Oxidative DNA damage estimated by urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and arsenic in glass production workers

A total of 130 male glass workers, including 33 administrative workers, 18 batch house workers, 42 craftsmen, and 37 melting process workers, were recruited to investigate the potential DNA damage resulting from toxic element exposure. The occupational exposure to trace elements, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and selenium (Se), was estimated by their urinary levels as internal doses. In addition, all participants filled a self-filled questionnaire indicating their individual information. The average levels of urinary As, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were 282.3 ± 464.6, 3.07 ± 5.39, 3.81 ± 11.43, 81.48 ± 138.9, 18.23 ± 49.61, 165.2 ± 224.9, and 17.21 ± 26.34 μg/g creatinine, respectively. The urinary levels of 8-OHdG and toxic elements were strongly associated with the work nature of the worker, with an exception of Mn and Pb. In contrast, the levels of toxic element were not influenced by age, smoking behavior, and alcohol consumption. The urinary 8-OHdG was found significantly higher in higher internal exposure groups of As, Cd, Ni, and Se. However, the stepwise multiple regression models showed that urinary 8-OHdG was only associated with urinary As and heat stress but inversely with age.     

Trace elements in little egrets and flamingos of Camargue, France

Trace elements (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn) were measured in nine organs (liver, kidney, breast muscle, lungs, breastbone, stomach, gizzard, spleen, feathers) of several specimens of Greater Flamingos (Phaenicopterus ruber (Pallas] and Little Egrets (Egretta garzetta (L.] from the Camargue, in the Rh?ne river delta. In both species, individual fluctuations of Cd, Hg, Pb, and Se levels were important in all organs, whereas Zn and Cu, essential metals, exhibited only moderate variations. The organotropism of trace elements supports the hypothesis that major routes of contamination would be both nutritional and aerial for flamingos, and prevailingly alimentary for egrets. In both species we found the highest levels in liver and kidney, with the exception of lead, the highest levels of which were found in breastbone and feathers. Our study indicates that trace element concentrations in flamingos and egrets are higher than or equivalent to those reported in the literature for birds living in polluted areas. Because the Camargue is a unique area in western Europe it would be of interest to develop more studies to evaluate the impact of surrounding human activities on this Biosphere Reserve.     

孕妇和新生儿脐血中铅、镉、砷、汞、锰、硒含量及胎盘通透性研究

目的了解孕妇和新生儿脐血中铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒元素的含量,分析其胎盘通透性。方法于2010年9月至2013年12月在山东省渤海莱州湾某二甲医院,招募符合标准的孕妇及其新生儿为研究对象。共纳入773对孕妇及其新生儿。根据所测定元素的种类,分为汞测定组(595对)、铅测定组(534对)和镉、砷、锰、硒测定组(244对)。问卷调查获得孕妇及新生儿的人口学信息,检测母血和脐血中铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒的浓度,并计算各元素的胎盘通透性(某元素脐血浓度/母血浓度);采用Spearman秩相关分析母血和脐血中各元素的相关性。结果773名母亲年龄为(28.34±4.50)岁,孕周为(39.47±1.39)周;773名新生儿出生体重为(3419.47±497.39)g。母血和脐血中铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒各元素的中位数浓度分别为31.12和30.02、1.19和0.47、8.05和6.03、0.69和1.26、100.70和105.55、127.25和115.00μg/L。铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒的胎盘通透性分别为0.98、0.41、0.73、1.73、0.96和0.91。铅、镉、汞、锰和硒在母血和脐血中均呈正相关,Spearman相关系数分别为0.397、0.298、0.698、0.555和0.285(P值均<0.001)。结论铅、镉、砷、汞、锰和硒元素在母血和脐血中均普遍检出;汞的胎盘通透性较高。     

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定枸杞子中微量元素的含量

目的:测定枸杞子中钴、钼、锗、镍、钒、铅、镉的含量,为临床应用枸杞子提供理论依据。方法:石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法。结果:枸杞子中7种元素的含量分别是:钴0.091μg/g、钼0.339μg/g、锗0.671μg/g、镍1.095μg/g、钒0.245μg/g、铅0.610μg/g、镉0.030μg/g。结论:枸杞中钴、钼、锗、镍、钒含量较丰富;也含有对人体有害的元素铅和镉。临床应用要依病情适量使用。     

Application of Zeeman Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with High-Frequency Modulation Polarization for the Direct Determination of Aluminum, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Mercury, Manganese, Nickel, Lead, and Thallium in Human Blood

Determination of aluminum (Al), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and thallium (Tl) concentrations in human blood using high-frequency modulation polarization Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was performed. No sample digestion was used in the current study. Blood samples were diluted with deionized water or 0.1?% (m/v) Triton X-100 solution for Tl. Dilution factors ranged from 1/5 per volume for Be and Tl to 1/20 per volume for Cd and Pb. For Tl, Cd, and Hg, noble metals (gold, platinum, rhodium, etc.) were applied as surface modifiers. To mitigate chloride interference, 2?% (m/v) solution of NH(4)NO(3) was used as matrix modifier for Tl and Ni assessment. The use of Pd(NO(3))(2) as oxidative modifier was necessary for blood Hg and Tl measurement. Validation of the methods was performed by analyzing two-level reference material Seronorm. The precision of the designed methods as relative SD was between 4 and 12?% (middle of a dynamic range) depending on the element. For additional validation, spiked blood samples were analyzed. Limits of detection (LoDs, 3σ, n?=?10) for undiluted blood samples were 2.0?μg?L(-1) for Al, 0.08?μg?L(-1) for Be, 0.10?μg?L(-1) for Cd, 2.2?μg?L(-1) for Cr, 7?μg?L(-1) for Hg, 0.4?μg?L(-1) for Mn, 2.3?μg?L(-1) for Ni, 3.4?μg?L(-1) for Pb, and 0.5?μg?L(-1) for Tl. The LoDs achieved allowed determination of Al, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Pb at both toxic and background levels. Be, Hg, and Tl could be reliably measured at toxic levels only. The methods developed are used for clinical diagnostics and biological monitoring of work-related exposure.     

重金属宫内暴露对胎儿DNMT3B基因甲基化的影响

目的分析胎儿宫内暴露重金属与脐带血中DNA甲基转移酶3B(DNMT3B)基因甲基化的关系。方法本研究基于在山西开展的病例对照研究,共纳入173例无重大体表出生缺陷胎儿。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)仪检测脐带组织中砷(As)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、镍(Ni)四种重金属的含量,采用MassARRAY时间飞行质谱阵列基因分析平台检测脐带血中DNMT3B的甲基化水平。运用多重线性回归模型分析重金属暴露对DNMT3B甲基化的影响。结果脐带组织中砷、铅、镉、镍含量中位值及四分位间距分别为7.66(5.24-10.30)ng/g、23.91(16.74-44.29)ng/g、0.95(0.47-2.71)ng/g、21.42(15.61-32.2)ng/g。脐带血中DNMT3B基因甲基化水平为(7.38±2.66)%。脐带组织镉对DNMT3B甲基化水平有影响(β=0.74,P=0.03),镉与砷、铅、镍对DNMT3B甲基化水平的影响均无交互作用。结论脐带组织重金属暴露会影响胎儿DNMT3B的甲基化水平。     

Uptake and depuration of cadmium, nickel, and lead in laboratory-exposed Tubifex tubifex and corresponding changes in the concentration of a metallothionein-like protein

Based on weight loss in water, 24 h is recommended for Tubifex tubifex gut clearance. Biota-to-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) in gut-cleared T. tubifex following six weeks of exposure to Cd-, Ni-, and Pb-spiked sediment were 12.4, 3.0, and 19.0, respectively. Tissue Ni concentrations peaked after 12 h, whereas Cd and Pb were accumulated for the duration of the exposure. Tubifex tubifex were transferred to either water (24 h) or sediment (10 weeks) to monitor changes in internal metal concentrations. After 24 h in water, only Ni concentration had declined significantly (p < 0.05), suggesting that the majority of Ni was associated with the gut content, while Cd and Pb were accumulated in the tissues. Metal depuration in sediment was described with two-compartment, first-order kinetic models (r2 = 0.7-0.8; p < 0.001), indicating that T. tubifex has both a quickly depurated and a more tightly bound pool of accumulated metal. Tubifex tubifex were also exposed to sediment spiked with just Cd (3.66 micromol/g). Cadmium uptake and induction of metallothionein-like protein (MTLP) were rapid; both parameters were significantly elevated within 24 h of exposure. Metallothionein-like protein (8.7 +/- 1.8 nmol/g) and Cd (60.8 +/- 11.0 micromol/g) reached maximum concentrations after 96 h and four weeks, respectively.     

吸烟和缺碘对育龄妇女血硒、血铅和血镉含量的联合作用

采用2×2析因分析和石墨炉原子吸收仪测定,发现 缺碘(ID)育龄女性吸烟者(SI)全血硒和铅镉有毒元素含量有 明显的交互影响(P均＜0.01),血液Se含量26.5±8.09μg/L, 明显低于对照(34.2±7.64μg/LPb143.7±2.34μg/L和Cd 10.5±4.83μg/L明显高于对照(97.6±21.7μg/L和3.8± 2.34μg/L。SI单因素亦见有使Se含量减低和Pb、Cd含量增 高的现象ID单因素仅见有Pb含量增高(P＜0.01)。提示SI 和ID共存时对人体内微量元素的吸收和贮存有抑制作用,同 时二者共存时可促进有毒元素Pb和Cd的吸收。该ID流行 区人群的Pb含量增高,与地处交通线,受汽车尾气排放铅尘污 染,造成Pb高本底的可能亦不能排除。     

Toxic thresholds of cadmium and lead to oceanic phytoplankton: cell size and ocean basin-dependent effects

Thresholds of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) toxic to oceanic phytoplankton were examined in natural communities from the Mediterranean and Black Seas and the North East Atlantic Ocean. At concentrations of added Cd and Pb greater than 0.11 μg?L(-1) , cell abundances and growth rates decreased with increasing addition of Cd and Pb, for all phytoplankton populations. The lethal concentrations at which populations decreased by half (LC50s), ranged from 0.23 to 498.7 μg?L(-1) Cd for Atlantic Prochlorococcus and Black Sea picoeukaryotes, respectively, and from 20 to 465.2 μg?L(-1) Pb for Mediterranean Synechococcus and Black Sea nanoplankton, respectively. These lethal concentrations were significantly lower than those previously reported for phytoplankton cultures. The LC50s were strongly related to population cell size, increasing as cell size increased, indicating that oceanic picocyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus populations were the most sensitive, and the largest phytoplankton cells the most resistant. Based on this relationship, differences in sensitivity to Cd across systems were detected, with Black Sea phytoplankton communities being more resistant (up to 100 times) than similar sized phytoplankton of the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean.     

Major and trace elements in different types of Egyptian mono-floral and non-floral bee honeys

The chemical composition of bee honey varies with the surrounding environment (major floral and soil contamination), which reflects the nutrition value of honey. Trace elements Co, Cu, F, Fe, I, Mn, Ni, Sr and Zn and major elements Cl, Na, K and Mg as well as toxic elements Cd and Pb were all determined in different types of bee honey which include non-floral honey with artificial feeding (syrup -feed honey), and mono-floral honeys (sesame honey, orange honey and clover honey). These elements were also determined in the bee feeds, which include flowers (sesame, orange and clover) and syrup. The results revealed that of all types of honeys, syrup-feed honey exhibited higher concentrations of Cd, Cl, Co, Fe, K, Mg Mn, Na and Pb than in the other honeys. Orange honey contained the lowest element concentrations. Clover honey had the lowest toxic element Cd and Pb concentrations (0.01 and 4.2 μg/g, respectively) while sesame honey contained the highest levels of Cd and F (0.5 and 12.5 μg/g), respectively. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlation between honey and the feed (R, 0.770–0.971). Cluster analysis of the honeys data revealed that the origin of the honey samples correlated with its chemical composition. Element concentrations in the honey under study were in the safety baseline levels for human consumption.     

Distribution and Accumulation of Metals in Tadpoles Inhabiting the Metalliferous Streams of Eastern Chalkidiki, Northeast Greece

The present study investigates the accumulation of heavy metals [copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mn), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr)] in tadpoles inhabiting the metalliferous streams flowing within the Asprolakkas River basin (northeast Chalkidiki peninsula, Greece) and the effect of potentially harmful elements in stream water and sediment on the corresponding levels in their tissue. Animals were collected from six sampling sites influenced by a wide range of surface water and stream sediment trace element concentrations. The results of the chemical analyses showed that tadpoles accumulated significant levels of all of the examined metals. The range of whole-body mean measured concentrations were (in dry mass) as follows: Cu (46-182?mg/kg), Pb (103-4,490?mg/kg), Zn (494-11,460?mg/kg), Mn (1,620-13,310?mg/kg), Cd (1.2-82?mg/kg), Ni (57-163?mg/kg), and Cr (38-272?mg/kg). The mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cr, and Cd in Kokkinolakkas stream, which drains a currently active mining area, were the highest ever reported in tadpoles. Our results indicate that whole-body levels of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd increase with stream sediment concentrations and that these organisms tend to accumulate metals bound to Fe and Mn oxides. In addition, high dissolved concentrations and significant concentrations associated with more labile geochemical phases of sediments for specific metals were contributing factors determining whole-body levels. Given the observed bioconcentration factors, as well as the correlation with sediment concentrations, it is proposed that these organisms could be considered as bioindicators of environmental contamination and may be used for monitoring purposes within this metal-rich zone and, perhaps, within other rivers affected by metal mining.     

Anthropogenic Sources of Heavy Metals in the Indian Ocean Coast of Kenya

Water and surface sediment samples from Rivers Sabaki, Ramisi and Vevesi that flow into the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya were analysed for heavy metals. The sediment concentrations of exchangeable cations (in μg/g) for Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn ranged from 0.10 to 506.75 (for Mn at Sabaki), constituting between 2% and 20% of the total metal concentrations obtained by digestion with strong acid. Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were more leachable with 0.1 N HCl. The total dissolved metal in water and the total sediment concentrations for Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn are given in the text. For dissolved metals, the metal/Mn ratios indicated higher concentrations of Ag in Sabaki River, Cd in Ramisi, Ni in Sabaki and Pb in Ramisi, respectively. In sediments, the metal/Mn ratios showed higher enrichment of Ag in Ramisi, Cd in Sabaki and Vevesi, and Zn in Sabaki, respectively. Enrichment factors showed elevated levels of Cd, Pb and Zn in sediment in River Sabaki and River Vevesi that were due to anthropogenic inputs through Athi River. The total dissolved metal concentration ranges for the three rivers were comparable with those ranges reported in rivers in South Africa but the sediment concentrations were below those of rivers in Europe and Asia where anthropogenic addition of some of the toxic elements such as Cu, Pb and Cd is evidently higher.     

Heavy Metal Contamination in Fish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Callinectis amnicola</Emphasis>) From an Estuarine Creek in the Niger Delta,Nigeria and Health Risk Evaluation

Heavy metal bioconcentration in crabs from an estuarine creek in the Niger Delta was examined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Health risk via human exposure to metal toxicity was evaluated. Mean metal levels (µg/g) were Cr 2.32?±?0.71, Ni 2.76?±?0.48, Cu 12.94?±?3.53, Pb 5.67?±?1.03, Ag 1.83?±?0.71 and Cd 0.73?±?0.14 with significant difference (p?<?0.001) between periods. Ni, Pb and Cd had values above FAO/WHO recommended limits. Estimated daily intake values were below the reference oral doses and the target hazard quotient was <1 for each metal examined while hazard index for all metals was also <1. The target carcinogenic risk value for Ni was 3.4?×?10^?3. Based on the evaluations, the study concluded that consumers of crabs from the study area had minimal/moderate metal toxicity exposures of no significant health concern but recommended continuous monitoring to detect anomalies.     

Analysis of Heavy Metals in Water and Surface Sediment in Five Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya for Assessment of Recent Increase in Anthropogenic Activities

The concentrations of heavy metals Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn were analysed in water and surface sediments of five Rift Valley lakes Nakuru, Elementaita, Naivasha, Bogoria and Baringo in Kenya. The dissolved mean concentration levels (μg/L) in water ranged within 13.0–185.0 (Ag), 2.0–43.0 (Cd), 5.0–316.0 (Co), 25.0–188.0 (Cr), 4.7–100.0 (Cu), 50.0–282.0 (Mn), 19.0–288.0 (Ni), 25.0–563.0 (Pb), 300.0–1050.0 (Sn) and 29.0–235.0 (Zn). The mean sediment concentrations (in μg/g (dry weight)) ranged within 0.1–0.35 (Ag), 0.05–1.18 (Cd), 0.17–1.38 (Co), 1.94–4.91 (Cr), 1.46–20.95 (Cu), 667.7–3946.8 (Mn), 11.69–39.72 (Ni), 10.92–38.98 (Pb), 17.21–56.52 (Sn) and 96.2–229.6 (Zn). The data indicate that some of the sites analysed, especially in Lake Nakuru, had relatively higher concentration levels of heavy metals Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn in the water which points to anthropogenic addition. However, potential influence of geochemical processes on the concentration levels in sediment is also shown in Co, Ni, and Cu which were more concentrated in the remote Lake Baringo sediment as well as in Pb and Mn which were more concentrated in the remote Lake Bogoria sediment. Data on some important limnological parameters including pH, salinity, electrical conductivity and temperature are also presented.     

Metal Pollution in Seaweed and Related Sediment of the Persian Gulf,Iran

Nickel, cadmium, copper and lead in the sediment and seven species of algae from six locations in the Bushehr Province on the Coast of the Persian Gulf were determined. Sampling sites represent areas of importance in seaweed harvest and areas near sources of anthropogenic pollution. The mean concentrations of metals in the sediment (across all six collection sites, and collection periods) were: Pb (42.4 ± 2.7), Cd (7.4 ± 1), Ni (38.1 ± 3.7), and Cu (8.3 ± 1.2) μg g(-1) dry weight. High significant positive correlations existed between metals in cervicornis, corticata, and pavonica algae and the sediment, suggesting these species of algae are suitable for biomonitoring of the area.     

Uptake of lead, cadmium, and other metals in the liver and kidneys of cattle near a lead-zinc mine in Kabwe, Zambia

Concentrations of lead, cadmium, and other metals in the liver and kidneys of cattle near a lead-zinc mine in Kabwe (Zambia), which is ranked among the 10 worst polluted places on earth, were compared with other Zambian towns. Metal concentrations were measured in the liver and kidneys of 51 cattle from Kabwe and other Zambian towns. The maximum metal concentrations, expressed in mg/kg and dry weight, in the liver or kidneys were 398.4 (Cu), 252.6 (Zn), 77.81 (Cr), 19.37 (Cd), 7.57 (Ni), 1.8 (Pb), 1.04 (Co), 0.112 (Hg), and 0.05 (As). Concentrations of Pb and Cd in Kabwe cattle were higher than levels in other Zambian towns. The mean concentration of Cd exceeded benchmark values in offal destined for human consumption. Levels of Ni and Cr may also pose public health concerns. Concentrations of Pb and Cr, Pb and Cu, Cd and Zn, Cd and Hg, Zn and Cu, Cu and Co, as well as Co and Ni were positively correlated. The present study also highlighted the dangers of exposure of animals and humans to a mixture of toxic metals.     

Redistribution of Fractions of Zinc,Cadmium, Nickel,Copper, and Lead in Contaminated Calcareous Soils Treated with EDTA

Effect of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the fractionation of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) in contaminated calcareous soils was investigated. Soil samples containing variable levels of contamination, from 105.9 to 5803 mg/kg Zn, from 2.2 to 1361 mg/kg Cd, from 31 to 64.0 mg/kg Ni, from 24 to 84 mg/kg Cu, and from 109 to 24,850 mg/kg Pb, were subjected to EDTA treatment at different dosages of 0, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg. Metals in the incubated soils were fractionated after 5 months by a sequential extraction procedure, in which the metal fractions were experimentally defined as exchangeable (EXCH), carbonate (CARB), Mn oxide (MNO), Fe oxide (FEO), organic matter (OM), and residual (RES) fractions. In contaminated soils without EDTA addition, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Pb were predominately present in the RES fraction, up to 60.0%, 32.3%, 41.1%, and 36.8%, respectively. In general, with the EDTA addition, the EXCH and CARB fractions of these metals increased dramatically while the OM fraction decreased. The Zn, Ni, Cu, and Pb were distributed mostly in RES, OM, FEO, and CARB fractions in contaminated soils, but Cd was found predominately in the CARB, MNO, and RES fractions. The OM fraction decreased with increasing amounts of EDTA. In the contaminated soils, EDTA removed some Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni from MNO, FEO, and OM fractions and redistributed them into CARB and EXCH fractions. Based on the relative percent in the EXCH and CARB fractions, the order of solubility was Cd > Pb > Ni > Cu > Zn for contaminated soils, before adding of EDTA, and after adding of EDTA, the order of solubility was Pb > Cd > Zn > Ni > Cu. The risk of groundwater contamination will increase after applying EDTA and it needed to be used very carefully.     

Heavy-metal contamination and solid-phase fractionation in street dust

Fourteen street-dust samples were collected from Hamedan, western Iran. Street-dust samples received different amounts of heavy-metal pollution. The samples were analyzed for total cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn), and binding forms of heavy metal were determined in five fractions. The results showed Cd was the only metal present appreciably, 25.21% and 25.92%, in the exchangeable and carbonates fractions, respectively, and Cu was the only metal predominantly associated, 31.77%, with organic fraction. Zn, 45.84%, was present mainly in the Fe–Mn oxide fraction, and the residual fraction was the most dominant solid phase pool of Ni and Pb, respectively, with 42.56% and 41.31%. The order of apparent mobility and potential metal bioavailability for these contaminated street-dust samples is Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni. The risk-assessment code results showed very high risk for Cd; medium risk for Cu, Pb, and Zn; and low risk for Ni.     

Dietary intake of pollutant aerosols via vegetables influenced by atmospheric deposition and wastewater irrigation

Pot culture experiments were conducted to study dietary intake of heavy metals via vegetables, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) grown under the influence of atmospheric deposition and wastewater irrigation. The results indicated substantial accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables, which contribute significantly to dietary intake of total heavy metals ranging from 1.34 to 110.40 μg g?1 through leaves (spinach), 1.04 to 105.86 μg g?1 through root (radish) and 0.608 to 82.19 μg g?1 through fruits (tomato). Concentration of Cd, Ni and Pb in vegetables exceeded the safe limits of Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954. Health risk index for Cd and Pb exceeded the safe limits set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The study indicated that the atmospheric depositions as well as wastewater irrigation have significantly elevated the levels of heavy metals in dietary vegetables presenting a significant threat for the health of users.     

陕西省一般人群全血和尿液中铬、镉和铅负荷水平分析

目的 了解陕西省一般人群血液和尿液中铬、镉和铅的内暴露水平及其分布特点。方法 2017年采用分层随机抽样方法,选取陕西省5个县（区、市）720名3~79岁人群为监测对象,采集血液和尿液样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测样品中铬、镉和铅的含量。检测结果定量资料组间比较,符合正态分布采用方差分析,不符合正态分布采用独立样本非参数检验。结果 陕西省一般人群中,血铬和尿铬几何均数分别为0.31μg/L和0.51μg/L,男性尿铬高于女性（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=7.276,P＜0.05）;血镉和尿镉几何均数分别为0.20μg/L和0.19μg/L,男性均高于女性（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=14.022、5.698,P＜0.05）;血铅和尿铅几何均数分别为16.24μg/L和0.47μg/L,男性均高于女性（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=50.157、5.173,P＜0.05）。城镇地区血铬和血镉几何均数高于乡村地区（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=36.815、17.222,P＜0.05）,乡村地区尿铬和尿铅高于城镇地区（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=53.492、15.874,P＜0.05）。血镉和血铅,尿镉和尿铅浓度水平年龄段间差异有统计学意义（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=379.871、64.070、365.190、25.470,P＜0.05）。结论 陕西省一般人群血液和尿液中铬、镉和铅水平逐渐降低,铅平均水平偏高。铬、镉和铅存在地区间差异。