2004年费县部分健康人群麻疹免疫状况调查

[目的]了解费县健康人群麻疹免疫状况,为控制和消除麻疹提供科学依据。[方法]2004 年 4 月,在费县城乡分层随机抽取679名2~39岁健康人,采用酶联免疫吸附试验间接法检测麻疹 Ig G抗体。[结果]健康人群麻疹抗体阳性率为87 19%,抗体几何平均滴度为1∶542 77;抗体阳性率6个年龄组均在81%以上,不同年龄组间的差异无统计学意义;6个年龄组的GMT均在1∶3 0以上,2~4岁组最高,各组间的差异有统计学意义;城区人群阳性率及 GMT均高于乡村人群;有麻疹疫苗接种史的人群抗体阳性率及 GMT均高于无接种史者。[结论]费县健康人群麻疹抗体处于较低水平,应进一步提高麻疹常规免疫接种率,作好强化免疫工作。     

2002年睢宁县正常人群麻疹血清抗体水平抽样调查

[目的]了解睢宁县正常人群麻疹免疫水平。[方法]2002年采用微量血常规法对2～4岁、6～8岁、13～15岁、25～49岁的756名正常人群检测麻疹血凝抑制抗体(HI)。[结果]检测756人，麻疹HI抗体阳性率为99．21％，几何平均滴度(GMT)为30．68。抗体阳性率4个年龄组为98．69％～99．54％；2～4岁组GMT较低，6～8岁、13～15岁较高。[结论]睢宁县正常人群中已经形成了可靠的麻疹免疫屏障。     

2013年德钦县健康人群麻疹抗体水平监测分析

[目的]了解德钦县健康人群麻疹抗体水平,评价疫苗接种效果和人群免疫状况,为制定麻疹防控策略和防治措施提供依据。[方法]按分层随机抽样原则抽取健康人群360人,采用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测麻疹IgG抗体。[结果]2013年德钦县健康人群麻疹抗体总阳性率、总保护率和几何平均浓度分别为96.11%、90.00%和2203.10 IU/ml,德钦县不同年龄组、不同免疫史抗体阳性率、保护率、GMT差异有统计学意义,不同地区GMT差异有统计学意义。德钦县≥14岁组人群麻疹抗体保护率较低;升平镇麻疹抗体阳性率、保护率、GMT均为最低;随着免疫剂次的增加,麻疹抗体阳性率、保护率、GMT均增加。[结论]德钦县应在提高常规免疫覆盖率基础上,有计划地开展14岁以上人群麻疹疫苗强化免疫活动。     

福建省1～10岁健康儿童麻疹抗体水平监测

[目的]了解福建省1～10岁儿童麻疹免疫状态。[方法]在全省随机抽取11个县,以1～10岁儿童为调查对象,分为10个年龄组,每个年龄组随机抽取10人,用ELISA间接法检测1182份末梢血血清标本的麻疹特异性IgG抗体。[结果]人群麻疹抗体阳性率93．3％（87．2％～100％）,高于1999年,滴度几何均数（GMT）为1：798。各年龄组人群麻疹抗体阳性率86．9％～97．5％,5岁组人群麻疹抗体阳性率86．9％,GMT为1：559,低于人群平均水平。[结论]福建省1～10岁人群麻疹抗体阳性率处在较高水平。建议将麻苗第2针次免疫提前到4岁以前,每年进行查漏补种,每隔5年强化免疫1次。     

莱芜市1999-2001年麻疹实验室检测结果分析

[目的]了解人群麻疹免疫状况，评价麻疹实验室检测质量。[方法]采用ELISA法检测麻疹特异性IgG和麻疹、风疹IgM抗体。[结果]1999—2001年监测1—39岁易感人群542人，麻疹IgG抗体阳性率为83．8％，GMT为1：822．52；不同年龄组人群抗体GMT差异显著，以15—19岁最低。检测疑似麻疹病例发病早期血清标本379份，麻疹IgM检出率11．1％，而风疹IgM检出率72．8％；标本来集及时率等反映检测质量的指标均达到目标要求。[结论]本地区自然人群麻疹免疫水平较高，短期内仍以散发为主，开展实验室诊断，为及时控制疫情、降低麻疹发病率．起到了重要作用。     

2007年泰兴市健康人群麻疹血清抗体水平调查

[目的]了解泰兴市健康人群麻疹免疫水平。以利提供控制与消除麻疹监测的依据。[方法]2007年4～5月．在泰兴市辖区内抽取部分7个年龄组的健康人群进行麻疹血清抗体检测。[结果]检测367人,麻疹血清抗体阳性的327人,阳性率为89．10％．几何平均滴度（GMT）为1：30．52。抗体阳性率,男性为84．97％,女性为93．68％（P〈0．01）;抗体GMT,男性为1：25．52,女性为1：37．23（P〈0．05）。抗体阳性率,1～19岁各组均为100．00％,20～30岁为98．36％,〈1岁为22．00％;GMT最高为3～4岁（1：109．07）,最低为1岁（1：2．20）和15～19岁（1：22．33）。〈1～14岁儿童中,有麻疹疫苗接种史者抗体阳性率为97．26％,GMT为1：59．92;无接种史者阳性率为5．71％,GMT为1：1．04（P〈0．01）。[结论]泰兴市健康人群麻疹血清抗体水平较高,〈1岁组有待进一步提高。     

大连市1997～2001年城乡部分健康人群麻疹抗体水平监测

[目的]了解大连市1997～2001年健康人群麻疹抗体水平。[方法]采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)间接法测定特异性麻疹IgG抗体。[结果]调查811人，麻疹抗体阳性780人，阳性率为96．18％，几何平均滴度(GMT)为1：1538。[结论]大连市人群麻疹抗体水平较高，基本形成了预防麻疹的免疫屏障，对控制麻疹的流行起到了一定的作用。     

福州市2007年麻疹流行病学特征及不同人群抗体水平监测分析

[目的]了解福州市麻疹流行特征,评价抗体水平,为防控措施提供科学依据。[方法]根据常规传染病报告系统,对2007年麻疹流行特征进行分析,采用ELISA法对样本进行检测。[结果]2007年麻疹发病率为9．599／10万,全年无疫情暴发。仓山、晋安等城乡结合区发病率较高,0～14岁为高发年龄段,3～8月为高发季节。病例中流动人口占50．7％,无免疫史占54．6％。抗体水平监测显示,流动人群、本地人群和孕妇的麻疹抗体阳性率类似,几何平均滴度（GMT）的差异显著。不同年龄组和不同免疫史人群抗体阳性率和GMT类似。县城的本地和流动人群抗体阳性率均高于市区;市区及县城流动人群抗体阳性率高于本地人群。市区和县城、本地人群和流动人群的GMT类似。[结论]加强麻疹常规免疫管理工作,提高接种率,适时调整免疫策略,对重点地区、重点人群加强免疫和监测,是有效控制和消除麻疹的关键。     

山东省两市部分人群麻疹免疫状况调查

[目的 ]了解人群的麻疹免疫状况 ,为麻疹控制方案的制定提供依据。 [方法 ] 1 998～ 1 999年在山东省青岛市和泰安市对不同年龄组人群采血 ,用血凝抑制试验检测麻疹血凝抑制 (HI)抗体。 [结果 ]在沿海 (青岛 )、内陆 (泰安 )两市合计检测 71 1份标本 ,麻疹抗体阳性率为 91 .70 % ,抗体水平 (GMT)为 7.36。各年龄组人群麻疹抗体阳性率均在 90 %以上 ,2～ 4岁组的 GMT较高 ;麻疹抗体阳性率与 GMT沿海高于内陆。 [结论 ]山东省麻疹的免疫水平较高 ,但地区间还存在不平衡 ,应继续加强麻疹的基础免疫和加强免疫工作     

2006年华宁县儿童麻疹疫苗免疫抗体水平监测结果

目的了解华宁县1～7岁年龄段儿童麻疹疫苗免疫状况和血清抗体维持情况。方法应用酶联免疫吸附试验对被调查的210名儿童进行麻疹IgG血清学抗体监测。结果麻疹抗体阳性（≥1：200）率为85．71％，几何平均滴度（GMT）1：278．84，年龄组间抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义（Χ^2=0．051，P〉0．05），而GMT差异有统计学意义（t=2．42，P〈0．05），以1～4岁段儿童GMT水平较高，性别间抗体阳性率和GMT无差异。结论华宁县自开展计划免疫工作以来，儿童麻疹疫苗免疫接种率保持较高水平，先后按期实现了以县或乡为单位儿童免疫接种率达85％的目标，在适龄儿童中建立了有效的预防麻疹的人群免疫屏障，从而有效控制了当地人群麻疹的发病率。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.