Analysis of the T cell receptor Vδ region gene repertoire in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood of asthmatics

Objective To explore the role of γδT cells in the airway of asthmatics and to identify t he forces which induce and maintain the inflammatory process.Methods Peripheral blood (PB) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were obtained from 7 asthmatic subjects and 7 nonsmoker control subjects. The percentage of γδT cells in the PB and BALF was measured by immunofluorescent staining and flow cy tometry. The frequency of usage and the clonality of Vδ subfamilies (Vδ(1)-V δ(3)) were assessed by RT- PCR and gene scanning. Results A higher proportion of γδT cell was detected in the BALF of asthmatic subjects (7.8%±4.7%) than that from control subjects (3.3%±3.0%, P=0.04). No selective usage for a particular Vδ subfamily was found, but the relative ex pression level of Vδ(1) was significantly higher in the asthmatic airway (44%± 13%) than in the control (19%±5%, P=0.0002). In asthmatic subjects, the m onoclonal or oligoclonal expansion of γδT lymphocytes was predominant in the B ALF, especially Vδ(1)(+) T lymphocytes.Conclusions Antigenic specific γδT cells might play an important role in the inducement an d maintenance of airway inflammation. Persistent antigenic stimulation may be t he key factor that maintains chronic airway inflammation in asthma.     

The role of NF-κB in hepatocellular carcinoma cell

Objective To evaluate the role of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and IκBα in hepatocellular cacinoma (HCC) SMMC7721 cells, the consequence of NF-κB inhibition in SMMC7721 cells transfected with mutated IκBα (mIκBα) plasmid and the effect of stable inhibition of NF-κB activity in combination with Doxorubicin.Methods Western blot was used to determine the expression of NF-κB and IκBα in SMMC7721 cells and normal liver cells. Nuclear protein was used to evaluate the binding of the 32P-labeled tandem κB sequence using electrophoretic mobility shift assay and the expression of NF-κB using Western blot between SMMC7721 cells transfected with mIκBα plasmid (SMMC7721-MT) and control cells. Furthermore, cell viability was plotted between SMMC7721-MT and control cells. The binding of κB sequence and cell viability between SMMC7721-MT and control cells at different concentrations of Doxorubicin were also investigated.Results Western blot analysis for nuclear extract showed more P50 (NF-κB1) and P65 (RelA) expression in SMMC7721 cells compared with normal liver cells. The expression of cytosolic IκBα protein in SMMC7721 cells was less than that in normal cells. SMMC7721-MT cells inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation at 0, 24, 48 and 96 hours. Furthermore, NF-κB cannot be detected in the nuclear protein of SMMC7721-MT cells by Western blot. By calculating cell viability, the proliferation of SMMC7721-MT cells was shown to be suppressed more significantly than that of control cells. NF-κB in untransfected cells was activated by Doxorubicin in a dose-dependent manner, but that in SMMC7721-MT cells was not induced at low concentrations of Doxorubicin. Compared with untransfected cells, the viability of SMMC7721-MT cells was significantly suppressed at the same concentration of Doxorubicin (P<0.01）.Conclusions The present study demonstrates that upregulation of NF-κB and downregulation of inhibitory kappaB (IκBα) in SMMC7721 cells are related with the growth of hepatocellular cacinoma cells. Stable expression of mIκBα in SMMC7721-MT cells can inhibit NF-κB nuclear translocation and suppress cell growth. Furthermore, stable inhibition of NF-κB activity in combination with Doxorubicin can significantly inhibit cell proliferation in SMMC7721-MT cells. Thus, modulation of NF-κB may represent an improvement in the efficacy of HCC therapies and be worthy of further research and investigation.     

Expression of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor in Airway Epithelial Tissue of Asthmatic Rats

In order to investigate the expression of leukemia inhibitory factor(LIF) in airway epithelial tissues of normal and asthmatic rats,the influence of dexamethasone and the role of LIF in pathogenesis of asthma,30 Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into 3 groups(10 for each group):normal group,asthma model group,and dexamethasone-interfered group.In asthma model group and dexamethasone-interfered group,asthma rat models were established by intraperi-toneal(i.p.) injection of 10% ovalbumin(OVA) and challenge with 1% OVA via inhalation.Rats in dexamethasone-interfered group were pretreated with dexamethasone(2 mg/kg,i.p) 30 min before each challenge.The expression of LIF protein in lung was detected by immunohistochemistry.The results showed that LIF protein was mainly expressed in cytoplasm of bronchial epithelial cells.The expression of LIF protein in the airway epithelial tissue of asthma model group was significantly higher than that in normal group and dexamethasone-interfered group(P<0.01),but there was no sig-nificant difference between normal group and dexamethasone-interfered group(P>0.05).It was con-cluded that the expression of LIF was increased significantly in the airway epithelial tissue of the asthma rats,and dexamethasone could down-regulate the expression of LIF.It was suggested that LIF might play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma as an inflammation regulator.     

Effects of interleukin-18 on asthmatic airway inflammation and nuclear fa ctor kappa-B in murine models

Objective To investigate the effects of Interleukin-18 (IL-18) on asthmatic airway infla mmation and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in a murine asthmatic model. Methods BALB/C mice were randomly divided into three groups: group A(control group,n=10) ; group B (asthmatic model group, n=10); group C (IL-18 injection group, n=10) . The asthmatic model was established in group B and C by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) killed by ultraviolet light. Saline solution (0.1 ml) and IL-18 (0.1 ml, 1 μg) was injected in groups B and C at seven time points (1, 2, 7, 8 , 9, 21, 22 d). The symptoms and the numbers of eosinophils and plasmacytes in the airways were observed and the expression of NF-κB activation in the lung w as analyzed by Immohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot. Results The symtoms of group C were more severe than in groups A and B. Group A did no t have EOS and plasmacytes in the airway submucosal while the numbers of eosinop hils ［15±3 (average cell counts per microscopic visual field, the same below) ］ and plasmacytes (10±2) in group B were found to have increased significantly . But the numbers of eosinophils and plasmacytes in group C were decreased sig nificantly when compared with group B (6±2 and 2±1, respectively, both P&lt;0 .05). ISH showed that the expression of NF-κB activation in group B was stro nger than that in groups A and C. The amount of NF-κB inhibitor (IκB) in gro up A and group C were 3.5 times and 2.5 times more than that of group B respec tively via Western blot. Conclusion IL-18 can inhibit asthmatic airway inflammation in mice and its mechamism may b e due to the fact that IL-18 can inhibit the activation of NF-κB in the murin e asthmatic model.     

Anisodamine Inhibits Engotoxin—induced Tissue Factor Expression in Human Endothelial Cells

By study on the effect of anisodamine on lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of tissue factor(TF) in vascular endothelial cells (EC),the mechanism of anisodamine antithrombosis,as well as in the treatment of bacteraemic shock was investigated.Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured by trypsin digestion method.TF activity was measured in the lysates of HUVEC by using a single step clotting assay.Specific mRNA expression was detected by Northern blotting.In order to evaluate a possible contribution of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway on the effects observed,electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) were performed using nuclear extracts from HUVECs and NF-κB-binding oligonucleotides.The results showed that treatment of HUVEC with LPS resulted in a significant increase in TF activity.Anisodamine dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of TF.These effects was also confirmed on the level of specific TF mRNA expression by Northern blotting.Furthermore,EMSA showed that anisodamine completely abolished LPS-induced NF-κB DNA binding activity in nuclear extracts from HUVECs treated with LPS together with anisodamine.The results suggest that anisodamine counteracts endothelial cell activation by inhibiting LPS-induced TF expression in these cells.Its interference with the NF-κB pathway might-at least in part-contribute to this effect.The ability of anisodamine to counteract LPS effect on endothelial cells might be one underlying mechanism explaining its antithrombosis and efficacy in the treatment of bacteraemic shock.     

Effect of All-trans Retinoic Acid on Airway Inflammation in Asthmatic Rats and Its Mechanism

The inhibitive effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ARTA) on airway inflammation in asthmatic rats and its mechanism on the basis of the regulation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kB) were explored. Thirty-two SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, asthma group,dexamethasone treatment group and retinotic acid treatment group. The total and differential cell counts in the collected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured. The pathological changes in lung tissues were estimated by scoring. The expression of NF-kB inhibitor (IkBa), NF-kB,intercellular adhering molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in lung tissue was detected by immunohistochemical method. The results showed that in the two treatment groups, the total cell counts and proportion of inflammatory cells in BALF were significantly reduced, but there was no significant difference in differential cell counts in BALF between them. The pathological changes in lung tissues in the treatment groups were significantly attenuated as compared with asthma group. Except the epithelial injury in retinotic acid treatment group was milder than in dexamethasone treatment group, the remaining lesions showed no significant difference between them. In the two treatment groups, the expression of IkBa was increased, while the expression of NF-kB and ICAM-1 decreased with the difference between the two groups being not significant. It was concluded that the similar anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of ATRA on airway in asthmatic rats to those of dexamethasone were contributed to the increase of cytoplasmic IkBa content and suppression of NF-kB activationand expression.     

Mechanism of ligustrazini against thrombosis

Objective To investigate the mechanism of Chinese medicine ligustrazini against thrombosis, and the effects of ligustrazini on plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) expression in normal endothelial cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated endothelial cells. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured by trypsin digestion method. PAI-1 protein in HUVEC conditioned medium was measured by Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and PAI-1 mRNA expression was determined by Northern blot analysis. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), we observed HUVEC nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) nuclear translocation. Results LPS treatment of cultured HUVECs resulted in a significant increase in PAI-1 protein and mRNA expression by these cells. However, when HUVECs were incubated with LPS plus ligustrazini, the upregulation of PAI-1 by LPS was abated. Moreover, ligustrazini could decrease the basal level of PAI-1 protein and mRNA in HUVECs as compared with control. Nuclear extracts prepared from HUVECs stimulated by LPS demonstrated that binding to the NF-kB oligo nucleotide increased as compared with the unstimulated cells, but ligustrazini did not change those binding in the absence or presence of LPS. Conclusions Ligustrazini inhibited both basal and LPS-induced PAI-1 protein and mRNA expression in endothelial cells, and the modulation of PAI-1 in HUVECs by ligustrazini might have other mechanisms rather than NF-kB     

核因子-κB在哮喘患儿支气管上皮细胞的活化

目的　探讨核因子 κB(Nuclearfactor κB ,NF κB)在哮喘患儿气道炎症中的作用。方法　获得 9例哮喘患儿及 6例非哮喘对照的支气管粘膜 ,进行免疫组化及凝胶电泳迁移率检查 ,分别观察NF κB在支气管上皮细胞的表达及NF κB与DNA的结合活性。结果　NF κB在 9例哮喘患儿的支气管上皮细胞核均有表达 ;在 4例哮喘患儿中 (对 6例哮喘患儿进行了凝胶电泳迁移率检查 ) ,观察到NF κB与DNA结合。在 6例非哮喘对照患儿的支气管上皮细胞核均未见NF κB表达 ,也未见NF κB与DNA结合。结论　NF κB在哮喘患儿支气管上皮细胞活化 ,可能通过调控多种炎性蛋白的表达 ,导致气道炎症发生。     

寡聚脱氧核苷酸抑制巨噬细胞NF-κB活性的实验研究

目的观察寡聚脱氧核苷酸（ODN）对THP-1细胞NF-κB核转位及细胞核内结合活性的抑制作用。方法用脂质体将寡聚脱氧核苷酸转入细胞后,以细菌脂多糖（LPS）刺激30min,分别通过免疫细胞化学、电泳迁移率分析（EMSA）和RT-PCR检测细胞NF-κB的核移位和细胞核内NF-κB结合活性。结果免疫细胞化学显示转人ODN后以PS刺激,NF-κB表达仍位于细胞浆内,EMSA显示ODN可明显抑制细胞核内结合活性．RT—PCR显示ODN能够明显抑制NF．KB相关炎性因子TNF-α mRNA的合成。结论ODN能有效抑制THP-1细胞NF-κB的核移位和细胞核内NF-κB结合活性．从而抑制相关炎性基因的启动和转录。     

免疫化学染色图像分析法检测细胞核因子κB

目的 探讨一种简便、安全、可定量的细胞核因子κB(NF-KB)活性的检测方法。方法 以晚期糖基化终产物修饰的人血清白蛋白(HSA-AGE)刺激人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)，NF-κB／p65免疫化学染色后，分析细胞NF-κB／p65核／浆的阳性染色比，以经典的凝胶迁徙率泳动分析法作对照。结果 HSA-AGE可激活HUVEC NF-κB，呈时间、剂量依赖关系，两种方法检测的趋势一致。结论 免疫化学染色的图像分析法可用于定量检测NF-κB的活性。     

IL-22在支气管哮喘患者血清中的表达及其受体IL-22R1在人气道细胞中的表达

\[摘要\]目的检测IL-22在支气管哮喘患者血清中的表达,检测IL-22R1在人气道上皮细胞、气道平滑肌细胞、肺成纤维细胞中的表达,寻找IL-22作用的靶细胞。方法应用ELISA法检测36例支气管哮喘患者及20例正常对照者血清IL-22及IL-17的表达,同时检测36例患者肺通气功能,根据1秒率(FEV1/FVC)及FEV1占预计值的百分比将支气管哮喘患者分为支气管激发试验阳性组(17例)和支气管舒张试验阳性组(19例)。应用实时定量PCR检测人气道平滑肌细胞、人肺成纤维细胞、人气道上皮细胞IL-22R1 mRNA的表达,用免疫荧光以及蛋白质印迹法检测IL-22R1蛋白在上述3种细胞中的表达。结果支气管哮喘患者血清IL-22及IL-17水平与正常对照组相比差异无统计学意义,但支气管舒张试验阳性组患者血清IL-22和IL-17水平高于支气管激发试验阳性组(P<0.05)。IL-22R1 mRNA及蛋白在上述3种细胞均有表达。结论IL-22可能涉及支气管哮喘的发生发展过程,气道平滑肌细胞、肺成纤维细胞、人气道上皮细胞可能均是IL-22发挥作用的靶细胞。     

Nuclear factor- κB in signal conduction of protein kinase C in T lymphocytes from an asthmatic guinea pig model

Objective To explore the role of nuclear factor- κB (NF- κB) in the signal conduction of protein kinase C (PKC) regulated proliferation, apoptosis and expression of Th2 cytokines - interleukin- 4 (IL- 4) and interleukin- 5 (IL- 5) of T lymphocytes in the bronchial alveolus lavage fluid (BALF).Methods T lymphocytes were isolated and purified from BALF of asthmatic guinea pigs in normal and asthmatic groups, and were stimulated with PKC agitator phorbol 12- myristate 13- acetate (PMA) and NF- κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), respectively.The expressions of NF- κB, IL- 4 and IL- 5 mRNA and protein, the proliferation and apoptosis of T lymphocytes were observed by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, ELISA, MTT and TUNEL, respectively. Results The activation of NF- κB, proliferation response, and expression of IL- 4 and IL- 5 mRNA and protein in T lymphocytes stimulated by PMA were significantly higher than those of their blank control (P&lt;0.01), while those indexes of T lymphocytes stimulated by PMA and PDTC simultaneously were significantly lower than those stimulated by PMA alone (P&lt;0.01).The apoptotic index of T lymphocytes stimulated with PMA were significantly lower than that of their blank control (P&lt;0.01), and the apoptotic index of asthmatic guinea pig T lymphocytes stimulated with PMA and PDTC simultaneously were significantly higher than that stimulated by PMA alone (P&lt;0.01).The significant positive correlations were found between the activation of NF- κB and the proliferation (r=0.64, P&lt;0.001), and the expression of IL- 4 and IL- 5 mRNA and protein of T lymphocytes, respectively (r=0.55-0.68, P&lt;0.001).There was also significant negative correlation between the activation of NF- κB and apoptosis of T lymphocytes (r=0.62, P&lt;0.001). Conclusions NF- κB may participate in the signal conduction of PKC regulated proliferation, apoptosis and expression of IL- 4 and IL- 5 of T lymphocytes in asthma.The activation of NF- κB in PKC signal conduction pathway of T lymphocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma.     

Brg1通过STAT6促进哮喘气道黏液高分泌

目的研究染色质重构复合物核心催化亚基（Brg1）对哮喘小鼠气道黏液高分泌的影响及其作用机制。方法将6~8周龄 雌性野生型C57bl/6小鼠和Brg1-/-小鼠（Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞AEC2s上特异性条件敲低Brg1的C57bl/6小鼠）随机分为4组：正常 对照组、哮喘组、Brg1敲低对照组（Brg1-/-）和Brg1敲低后构建哮喘模型组（Brg1-/-+哮喘）,每组10只。哮喘组和Brg1-/-+哮喘组用 鸡卵清蛋白（OVA）制备过敏性哮喘模型,对照组用生理盐水代替。收取标本,用ELISA检测小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中 黏蛋白MUC5AC和IL-13的表达。糖原染色检测小鼠气道杯状细胞的增生和黏液分泌,q-PCR和免疫组化检测各组小鼠气道 黏蛋白MUC5AC的表达和定量。Western blot检测各组小鼠肺组织中STAT6、p-STAT6的表达。结果Brg1-/-+哮喘组较哮喘组 气道杯状细胞增生和黏液分泌均显著减少,BALF中IL-13、MUC5AC表达明显降低,肺组织MUC5AC mRNA表达显著降低, 同时肺组织STAT6和磷酸化STAT6显著下调。结论Brg1-/-敲低的小鼠建立哮喘模型时气道黏液分泌较野生型小鼠减轻,其可 能通过影响STAT6从而抑制黏蛋白MUC5AC的表达,抑制支气管哮喘气道黏液高分泌,表明Brg1具有促进哮喘气道黏液高分 泌的作用。     

p27kip-1在支气管哮喘气道上皮组织中的表达及意义

【目的】探讨细胞周期素依赖性蛋白激酶抑制因子p27kip-1在支气管哮喘气道上皮组织中的表达及意义。【方法】60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组与哮喘组,每组30只。用卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)致敏与激发建立大鼠哮喘模型。应用免疫组化SP法,检测对照组和哮喘组气道上皮组织中气道黏膜上皮细胞、p27kip-1的表达情况;测定两组气道上皮组织中气道平滑肌增生细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)的阳性计数。分离各组气道平滑肌细胞(airway smooth muscle cell,ASMC),以α-Actin抗体标记其核数。【结果】半定量评分显示,哮喘组气道黏膜上皮细胞及p27kip-1显著低于对照组(P<0.05),哮喘组PCNA阳性计数、ASMC核数显著大于对照组(P<0.01)。【结论】支气管哮喘时,p27kip-1在气道上皮组织中表达减少。通过上调p27kip-1在气道上皮组织表达可以抑制气道上皮组织中ASMC的增殖,为哮喘的防治研究提供了新思路。     

孟鲁司特钠通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路影响哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖和凋亡

目的：探讨孟鲁司特钠（Mon）对哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖和凋亡及炎症因子分泌的影响,阐明哮喘大鼠气道重塑及炎症反应的分子机制。方法：采用卵清蛋白致敏和激发构建急性哮喘大鼠模型,原代培养大鼠气道平滑肌细胞,取第5代细胞用于实验。实验分为对照组（正常气道平滑肌细胞）、模型组（哮喘模型大鼠气道平滑肌细胞）和治疗组（哮喘模型大鼠气道平滑肌细胞+Mon干预）。采用噻唑蓝（MTT）法检测各组细胞增殖活性,流式细胞术检测各组细胞凋亡率,酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）法检测各组细胞上清液中白细胞介素6（IL-6）和转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）水平,Western blotting法检测各组细胞中增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）、细胞周期蛋白D1（CyclinD1）、B淋巴细胞瘤-2（Bcl-2）、Bcl-2相关X蛋白（Bax）、Toll样受体4（TLR4）和核因子κB（NF-κB）p65蛋白表达水平,逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测各组细胞中TLR4和NF-κB p65 mRNA表达水平。结果：与对照组比较,模型组和治疗组细胞活性明显升高（P<0.05）,细胞凋亡率明显降低（P<0.05）,IL-6和TGF-β1水平升高（P<0.05）,PCNA、CyclinD1、Bcl-2、TLR4和NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平及TLR4和NF-κB p65 mRNA表达水平均明显升高（P<0.05）,而Bax蛋白表达水平明显降低（P<0.05）;与模型组比较,治疗组细胞增殖活性明显降低（P<0.05）,细胞凋亡率明显升高（P<0.05）,IL-6和TGF-β1水平降低（P<0.05）,PCNA、CyclinD1、Bcl-2、TLR4和NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平及TLR4和NF-κB p65 mRNA表达水平均明显降低（P<0.05）,而Bax蛋白表达水平明显升高（P<0.05）。结论：Mon可抑制哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖,促进细胞凋亡,减轻哮喘气道炎症反应,其作用机制可能与抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

早期糖皮质激素应用对豚鼠哮喘模型气道重塑影响的病理学研究

目的探讨慢性哮喘气道重塑的发生及早期应用糖皮质激素对哮喘气道重塑的影响。方法选健康豚鼠60只，随机分成6组：正常组1、哮喘组1、地塞米松治疗组1和正常组2、哮喘组2、地塞米松治疗组2．分别代表急性和慢性模型；用卵蛋白致敏和诱喘，急性模型2周后取支气管肺组织制作病理切片和电镜切片：慢性模型4周后取支气管肺组织制作病理切片和电镜切片。采用计分法对气道病理指标进行评价。结果光镜下急性哮喘模型可见支气管、细支气管上皮细胞脱落、管壁炎症细胞浸润、杯细胞增生、平滑肌增厚，肺泡间隔亦可见炎症细胞浸润。与急性模型比较，慢性哮喘模型基底膜和平滑肌层增厚更明显，支气管壁内可见纤维组织增生。地塞米松治疗后气道炎症细胞浸润减少，基底膜和平滑肌增生减轻。电镜观察显示慢性哮喘模型基底膜层大量成纤维细胞增生、胶原纤维沉积、平滑肌细胞增多肥大。病理指标评分结果示急性哮喘模型EOS浸润、杯细胞增生、基底膜增厚、平滑肌增生、炎症细胞浸润5项指标计分均高于正常组（P〈0．05）。慢性哮喘模型EOS浸润、炎症细胞浸润、基底膜增厚、平滑肌增生、管壁纤维化5项指标评分高于正常组，地塞米松治疗后平滑肌增生计分略仍高于正常。慢性哮喘模型与急性哮喘模型比较仅平滑肌增生和管壁纤维化计分有差异（P〈0．05）。结论豚鼠哮喘模型存在气道重塑病理改变，慢性模型比急性模型更明显；急性模型的病理变化说明气道重塑在哮喘的早期即开始；糖皮质激素早期应用可预防气道重塑的发展。