性连续纳入单胎、足月、体重适于或大于胎龄新生儿共17 978例,统计其中17 645例Apgar 1 min评分≥8分者的脐动脉血气的正常范围;研究脐动脉血pH、BE与高危因素、Apgar评分、脏器损伤的相关性;拟诊窒息的标准:兼备①有导致窒息的高危因素,②1 min Apgar评分≤7分(须含呼吸抑制),③至少1个脏器受损,④排除引起低Apgar评分的其他情况和疾病.重点研究低Apgar评分儿中窒息组和非窒息组脐动脉血pH值(按Eisenberg公式进行临床校正)、BE值的分布特点以及不同pH、BE阈值选点的敏感性和特异性,探索诊断新生儿窒息的脐动脉血气指标.结果 17 978例单胎、足月、体重适于或大于胎龄新生儿中,17 645例Apgar 1 min评分≥8分者的脐动脉血pH值和BE值的统计学正常范围分别为7.20±0.20((-x)±1.96s)和-7.64±10.02((-x)±1.96s).pH与BE呈正相关(r=0.734,P<0.01).脐动脉血pH、BE与Apgar评分呈正相关,1 min0～3分、4～7分、8～10分3组的pH、BE均值±标准差比较,F分别=253.36、160.79,P均<0.001;脐动脉血pH、BE与脏器损伤呈负相关(r均=1,P均=0.000).333例低Apgar评分儿中,窒息组(163例)脐动脉血pH校正值和BE值分别为7.011±0.09((-x)±s)和-14.98±2.99((-x)±s)明显低于非窒息组(170例)的相应值7.18±0.07((-x)±s)和-8.56±4.68((-x)±s),t分别为15.12、10.18,P均<0.001;窒息患儿的脐动脉血pH校正值分布范围为<7.00～<7.20,BE分布范围为<-10～<-18;在窒息组pH和BE值的分布范围中,并无一个敏感性和特异性均强的固定点.结论 新生儿脐动脉血pH值和BE值的统计学正常范围参考值分别为7.20±0.20((-x)±1.96s)和-7.64±10.02((-x)±1.96s).由于个体差异和血气检测值用于评估窒息时需经过临床校正,统计学的正常范围低限值并不完全等同于临床病理学的阈值.新生儿窒息的pH或BE病理学阈值不是一个固定点而是一个范围.新生儿窒息的脐动脉血pH临床校正值分布范围为<7.00～<7.20,BE分布范围为<-10～<-18,在具备其他4项指标的情况下,诊断新生儿窒息的血气指标似可在上述范围内灵活掌握.     

脐血血气分析评价围生期窒息及新生儿预后的相关研究

目的通过分析脐动脉血血气与胎儿宫内窘迫、Apgar评分及新生儿窒息后并发症等因素之间的相关关系,探索脐血血气在评价围生期窒息及新生儿窒息预后中的作用。方法对2 281例新生儿生后即采集脐动脉血进行血气分析,同时将脐血pH值与出生后Apgar评分、宫内窘迫及窒息后并发症等相关因素进行对比分析。结果出生后Apgar评分与脐血pH值相关性强,评分越低,脐血pH值也越低。胎儿宫内窘迫与Apgar评分无显著相关,但与脐血pH值关系密切。低Apgar评分新生儿,如果脐血pH<7.20,尤其是pH<7.00,容易发生窒息后并发症。结论脐血血气分析比Apgar评分更客观、更直接地反映胎儿缺血、缺氧程度,并有助于判断新生儿预后。对有宫内窘迫征象及出生低Ap-gar评分的新生儿应常规做脐血血气分析。     

新生儿血气分析:Ⅲ Apgar评分与血pH、BE关系的初步研究

Apgar评分作为新生儿窒息的临床判断标准应用已久,但近年来有关Apgar评分与脐血pH、BE的研究几乎一致认为两者并不相关,且后者更为客观。本研究通过22例不同Apgar评分的脐血pH、BE分析认为两者之间并无一致关系,而宫内窘迫儿的脐血pH、BE与正常儿差别有高度显著意义(P<0.01),有关脐血pH、BH与生后短时间内足跟动脉化血的pH、BE值有显著的正相关关系(P<0.05),但足跟动脉化血PH、BE在窒息研究中的作用还有待进一步探讨。     

新生儿脐血血气分析与围产因素及Apgar评分的相关研究

本文探讨脐血血气分析与围产因素及Apgar评分的相关性,为预测和诊断新生儿窒息及减低围产窒息的发生提供重要依据和帮助,对102例新生儿出生后立即采集脐静脉血进行血气分析,据其有无围产因素影响分为两组进行对照,并结合Apgar评分进行分析.结果显示在围产因素组60例中,Apgar评分≤7分者7例,占11.67%;对照组42例中,Apgar评分≤7分者2例,占4.76%.二者比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01).在脐血pH值＞7.10时,两组新生儿窒息发生率分别为5.56%及4.76%,无显著性差异(P＞0.05).脐血pH值＜7.10者,有围产因素组6例,占10%,且其中4例Apgar评分≤7分;对照组脐血pH值＜7.10者为0,二者有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结果提示,围产因素与新生儿窒息密切相关,并对脐血pH值的影响显著.当脐血pH值＜7.10时,新生儿窒息发生率为66.67%.脐血血气分析与Apgar评分互补,可作为诊断新生儿窒息的重要指标.     

新生儿生后早期外周动脉血气分析评估缺氧损伤的意义

目的探讨生后早期外周动脉血气分析对于新生儿窒息病情评判的临床价值。方法选取2012年3月至2013年4月本院新生儿科收治的足月窒息新生儿为观察组,其中1 min Apgar评分4-7者为轻度窒息组,≤3分者为重度窒息组,同期随机选取无窒息的足月新生儿为对照组,各组新生儿均在生后1 h内取右手桡动脉血进行血气分析并比较。将窒息组按外周动脉血气pH值分为〉7.25、7.0-7.25、〈7.0三组,比较各组发生脏器功能受损的比例。结果轻度窒息组98例,重度窒息组24例,对照组86例。各组新生儿性别、胎龄、出生体重、分娩方式、取血时间等差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。对照组pH值和BE值均高于轻、重度窒息组[pH：（7.38±0.06）比（7.16±0.08）、（7.10±0.09）,BE：（-4.1±0.5）mmol/L比（-11.1±4.6）mmol/L、（-14.4±2.6）mmol/L,P〈0.05],轻、重度窒息组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。窒息组患儿中,外周动脉血气pH值〉7.25组、7.0~7.25组和〈7.0组发生脏器功能受损的比例分别为53.3%、88.9%、100%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 Apgar评分的轻重程度不能完全代表窒息的程度,生后1 h内外周动脉血气分析检测是弥补其不足的一项客观指标。     

新生儿脐血血气分析与围产因素及Apgar评分的相关研究

本文探讨脐血血气分析与围产因素及Apgar评分的相关性,为预测和诊断新生儿窒息及减低围产窒息的发生提供重要依据和帮助,对102例新生儿出生后立即采集脐静脉血进行血气分析,据其有无围产因素影响分为两组进行对照,并结合Apgar评分进行分析。结果显示在围产因素组60例中,Apgar评分≤7分者7例,占11.67％;对照组42例中,Apgar评分≤7分者2例,占4.76％。二者比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。在脐血pH值>7.10时,两组新生儿窒息发生率分别为5.56％及4.76％,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。脐血pH值<7.10者,有围产因素组6例,占10％,且其中4例Apgar评分≤7分;对照组脐血pH值<7.10者为0,二者有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结果提示,围产因素与新生儿窒息密切相关,并对脐血pH值的影响显著。当脐血pH值<7.10时,新生儿窒息发生率为66.67％。脐血血气分析与Apgar评分互补,可作为诊断新生儿窒息的重要指标。     

脐动脉血血气分析与Apgar评分评估新生儿窒息的临床意义研究

目的 了解脐动脉血血气分析与Apgar评分在新生儿窒息诊断中的临床意义。方法对广东省江门市新会区妇幼保健院2012年4月至2013年1月出生的足月单胎新生儿采集脐动脉血进行血气分析,结合羊水性状、脏器损害及Apgar评分进行统计分析。结果 研究期间共分娩足月单胎新生儿3958例,成功采集脐动脉血3900例。生后1 min Apgar评分和脐动脉血pH值、PO2均呈正相关,与PCO2呈负相关（r分别为0.334,0.219,-0.227,P均〈0.05）。重度窒息新生儿脐动脉血气pH、PO2、BE、HCO-3均低于轻度窒息组和对照组,PCO2高于轻度窒息组和对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,对照组和轻度窒息组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。pH≤7.2组的新生儿窒息发生率、羊水浑浊发生率及脏器损害发生率均高于pH≥7.25组（7.7%比0.3%,68.0%比9.6%,8.3%比1.0%,P〈0.01）。结论 临床联合Apgar评分和脐动脉血血气分析可早期发现新生儿器官功能损害,是提供支持治疗可靠而简便易行的指标。     

胎儿窘迫孕妇血及脐血一氧化氮

为了解胎儿窘迫时孕妇血及脐血中一氧化氮(NO)水平的变化及其与胎儿窘迫及新生儿窒息的关系.对42例胎儿窘迫孕妇(胎儿窘迫组)及36例正常晚孕妇女(对照组)母血、脐血中NO代谢产物亚硝酸/硝酸基(NO-2/NO-3)进行测定;以血气分析仪测定脐血pH值.结果显示胎儿窘迫组母血及脐血NO水平均较对照组明显下降(P均＜0.01),胎儿窘迫组与对照组相比脐血pH下降(P＜0.01);新生儿Apgar评分下降(P＜0.01);新生儿一分钟Apar评分≤7分的例数所占比例上升(P＜0.01).母血NO≤2.66umol/L,脐血NO≤2.03umol/L时新生儿窒息率明显上升(P＜0.01),与脐血pH值＜7.20时相比,两者新生儿窒息率无显著差异(P＞0.05).新生儿脐血pH值与脐血NO水平呈高度正相关(r=0.74,P＜0.01).结论母血及脐血NO下降与胎儿窘迫有一定关系;NO水平下降在预测新生儿窒息时与脐血pH值有同等价值;监测母血及脐血NO水平可作为诊断胎儿窘迫的指标之一.指导临床及时处理胎儿窘迫,为减少新生儿窒息的发生起很重要的作用.     

基于双胎配对对照的新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征危险因素分析

目的以双胎间配对对照为基础,分析新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)发病的危险因素。方法以2005—2016年新生儿重症监护室中的72对双胞胎为研究对象,每对双胞胎中有且只有1例患NRDS,分别为NRDS组和非NRDS组,回顾分析两组间的差异.按照胎龄大小,进一步分为胎龄34周组及胎龄≥34周组,比较两组间性别、出生体质量、分娩顺序,羊水污染、胎膜早破、Apgar评分差异。结果 NRDS组和非NRDS组的性别、出生体质量差异无统计学意义(P0.05).相比非NRDS组,NRDS组后娩出者(66.7%对33.3%,P0.001),1分钟Apgar评分≤7分(41.7%对22.2%,P=0. 012)比例更高,差异有统计学意义。进一步的亚组分析发现,在胎龄≥34周的早产儿中,NRDS组和非NRDS组患儿的分娩顺序及1分钟Apgar评分≤7分比例的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在胎龄34周的早产儿中,NRDS组双胎之后分娩者、1分钟Apgar评分≤7分的比例高于非NRDS组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。配对logistic回归分析显示,双胎之后分娩者为NRDS发病的独立危险因素(OR=4.00,95%CI:2.00～8.00,P0.001)。结论在胎龄34周的双胞胎中,双胎中后娩出者更易患NRDS。     

宫内窘迫新生儿脐动脉血乳酸检测与新生儿行为神经测定的临床意义

目的探讨新生儿脐动脉血乳酸水平与宫内窘迫的关系及其对新生儿行为神经表现的影响。方法对160例发生宫内窘迫的足月新生儿(出生时无窒息为窘迫I组,出生时有窒息为窘迫II组)和310例正常足月新生儿(对照组)的脐动脉血进行乳酸测定及血气分析,并在生后4～6d、26～28d进行新生儿20项行为神经测定(neonatal behavioral neurological assessment,NBNA)。结果窘迫I组和窘迫II组脐动脉血乳酸值均较对照组显著升高(P<0.01),两组pH值较对照组明显降低(P<0.01);窘迫II组的乳酸值明显高于窘迫I组,pH值低于窘迫I组,差异均有非常显著性(P<0.01)。脐血乳酸值与pH值呈直线负相关关系(r=-0.53,P<0.01),窘迫II组的脐血乳酸值与NBNA评分也呈直线负相关关系(r=-0.78,P<0.01)。三组NBNA评分随日龄增长均升高,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。结论脐动脉血乳酸检测可协助宫内窘迫的诊断,并可望作为评估、预测新生儿窒息损伤的指标之一。     

孤立性单脐动脉新生儿78例临床分析

目的 探讨孤立性单脐动脉（isolated single umbilical artery,ISUA）新生儿出生时的健康情况.方法 2006年1月至2012年12月于我院出生的ISUA新生儿78例为ISUA组,同期于我院出生的脐带发育正常新生儿78例为对照组,回顾性分析两组新生儿出生后的Apgar评分、出生体重、转入新生儿重症监护室发生率、新生儿脐动脉血pH值及新生儿母亲产前进行羊膜腔穿刺进行染色体检查情况.结果 ISUA组新生儿体重（3246±75）g,低于对照组（3565±58）g,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,而两组新生儿的出生后Apgar评分、转入新生儿重症监护室的发生率、新生儿脐动脉血pH值的差异均没有统计学意义（P＞0.05）.ISUA组新生儿母亲产前26例行羊膜腔穿刺,对照组仅l例,胎儿染色体检查均正常.结论 ISUA新生儿出生时与正常新生儿相比健康状况无明显差异,不需特别监护.     

Clinical manifestations in term newborn infants with different degrees of acidemia in umbilical cord blood

OBJECTIVE: To verify if Apgar score plus umbilical cord pH are adequate to predict which newborn infant will develop multiorgan system disfunction. METHODS: A study including all term newborn infants with Apgar scores in the first and fifth minutes of life < 7 and umbilical cord blood pH < 7.20 born in Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre from March 1995 through March 1998 was performed. Venous umbilical cord blood was collected for blood gas analysis. Newborn infants were divided in two groups: Group A with pH < 7.0, and Group B with pH >/= 7.0 and < 7.20. Patients were evaluated for the presence of pulmonary hypertension, renal failure, inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, ischemic cardiopathy, early seizures, neurologic injury at hospital discharge and death. RESULTS: Twenty five newborn infants were included in the study.Twelve formed Group A, and 13, Group B. There were no differences between both groups in respect to mode of delivery, gender, color and birth weight. Group B had a lower gestational age than Group A. There were significant differences between both groups in mean cord blood pH, pCO(2) and BE (p<0.05). There was a positive association between umbilical cord blood pH and Apgar score. Higher occurrence of neurologic injury at hospital discharge in Group A was the only statistically significant clinical manifestation (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Apgar score and umbilical cord pH are not adequate criteria to predict multiorgan system dysfunction.     

重度新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征死亡危险因素分析

目的探讨重度新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（respiratory distress syndrome,RDS）导致死亡的主要危险因素。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2011年12月我院NICU诊断为重度RDS的66例早产儿的病例资料。按患儿结局分为死亡组和存活组进行分析。结果重度RDS死亡24例,病死率36．36％。死亡组患儿机械通气时间、碱剩余中位数、pH最小值、PaO2／FiO2最小值、平均胎龄、平均出生体重、1min Apgar评分、5min Apgar评分均低于存活组（P均〈0．05）。死亡组机械通气FiO2〉60％时间中位数、合并宫内窘迫比例、多胎比例、新生儿急性生理学评分围生期补充-Ⅱ（sore for neonatal acute physiology perinatal extension versionⅡ,SNAPPE-Ⅱ）均高于存活组（P均〈0．05）,两组机械通气并发症比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。对相关变量行Logistic回归分析,重度RDS死亡独立危险因素为出生体重、1minApgar评分和SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分,OR值为0．990、0．141和1．240。对SNAPPE—II评分进行受试者工作特征曲线分析,曲线下面积为0．86,与0．5相比差异有统计学意义（P=0．000）。分界点SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分=24．50时对应的正确预测指数最大（Youden指数=0．70）。结论重度RDS死亡独立危险因素为出生体重、1minApgar评分和SNAPPE—Ⅱ评分;SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分对重度RDS死亡风险预测准确性中等,其为24．50时预测准确性最大。     

脐动脉血pH值在新生儿窒息中的意义和价值

目的：由于Apgar评分的局限性,有可能造成新生儿窒息的误诊和漏诊,为弥补其不足,探讨脐动脉血pH值在新生儿窒息诊治中的意义和价值。方法：对经胎心电子监护异常的单胎足月新生儿140例,出生后立即采集脐动脉血进行pH值测定,同时给予生后1 min及5 min Apgar评分,对于62例1 min Apgar≤7分者,窒息复苏后立即转入儿科病房观察治疗,进行血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（CTnI）和脏器损伤指标的检测,并进行统计学分析。结果：脐动脉血pH值与出生后1 min和5 min Apgar评分呈正相关(r=0.513和0.478,均P＜0.01),Apgar评分愈低,脐动脉血pH值愈低,各分值组之间差异有显著性（P＜0.01）。出生后1 min及5 min Apgar评分与血清CTnI呈负相关（r=-0.614和-0.569,均P＜0.01）。脐动脉血pH值＞7.20,7.00~7.20,＜7.00相对应的血清CTnI值分别为（31.82±8.63）ng/L,（53.24±11.18）ng/L和（79.36±18.51）ng/L,随脐动脉血pH值的降低, 血清CTnI值明显升高(P＜0.01)。脏器损伤的发生率随Apgar评分的降低而升高（P＜0.05）,两者呈负相关(r=-0.548和-0.496,均P＜0.01)。脐动脉血pH值＞7.2,7.00~7.20,＜7.00相应的脏器损伤发生率分别为36.4％,60.0％及83.3％,脏器损伤的发生率随脐动脉血pH值的降低而升高（P＜0.05）, 两者呈负相关(r=-0.578,P＜0.05)。结论：①脐动脉血pH值和Apgar评分具有相关性,可作为诊断新生儿窒息的敏感指标之一,与Apgar评分相互补充。②脐动脉血pH值对于诊断新生儿窒息,判断病情轻重及预后评估具有重要临床意义。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（7）：521-524］     

Blood glucose levels in a population of healthy, breast fed, term infants of appropriate size for gestational age

AIM: To determine blood glucose levels in a population of healthy, breast fed, term infants of appropriate size for gestational age. METHODS: In a cross sectional study, the blood glucose concentration of 223 healthy, breast fed, term infants of appropriate size for gestational age was determined at different times (between one and 96 hours) after delivery. One sample of blood glucose was taken from each infant independent of the feeding time. The glucose concentration was correlated with sex, method of delivery, delivery with or without analgesia, smoking status of the mother, gestational age, umbilical cord pH, and Apgar score. Infants suspected of suffering from intrapartum hypoxia were excluded. RESULTS: Blood glucose concentration one hour after delivery was not significantly lower than at any other time. Only two infants had low blood glucose concentrations one hour after delivery (1.4 and 1.9 mmol/l). There were no significant differences in blood glucose concentration between sexes, methods of delivery, infants delivered with or without analgesia, and infants born to smokers or non-smokers, and there was no further correlation between blood glucose concentration and gestational age, umbilical cord pH, or Apgar score. DISCUSSION: Very few healthy, breast fed, term infants of appropriate size for gestational age have low blood glucose levels, and there is no indication for blood glucose monitoring in these infants.     

Umbilical cord blood erythroblast count as an index of intrauterine hypoxia.

The relation of umbilical cord blood arterial pH, Apgar score, leucocyte count, and erythroblast count at delivery with the diagnosis of fetal distress in labour was studied prospectively in three groups of singleton pregnancies delivering at term vaginally (55 infants), by elective caesarean section (39 infants), or by emergency caesarean section for abnormal intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns (55 infants). In the emergency caesarean section group the umbilical cord blood arterial pH was significantly lower and the leucocyte and erythroblast counts were higher than in the elective caesarean section group. Comparison of the emergency caesarean section and spontaneous vaginal delivery groups showed significant differences for pH and erythroblast count, but not for leucocyte count. In the spontaneous vaginal delivery group erythroblastosis was associated with umbilical cord blood pH, whereas leucocytosis was associated with the length of labour. The five minute Apgar score was > or = 7 in all infants. This study suggests that leucocytosis is a non-specific response of the fetus to labour, whereas erythroblastosis reflects fetal tissue hypoxia.     

Evaluation of umbilical cord pH and its relationship with Apgar score in term newborn infants

The value of the Apgar score as an index of birth asphyxia has been recently questioned. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the relationship between cord blood pH and Apgar score in term newborn infants.A cross-sectional study involving 76 term newborn infants was performed from March through September 1995 at the Obstetric Unit of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. The blood samples were obtained from umbilical cord artery and vein at the moment of delivery. Infants were divided in three different groups according to the Apgar score: Group A (n=60): >or=7 at one and five minutes; Group B (n=13): < 7 at one minute and >or=7 at five minutes; Group C (n=3): < 7 at one and five minutes. The frequency of acidemia in Group A was 18.3% (11 newborn infants) considering arterial pH < 7.20 and 5% considering arterial pH or= 7.20 and nine (56.2%) had arterial pH > 7.10. None of the newborn infants in Group C had arterial pH > 7.10. The sensitivity and specificity values for Apgar score less than 7 at one minute for detection of fetal acidemia were, respectively, 54.1% and 94.1%. This study confirms a poor correlation between Apgar score and umbilical blood cord pH, even in a term newborn, and emphasizes the importance of obtaining umbilical cord pH to consider the diagnosis of perinatal asphyxia.     

Plasma methionine enkephalin levels in the human newborn at birth

Plasma met-enkephalin immunoreactivity (MET-ENKi) and catecholamine levels were measured in umbilibal cord blood from 46 healthy newborn infants. Clinical data including Apgar scores, birth weight, gestational age, route of delivery, fetal heart tracings and arterial blood gas values were also obtained. Thirty-nine infants were delivered by the vaginal route. All but 1 infant delivered by cesarian section had undergone a trial of labor. Plasma MET-ENKi in the newborn infants was markedly greater than levels found in healthy adult volunteers: 360 +/- 25 versus 25 +/- 2 pg/ml, respectively. MET-ENKi levels were similar in umbilical arterial and umbilical venous blood, and in infants delivered vaginally or by cesarian section.