Outcome of laparoscopic colectomy for polyps not suitable for endoscopic resection

BACKGROUND: Large colonic polyps or polyps that lie in anatomical locations that are difficult to access at endoscopy may not be suitable for endoscopic resection and therefore may require partial colectomy. This approach eradicates the polyp and allows an oncologic resection should the polyp prove to be malignant. The purpose of this study was to assess outcomes of a laparoscopic approach for the management of these polyps. METHODS: Patients referred for laparoscopic colectomy for colonic polyps were identified from the prospective colorectal laparoscopic surgery database. Demographics, operative details, and final pathology were reviewed. RESULTS: Fifty-one consecutive patients (27 male) with a mean age of 68 +/- 11.4 years, ASA classification (1/2/3/4) of 0/21/27/3, and body mass index (BMI) of 26.5 +/- 4.9 were identified. Right (RHC) and left (LHC) colectomy was performed for 39 right and 12 left colonic polyps. Mean operating time (OT) was 87 +/- 30 min (81 for RHC, 105 for LHC) and mean hospital stay was 3.1 +/- 1.9 days. There were six complications (17.7%), including anastomotic leak (n = 1), small bowel obstruction (n = 2), abscess (n = 1), and exacerbation of preexisting medical conditions (n = 2). Four patients were readmitted (7.8%); one required CT scan-guided abscess drainage (1.9%) and two required reoperation (3.9%). Five patients (9.8%) were converted because of adhesions (n = 3), obesity (n = 1), and inability to identify the area that was tattooed at colonoscopy (n = 1). Mean polyp size was 3.1 cm, and pathology revealed tubular (n = 14), tubulovillous (n = 33) and villous adenoma (n = 2), pseudopolyp (n = 1), and prolapse of the appendix into the cecum mimicking an adenoma (n = 1). High-grade dysplasia was seen in four tubular (33%) and five tubulovillous adenomas (15.5%). Adenocarcinoma not identified at colonoscopy was found in 11 polyps (20%), 9 tubulovillous (27.8%) and both villous adenomas (100%). CONCLUSIONS: Large colonic polyps unresectable at colonoscopy are associated with a high rate of unsuspected cancer. This requires a formal colectomy rather than transcolonic polypectomy. Laparoscopic colectomy offers safe and effective management of these polyps with the benefits of accelerated postoperative recovery.     

Defining the role of subtotal colectomy in the treatment of carcinoma of the colon.

Seventy-two patients with colon cancer were treated by primary subtotal colectomy, including 23 patients with acute and subacute left colon obstruction. There were two operative deaths and no cases of disabling diarrhea. One death occurred in the group with colon obstruction. Other indications for subtotal colectomy included multiple polyps associated with the primary tumor (32), synchronous carcinomas (15), a previous transverse colostomy for obstruction (8), associated severe sigmoid diverticular disease (2), age less than 50 years with a positive family history (3), adherence of the sigmoid loop to a cecal tumor (2), and metachronous carcinoma (2). There were multiple indications in several patients. Subtotal colectomy has a defined role in a wide variety of clinical settings associated with colon cancer, including management of obstruction of the left and sigmoid colon, particularly if the proximal colon cannot be evaluated before operation by colonoscopy or barium enema. Segmental or regional colonic resections are appropriate if the entire colon can be evaluated before operation and no associated neoplasms are revealed.     

Performing a colonoscopy 12 months after surgery for colorectal neoplasia

BACKGROUND: There appears to be acceptance that following up patients after surgery for colorectal neoplasia is of value. However, specific issues relating to which investigations to perform and how often remain unresolved. The aim of this project was to evaluate the clinical utility of performing a colonoscopy 12 months after curative surgery for colorectal neoplasia. METHODS: Patients were selected if they had undergone a curative resection for colorectal neoplasia, and if they had had a completed colonoscopy prior to surgery. Study endpoints included: (i) compliance with follow up; (ii) the prevalence, total number, size, and histology of polyps; and (iii) identification of recurrent or metachronous cancer. RESULTS: The study group included 253 patients of mean age 69.7 years (SD 11.6) and a male : female ratio of 1.4:1.0. Colonoscopies were completed on 90% of patients at a mean of 1.1 years following surgery. A total of 149 polyps were identified in 30% of patients. On histology, 42% were tubular adenomas, 6% tubulo-villous adenomas, 7% were villous adenomas, and 37% were hyperplastic. Advanced adenomas were identified in 7.9% of patients (95% CI 4.8-12.1%). No recurrent or metachronous cancers were identified. CONCLUSION: We have observed a high prevalence of advanced adenomas in patients undergoing a 12-month, follow-up colonoscopy after curative surgery for colorectal neoplasia. The significance of these observations requires further evaluation.     

Management of nonfamilial adenomatous polyps and colon cancers

There is evidence that patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon and synchronous adenomatous polyps are at an increased risk for developing metachronous colon cancer. A retrospective study was made of all patients with colon cancer at our institution and the associated Veterans Administration Hospital between 1974 and 1983 to help assess the need for more extensive colon resection in patients with colon cancer and synchronous adenomatous polyps. At our hospitals 470 new cases of colon cancer were identified. Nine percent (44/470) had colon cancer and concurrent adenomatous polyps. Seven (16%) of these 44 patients developed metachronous colon cancer, as compared with four of 426 patients without polyps at the initial surgery (p less than 0.001). Four patients without polyps at the initial surgery developed polyps at a later date; three of the four patients developed metachronous colon cancer. We believe that more extensive colon resection, such as total colectomy and ileoproctostomy, may play a role in preventing the occurrence of metachronous colon cancer in patients with colon cancer and synchronous adenomatous polyps. In addition, if adenomatous polyps develop after colon surgery, close endoscopic follow-up is required.     

Colonoscopic surveillance after curative colorectal resection: Results of an empirical surveillance programme

Introduction Colonoscopic surveillance after colorectal cancer resection is widely practised despite little evidence that it improves survival. The optimum protocol for colonoscopic follow‐up after colorectal cancer resection has not yet been elucidated. We audited the outcome of an empirical colonoscopic follow‐up programme in a cohort of patients who underwent colorectal resection with a minimum of five years follow‐up to establish patterns of metachronous neoplasia and suitable surveillance intervals. Methods The colonoscopic records, biopsy results and follow‐up details of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer between June1990 and June1996 were reviewed. The number and type of metachronous neoplastic lesions diagnosed was recorded. Rates of development of new neoplasms were estimated by calculating the time from operation to their first discovery. Factors predictive of further development of polyps or cancer were sought. Results were compared to published reports of intensive follow‐up programmes. Results Seven hundred and ninety‐eight patients underwent colorectal resection with curative intent during the study period. 226 patients had one or more follow‐up colonoscopies (mean time post resection 48.8 months). In total 352 colonoscopies, encompassing 1437 patient years of surveillance, were performed. Nine metachronous cancers in eight patients, five of which were asymptomatic were diagnosed by colonoscopy at a mean of 63 months. Three asymptomatic recurrences were diagnosed but all were inoperable. 70 (31%) patients had adenomatous polyps diagnosed after a mean time from operation of 34 months for simple adenomatous polyps and 21 months for those with advanced features. Patients with multiple polyps or advanced polyps at the initial colonoscopy were more likely to form subsequent polyps. Only 5.8% of patients with a single adenoma or a normal colon formed an advanced adenoma over the next 36 months of surveillance. Conclusion The results of an empirical colonoscopic follow‐up programme compared favourably to the results of the intensive programmes reported in the literature. Most patients are at very low risk of developing significant colonic pathology over the first five years after resection. Colonoscopic surveillance intervals need not be less than five years unless the patient has multiple adenomas or advanced adenomas at the first colonoscopy. Three yearly surveillance intervals are most probably adequate in these individuals.     

多原发性大肠癌14例报告

目的:总结多原发性大肠癌诊治经验，提高多原发性大肠癌诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析23年来多原发性大肠癌14例临床资料。结果:14例中同时癌9例，异时癌5例。14例共37个癌灶，分布部位：乙状结肠8个，脾曲6个，横结肠6个，肝曲5个，升结肠3个，降结肠2个，直肠4个，盲肠3个。病理类型：腺癌19个，管状腺癌7个，黏液腺癌7个，乳头状腺癌2个，未分化癌1个，息肉恶变1个。Dukes分期：B期26个，C期10个，D期1个。14例中21例次手术，半结肠切除11例次，扩大左半结肠切除5例次，结肠次全切除2例次，全结肠切除2例次，姑息性切除1例次；无手术死亡。14例均随访1~19年，3例死于脑出血或自然死亡，11例至今生存4~17年。结论:多原发性大肠癌，只要及早发现，积极手术，预后好，异时癌比同时癌效果好。术式选择以半结肠或扩大半结肠切除为主，必要时才考虑全结肠切除。术后应定期结肠镜随访。     

Colonoscopy in the follow-up of patients with colorectal carcinoma

In an effort to determine the value of colonoscopy in the follow-up of patients who have undergone resection for colorectal carcinoma, the authors evaluated prospectively 100 consecutive patients who, during follow-up after resection for colorectal cancer, had normal findings on barium enema examination and also underwent colonoscopy. The follow-up from operation to colonoscopy ranged from 8 months to 15 years (average 2.6 years). Two recurrent and two metachronous carcinomas were detected. In addition, 25 polyps (3 benign) were removed from 22 patients. Twelve of the malignant polyps were less than 1 cm in dimension, the other 10 were larger. Colonoscopy is considered valuable in this setting for earlier detection and removal of recurrent and metachronous carcinomas and potentially premalignant lesions.     

Laparoscopically monitored colonoscopic polypectomy: an established form of endoluminal therapy for colorectal polyps

Background Benign polyps, the most common disorders of the colon, are considered by many to be premalignant lesions. Colonoscopy is widely used to remove the majority of these polyps. However, a variety of “difficult polyps” are not accessible for colonoscopic removal because of their location and size, the tortuosity of the colon, or the complexity of the lesion (sessile vs pedunculated). In the past, a formal segmental resection usually was suggested for these difficult polyps. Methods For 110 patients with a median age of 73 years, a total of 149 polyps were removed as follows: 88 from the right colon, 18 from the transverse colon, 10 from the left colon, and 33 from the rectosigmoid colon. Pathologic evaluation showed adenomatous polyps in 13 patients (11.81%), hyperplastic polyps in 1 patient (0.9%), adenocarcinomas in 10 patients (9.09%), carcinoma in situ in 1 patient (0.9%), and adenomas in the remaining patients (tubulovillous, 40.18%; villous, 19.31%, and tubular, 17.77%). All the specimens were evaluated for margins and depth of resection. Results The median size of the polyps was 2.30 cm (range, 0.2–6 cm). The average hospital stay was 1.14 days, with a liquid diet started 6 h postoperatively. Mild abdominal pain/trocar-site pain was the most common complaint. The patients were followed with colonoscopy 6 months postoperatively and yearly thereafter. Conclusions A combined endoscopic–laparoscopic approach provides a valid alternative for treating difficult colonic polyps and eliminating the morbidity of a segmental resection. This approach seems to be safe and effective.     

同时性多原发大肠癌的诊断及治疗分析

目的探讨同时性多原发大肠癌的临床特点、误诊原因及治疗方法。方法对我院1984年6月~2004年6月收治的23例同时性多原发大肠癌病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组全部病人均行手术治疗,9例行直肠癌根治加结肠癌根治切除术,6例行直肠癌扩大根治切除术,4例行全结肠切除术,2例行肿物局部切除加右半结肠切除术,2例行肿物局部切除加左半结肠切除术。随访1~5年,仍健在14例,存活5年以上6例,3年以上11例,最长1例存活14年。结论术前行全结肠纤维结肠镜检查、术中全肠道探查及仔细检查切除的大肠标本是提高同时性多原发大肠癌诊断率的重要手段。通过积极、正确的手术治疗,同时性多原发大肠癌病人仍有较好的预后。     

The value of colonoscopic surveillance after curative resection for colorectal cancer or synchronous adenomatous polyps

Between 1975 and 1984, 270 patients underwent a potentially curative resection for colorectal carcinoma. One hundred eighty-eight patients (70%) underwent preoperative colonoscopy, of which 129 patients (69%) were followed up with at least two postoperative colonoscopies. In 91 patients (70%), preoperative colonoscopy revealed no synchronous adenomatous polyps or cancer. Synchronous adenomatous polyps were found in 35 patients (27%), and three patients (2.3%) had a synchronous invasive cancer. Nineteen (54%) of the 35 patients with synchronous adenomatous polyps developed metachronous adenomatous polyps during the follow-up period compared with 24 (26%) of 91 patients without synchronous adenomatous polyps. The median interval to the development of metachronous adenomatous polyps was 19 months, and all of these polyps were 1 cm or less in size. Patients with synchronous adenomatous polyps less than 30 cm from the primary lesion (68%) developed metachronous polyps more often than did patients whose synchronous adenomatous polyps were more than 30 cm from the primary lesion (37%). Preoperative colonoscopy is important for determining synchronous pathology and identifying patients at risk for metachronous polyps.     

Recognition and treatment of patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndromes I and II).

Primary genetic factors are etiologic in at least 5-10% of patients with colon cancer. The polyposis syndromes (FPC) are easily identified examples because of the spectacular number of polyps. The hereditary nonpolyposis syndromes (HNPCC), although five times more common than FPC, are usually not recognized because they do not have such a distinctive clinical, premonitory genetic marker. Colorectal cancer expression was surveyed in 10 extended, thoroughly documented HNPCC kindreds. One hundred sixteen patients were found to have 183 colorectal cancers. Despite the striking family history, less than 5% were correctly treated by subtotal colectomy. This provided a unique opportunity to study the natural history. Five findings differed significantly (p less than 0.05) from patients with sporadic colon cancer: (1) mean age of initial colon cancer diagnosed was 45.6 years; (2) 69.1% of first colon cancers were located proximal to the splenic flexure of the colon; (3) 18.1% had synchronous colon cancer; (4) 24.2% had metachronous colon cancer develop with life table analysis showing the risk for a metachronous lesion at 10 years to be 40%; and (5) only 23.3% of cancers were located in the sigmoid colon or rectum. Based on this data, it is recommended that the family history of all patients with a newly diagnosed colon cancer be evaluated for evidence of this syndrome. If an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern emerges, an in-depth genetic investigation is indicated. When HNPCC is confirmed, the following recommendations apply: a subtotal abdominal colectomy is indicated at the time of the initial colon cancer because of the risk of synchronous and metachronous lesions. The rectum should be spared in favor of careful lifetime surveillance because of the proclivity for proximal colon cancer involvement. As yet unaffected members of a newly diagnosed HNPCC kindred who are in the "direct genetic line" should be cautioned that they are at 50% risk and must begin an intensive surveillance program beginning in the third decade with careful attention to the right colon. Patients from newly diagnosed HNPCC families who have had a previous conventional colectomy for colon cancer should, at the very least, enter an intensive surveillance program; a prophylactic completion subtotal colectomy should be considered for patients who are less than totally compliant.     

A novel indicator for surveillance colonoscopy following colorectal cancer resection

Introduction Current surveillance for recurrent intraluminal or metachronous colorectal cancer following resection is largely undertaken by colonoscopic examination of the remaining colon. The burden on colonoscopic services is high and the procedure is expensive. Immunological faecal occult blood testing (FOBT) is a sensitive and specific test for detecting colorectal cancer, and may fine tune the need for timely surveillance colonoscopy. Methods Consecutive patients due for surveillance colonoscopy following colonic resection for cancer were prospectively studied. Each patient had a single faecal sample obtained at per rectal examination on a gloved examining finger. This was subjected to immunological FOBT in the clinic, and patients were categorized as FOBT positive or negative, according to the result. Colonoscopy as well as ultrasound or CT of the liver were performed within eight weeks of FOBT. Results Six hundred and eleven patients had both FOBT and colonoscopy. Fifty‐nine (13.6%) were categorized as FOBT‐positive. Of these, nine had biopsy‐proven recurrent or metachronous cancer, 12 patients had one, or more adenomatous polyps, one patient had radiation proctitis and two patients had pan‐colonic mucositis following chemotherapy. In the remaining 552 FOBT‐negative patients, no cancers were found. Thirty‐eight patients had polyps that were removed. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting cancer by immunological FOBT was 100% sensitivity for detecting adenomatous polyps was 24% but specificity was 93%. Conclusion The immunological faecal occult blood test provides sensitive detection of metachronous and recurrent cancer in postoperative surveillance. Routine application may be used to reduce the frequency of colonoscopic surveillance, as a negative FOBT may be taken as a sign that colonoscopy may be deferred safely.     

中国人 2025例多原发结直肠癌荟萃分析

目的 总结中国人多原发结直肠癌的临床特点。方法 以多原发结直肠癌为检索词,电脑检索1989—2004年国内公开发表的中文文献,统一纳入和排除标准,所得资料进行荟萃分析。结果 （1）发病率2．9％,有癌家族史13．1％,平均患病年龄53岁;（2）同时性多原发结直肠癌术前纤维结肠镜诊断率55．2％,术中探查诊断率37．5％,术后标本诊断率15．7％;（3）异时性多原发结直肠癌术前纤维结肠镜诊断率94．8％,平均间隔时间5．2年;（4）癌灶部位：直肠30．9％,乙状结肠19．9％,降结肠9．O％,结肠脾曲5．2％,横结肠9．1％,结肠肝曲6．1％,升结肠11．8％,盲肠8．1％;（5）伴肠外癌灶37．6％,伴腺瘤或息肉43．7％,有淋巴结转移34．6％;（6）组织学类型相同者60．6％,不相同者39．4％,腺癌89．2％,腺瘤或息肉恶变8．4％;（7）根治性切除85．9％,姑息性切除10．1％;（8）术后3、5、10、15年生存率,同时性多原发结直肠癌分别为64．3％、44．6％、26．3％和9．4％,异时性多原发结直肠癌分别为69．6％、59．2％、45．0％和36．7％,两组比较,分别P〉0．05、P〈0．05、P〈0．01和P〈0．01。结论 多原发结直肠癌临床少见,诊断主要靠纤维结肠镜检和术中探查;根治性切除率高;预后良好,且异时性多原发结直肠癌优于同时性多原发结直肠癌。     

Risk of Metachronous Colon Cancer Following Surgery for Rectal Cancer in Mismatch Repair Gene Mutation Carriers

Background

Despite regular surveillance colonoscopy, the metachronous colorectal cancer risk for mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutation carriers after segmental resection for colon cancer is high and total or subtotal colectomy is the preferred option. However, if the index cancer is in the rectum, management decisions are complicated by considerations of impaired bowel function. We aimed to estimate the risk of metachronous colon cancer for MMR gene mutation carriers who underwent a proctectomy for index rectal cancer.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study comprised 79 carriers of germline mutation in a MMR gene (18 MLH1, 55 MSH2, 4 MSH6, and 2 PMS2) from the Colon Cancer Family Registry who had had a proctectomy for index rectal cancer. Cumulative risks of metachronous colon cancer were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

During median 9 years (range 1–32 years) of observation since the first diagnosis of rectal cancer, 21 carriers (27 %) were diagnosed with metachronous colon cancer (incidence 24.25, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 15.81–37.19 per 1,000 person-years). Cumulative risk of metachronous colon cancer was 19 % (95 % CI 9–31 %) at 10 years, 47 (95 % CI 31–68 %) at 20 years, and 69 % (95 % CI 45–89 %) at 30 years after surgical resection. The frequency of surveillance colonoscopy was 1 colonoscopy per 1.16 years (95 % CI 1.01–1.31 years). The AJCC stages of the metachronous cancers, where available, were 72 % stage I, 22 % stage II, and 6 % stage III.

Conclusions

Given the high metachronous colon cancer risk for MMR gene mutation carriers diagnosed with an index rectal cancer, proctocolectomy may need to be considered.     

内镜黏膜切除术治疗消化道无蒂及亚蒂息肉

目的探讨内镜黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR）治疗消化道无蒂及亚蒂息肉的安全性及效果。方法 2010年6月～2012年4月,胃息肉85例（88枚）、大肠息肉62例（113枚）,直径〈1.0 cm 95枚,1.0～2.0 cm 101枚,2.0～3.5 cm 5枚;无蒂72枚,亚蒂129枚。最多一例为5枚。采用黏膜下注射-切除法治疗直径〈2.0 cm的无蒂或亚蒂胃、大肠息肉;透明帽负压吸引切除（EMR-C）治疗直径〉2.0 cm的无蒂胃息肉,圈套困难的直径〈2.0 cm的无蒂及亚蒂胃息肉;分片黏膜切除术（endoscopic picemeal mucosal resection,EPMR）治疗直径〉2.0 cm的亚蒂胃息肉,直径〉2.0 cm的无蒂、亚蒂大肠息肉。结果 1枚胃窦部扁平息肉行EMR-C;5枚直径〉2.5 cm的大肠亚蒂、无蒂息肉行EPMR;其余均行黏膜下注射-切除法。术中、术后无出血、穿孔。术后病理检查增生性息肉69枚,管状腺瘤64枚,炎性息肉47枚,管状绒毛状腺瘤10枚,绒毛状腺瘤5枚,锯齿状腺瘤2枚,腺瘤伴高级别上皮内瘤变2例（2枚）,腺瘤伴局部癌变2例（2枚）。腺瘤伴高级别上皮内瘤变的2例中,1例行肠段切除术,术后病理检查未见病变残留;1例EMR术后6个月未复查。腺瘤伴局部癌变的2例中,1例即行结肠癌根治术,术后病理直肠黏膜局部缺损,未见病变残留,区域淋巴结转移癌;1例拒绝手术,亦未复查。16例胃息肉及10例肠息肉术后1年内镜复查,2例肠息肉术后2年肠镜复查,均未见息肉复发。结论采用EMR治疗无蒂和亚蒂息肉安全、有效。     

The changed histologic paradigm of colorectal polyps

Background: Previous literature has recorded the preponderance of hyperplastic over neoplastic polyps. This study evaluated the histopathologic characteristics of colonic polyps, excised during colonoscopic polypectomy, and further determined their relationship to age, location, and gender. Methods: Of 5132 colonoscopies reviewed between 1976 and 1999, 757 were performed on 582 patients who had polyp removal. Patients with previous colon resection or incomplete cecal intubation were excluded. Results: The mean age was 67 ± 11 years for men and 66 ± 11 years for women. Of the 1050 lesions histologically analyzed, 871 (83.0%) were neoplastic, 129 (12.3%) were hyperplastic, and 50 (4.8%) were miscellaneous lesions (29 inflammatory polyps, 14 lipomas, 2 leiomyomas, 1 juvenile polyp, and 4 no pathology identified). Hyperplastic polyps were always less than 1 cm (with one exception) and were located predominantly in the left colon, the majority residing in the sigmoid colon. Peak prevalence of hyperplastic polyps occurred in the 50–70 years old age group. Of the neoplastic polyps, 566 (65.0%) were tubular, 225 (25.8%) villotubular, 63 (7.2%) villous adenomas, 4 (0.5%) mixed adenomatous hyperplastic polyps, and 12 (1.4%) invasive carcinomas. The peak prevalence of neoplastic polyps occurred in the same age group as did hyperplastic polyps. Even though adenomatous polyps outnumbered hyperplastic polyps throughout the colon and within each age group, a greater percentage of hyperplastic polyps were found distally and in younger patients compared to location and age groups for neoplastic polyps. Conclusion: Adenomatous polyps outnumber hyperplastic polyps 7:1, even in the distal colon. Even small polyps seen during colonoscopy should be removed and subjected to histologic analysis because of the advisability of follow-up examinations of patients with neoplastic polyps. The increase in the incidence of neoplastic polyps beginning at the age of 50 years supports the need for colonoscopy in these individuals.     

腹腔镜结肠镜诊治直肠癌合并结直肠息肉22例分析

目的:探讨直肠癌合并结直肠息肉的发生率及腹腔镜结合结肠镜处理直肠癌合并结直肠息肉的方法。方法:回顾分析腹腔镜、结肠镜处理直肠癌合并结直肠息肉22例患者的临床资料。结果:9例直肠癌患者结肠镜检查结直肠息肉检出率为24.10%,显著高于同期结肠镜检查结直肠息肉的总检出率12.19%(P<0.01)。直肠癌患者行腹腔镜直肠癌根治术,术前、术中行结肠镜息肉切除术14例;术前结肠镜下注射亚甲蓝标记或术中结肠镜引导下,腹腔镜行直肠癌根治术的同时行含息肉结肠部分切除术5例;直肠癌合并升结肠息肉恶变行腹腔镜直肠癌根治术同时行右半结肠切除术1例;息肉靠近直肠癌一并行直肠癌根治性切除术2例。结直肠息肉切除率为100%,无并发症发生。22例术后随访0.5~4年,2例死于肿瘤转移,20例存活,无肿瘤或息肉复发。结论:直肠癌患者合并结直肠息肉的发生率较高。腹腔镜直肠癌根治性切除术的术前或术中有必要行结肠镜检查,根据息肉情况选择结肠镜息肉切除或腹腔镜下息肉切除。     

Solitary Colonic Metastasis of Renal Cell Carcinoma Seven Years after Nephrectomy: A Case Report

An 83-year-old man, who had undergone right radical nephrectomy for renal cell Carcinoma about 7 years previously, experienced melena and abdominal mass. Barium enema, colonoscopy, computed tomography, and arteriography showed a hypervascular mass on the transverse colon, and a partial transverse colectomy was performed. The postoperative histologic examination revealed that the tumor was a metastatic clear cell carcinoma.     

Invasive colorectal cancer within 5 years of negative colonoscopy in a Japanese population

Aim Colonoscopy provides imperfect protection against colorectal cancer (CRC). In an attempt to improve cancer detection we evaluated the clinical features of invasive CRC detected within 5 years of a negative colonoscopy. Method The details of colonoscopies performed in a rural hospital in Japan were prospectively recorded at the time of the examination. The patients were followed over 5 years for the subsequent occurrence of cancer. Results In a 5‐year period, 10 148 patients underwent colonoscopy and 202 without previous colonoscopy were diagnosed with invasive CRC. Of 3212 patients with a colonoscopy negative for cancer, nine developed invasive cancer within 5 years. The ratios for invasive CRC detected without/with previous colonoscopy were 60:1 in the rectum, 54:1 in the sigmoid colon, 15:1 in the descending colon, 28:0 in the transverse colon, 31:5 in the ascending colon and 14:1 in the caecum (P = 0.041). The ratio between left‐ and right‐sided colonic cancer was also significantly different (129:3 and 45:6, P = 0.0078). Six (67%) of the invasive CRCs were in the ascending colon or caecum. Five of six patients with invasive CRC in the ascending colon and caecum had right‐sided small adenomas at prior colonoscopy. Conclusion The majority of early/missed CRCs were right‐sided and associated with prior right‐sided colonic adenomas. Repeated colonoscopy of patients with right‐sided adenomas at a shorter surveillance interval deserves consideration.     

Laparoscopy-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection in the colon: a preliminary report

Endocopic mucosal resection of flat villous tumours or giant polyps (> 3 cm) may give rise to local complications such as haemorrhage or perforation because of the very thin wall of the colon, above all in the right half. Our aim was to evaluate whether laparoscopy-assisted endoscopic excision of flat villous tumours or giant polyps (> 3 cm) can be safely performed, avoiding critical septic complications and can also help in the selection of patients to be submitted to colonic resection without increasing morbidity or mortality. The procedure is a new minimally invasive therapeutic approach in selected cases with large, sessile or awkwardly located polyps. Unlike other techniques such as polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection completely removes the affected mucosa by resecting through the middle or deeper part of the submucosa. Another purpose of the procedure is to obtain specimens for accurate pathological staging. Our experience consisted in the treatment of two patients, one of whom with a laterally spreading tumour of the transverse colon with the suck and cut cap-assisted technique, and one with a large sessile polyp of the caecum with the lift and cut technique. The patients presented no complications and no recurrence was observed during the subsequent follow-up.