The effect of hyperglycemia on lipid peroxidation in the global cerebral ischemia of the rat.

To investigate the influence of hyperglycemia on ischemic brain damage, we measured brain ATP, lactate and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in global cerebral ischemic models of Wistar rats. We induced global cerebral ischemia by the 4-vessel occlusion method. After 30 or 60 min of occlusion, and after 30 min of reperfusion, we measured brain ATP, lactate and MDA levels. During the ischemic period, brain ATP levels decreased to 30-70% of sham groups both in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic groups. But during the reperfusion period, the recovery rate of ATP levels was significantly lower in the hyperglycemic than in the normoglycemic groups (p less than 0.05). After 60 min of global ischemia, brain lactate increased much more in the hyperglycemic than in the normoglycemic group, and, during reperfusion, was washed out slowly in the hyperglycemic group. The MDA level, a parameter of lipid peroxidation, increased more in the hyperglycemic group than in the normoglycemic group during reperfusion periods (p less than 0.05). We conclude that hyperglycemia increases lactate accumulation, delays the recovery of energy metabolism, and enhances the lipid peroxidation in the transient global ischemia of rat brain. These findings may suggest the harmfulness of hyperglycemia in clinical cerebral ischemia.     

大鼠星形胶质细胞在高血糖脑缺血再灌注损伤中的变化

目的:探讨星形胶质细胞在高血糖脑缺血再灌注损伤中的变化规律。方法:采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导Ⅰ型糖尿病高血糖大鼠模型,通过双侧颈总动脉夹闭联合股动脉放血法建立全脑缺血再灌注模型,应用组织学、免疫荧光、组织化学及Western Blot方法,对比观察糖尿病高血糖脑缺血再灌注组(简称糖尿病组)与正常血糖脑缺血再灌注组(简称正常血糖组)在脑缺血15 min、再灌注1 h和6 h大脑额叶皮质区神经元、星形胶质细胞组织学变化及GFAP的表达。结果:正常血糖组再灌注1 h脑组织出现轻度水肿;再灌注6 h脑水肿加重,出现神经元固缩;再灌注1 h,糖尿病组病变与正常血糖组基本相同,再灌注6 h脑水肿加重,固缩神经元进一步增加。再灌注1 h和6 h,糖尿病组Nissl体平均光密度值明显低于正常血糖组(P<0.05)。脑组织GFAP免疫荧光检查可见,再灌注6 h正常血糖组GFAP免疫阳性细胞明显增加。糖尿病组再灌注1 h和6 h,出现GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞数目增加(P<0.05),胞体显著增大,突起增长、增粗。Western Blot结果可见,糖尿病组GFAP的表达明显高于正常血糖组。结论:糖尿病高血糖脑缺血再灌注能够加重神经元损伤,星形胶质细胞出现更明显的数量增加和GFAP表达。     

Inhibitory effect of ketamine on phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 following brain ischemia and reperfusion in rats with hyperglycemia

To determine if the inhibitory effects of ketamine on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 are involved in reduction of the hyperglycemia-exaggerated cerebral ischemic lesion, rats with normoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or hyperglycemia supplemented with ketamine were subjected to 15 min of forebrain ischemia, and then, reperfusion for 0.5, 1, and 3h. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the brain tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. In rats with normoglycemia, we demonstrated a moderate increase of the ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the cingulum cortex and hippocampus CA3 following an ischemic intervention. It quickly dropped to control levels after reperfusion for 0.5h. In rats with hyperglycemia, however, the increase of the ERK1/2 phosphorylation in these areas was significantly higher in all animals reperfused. The neuronal death, detected by the TdT-mediated-dUTP nick end labeling assays, was found in the cingulum cortex (5.23+/-2.34, per high power feild) and hippocampus CA3 areas (6.29+/-3.68, per 1mm(2)) in hyperglycemic group after reperfusion for 3h. With ketamine treatment, the ERK1/2 phosphorylation in cingulum cortex and hippocampus CA1 and CA3 areas was found to be the same as that in normoglycemia rats. Our results suggest that hyperglycemia may increase the ischemic insult through modulation of the signal transduction pathways involving ERK1/2. The inhibitory effects of ketamine on the hyperglycemia-activated ERK1/2 phosphorylation are probably through inhibition of the N-methyl d-aspartate-mediated calcium influx, which subsequently reduce the hyperglycemia-exaggerated cerebral damage.     

Early T1- and T2-weighted MRI signatures of transient and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in a murine stroke model studied at 9.4T

Early reperfusion following stroke results in reduced tissue injury. Paradoxically, restoration of blood flow under certain conditions may also cause delayed neuronal damage (reperfusion injury). The interrelationship of changes in T1, T2 and diffusion weighted images of tissue water were studied in mouse models of permanent and transient focal cerebral ischemia. A sham surgery or either permanent or transient (30 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were induced in 14 mice. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain were acquired including: T2 maps, T1 maps and diffusion weighted spin-echo images to produce apparent diffusion coefficient of water apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. Images were collected on average 90 min after MCAO in both the transient and permanent ischemia groups. Scans were repeated at 24h post-occlusion in mice with transient ischemia. Permanent MCAO resulted in decreases in ADC and no significant change in T2 acutely following MCAO. There were increases in T1 compared to sham controls within the ischemic region in mice following either transient or permanent MCAO (P<0.001). In contrast to permanent MCAO, there were increases in T2 (P<0.001) in the infarct area present in the reperfusion phase within 90 min of transient MCAO. There was considerable infarct growth at 24h (P<0.001). This study demonstrates that following either type of occlusion there are early increases in T1 suggesting an elevated water content in the stroke lesion, while only following transient MCAO are there early increases in T2, indicative of early vasogenic oedema with breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.     

磁共振扩散加权成像对兔脑缺血再灌注伤的评价

目的探讨兔脑缺血再灌注后磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）的特点。方法将成年新西兰兔用线栓法建立兔大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注（MCAO／R）模型,再将成功的兔MCAO／R模型随机分为永久性缺血组和缺血再灌注组;另取同样动物行假手术分别作为缺血组及再灌注组的对照组;观察不同时间DWI像上高信号区范围变化及表观扩散系数（ADC）的演变特点。结果1．缺血组：缺血1h可见到DWI像上明显的高信号伴ADC值的下降,缺血不同时间点DWI像上的高信号区较缺血1h均有增大,24h后趋于稳定。缺血组不同时间点平均ADC值呈先下降后上升的趋势。2．再灌注组：与再灌注前相比,再灌注2h、5h组均表现为DWI像上高信号区缩小及ADC值升高;再灌注11h组表现为高信号范围增大伴ADC值升高;再灌注23h、47h组表现为高信号范围增大而ADC值出现较明显下降。结论急性脑缺血后DWI像高信号区及ADC值的下降经早期再灌注后可明显改善,但持续再灌注可能导致ADC值再次下降。     

Comparison between coated vs. uncoated suture middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat as assessed by perfusion/diffusion weighted imaging

Differences among models in the temporal evolution of ischemia after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats may considerably influence the results of experimental treatment studies. Using diffusion and perfusion imaging, we compared the spatiotemporal evolution of ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats after permanent MCAO (pMCAO) with different types of sutures. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to pMCAO produced with either 4-0 silicone coated (n=8), or 3-0 uncoated monofilaments (n=8). Serial determination of quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were performed up to 3 h after pMCAO. Lesion volumes were calculated by using previously validated thresholds and correlated with infarct volume corrected for edema defined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining at 24 h after MCAO. The ADC/CBF-defined mismatch volume in the 4-0 coated suture model was present significantly longer (up to 120 min) compared to the uncoated 3-0 suture model (30 min). The TTC-derived infarct volume was significantly larger in the coated model (290.3+/-32.8 mm(3)) relative to the uncoated model (252.3+/-34.6 mm(3)). This study demonstrates that the type of suture may significantly influence the spatiotemporal evolution of the ADC/CBF-mismatch as well as the final infarct volume. These inter-model variations must be taken into account when assessing new therapeutic approaches on ischemic lesion evolution in the rat MCAO model.     

Macula densa morphology in diabetic rats with and without hyperglycemia and in nondiabetic hyperglycemic rats

The morphology of the macula densa was studied in streptozotocin diabetic insulin-treated rats with hyperglycemia for 50 days, and in three groups of diabetic rats that were first hyperglycemic for 50 days and then put onto different insulin regimes to achieve normoglycemia. One of the latter groups of rats was given a single dose of insulin and was studied 4 hours later when the animals were normoglycemic. The other two groups were treated with insulin for 5 and 15 days in such a way that the animals were nearly normoglycemic throughout the treatment period. In a further set of experiments two groups of nondiabetic rats were made hyperglycemic by intravenous injection of glucose and studied after 1 and 10 minutes of hyperglycemia. A perfusion fixation of the kidneys was performed in all animals with a 1% glutaraldehyde solution retrograde through the aorta, and the tissue was embedded in Epon for light and electron microscopy. Juxtaglomerular apparatuses were randomly selected from thick sections and reembedded for electron microscopy. The volume density of the lateral intercellular spaces (LIS) between the macula densa cells was determined on electron micrographs, by use of a morphometric technique. The study showed that the volume density of the LIS comprised about 10% in the nondiabetic normoglycemic animals and about 1.5% in the diabetic hyperglycemic animals. In all the insulin-treated normoglycemic diabetic animals, the volume density of the LIS was the same as in the nondiabetic normoglycemic animals (about 10%), independent of the duration of the insulin treatment. In the nondiabetic hyperglycemic animals the volume density of the LIS comprised about 1.5%, as in the diabetic hyperglycemic animals. In conclusion, the volume density of the LIS between the macula densa cells is reduced in a hyperglycemic state, irrespective of how the hyperglycemia was achieved, and they are normalized (i.e., enlarged) in insulin-treated diabetic normoglycemic animals irrespective of the duration of the treatment. The results indicate that changes in the blood glucose concentration have a major impact on the size of the macula densa LIS.     

高血糖加重缺血性脑损伤

目的：探讨高血糖对脑缺血损伤的影响。方法：采用大鼠高血糖全脑缺血模型,用HE和TUNEL染色,对比检测脑细胞损伤和凋亡。结果：高血糖组在缺血再灌注后与血糖正常组相比,纹状皮质脑水肿和神经元变性、死亡明显加重;海马CA1区损伤神经元计数无显著性差异;海马CA3区损伤神经细胞数明显多于血糖正常组。TUNEL染色可见,在纹状皮质、海马CA1区和CA3区高血糖组和血糖正常组阳性细胞明显多于对照组;在缺血或再灌注后,正常血糖组和高血糖组的TUNEL阳性细胞数均无显著性差异。结论：高血糖可加重缺血引起的神经元损伤。     

Hyperglycemia increased brain ischemia injury through extracellular signal-regulated protein Kinase

This study was to examine the alterations in the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family in transient brain ischemia under a hyperglycemia and to highlight the molecular mechanisms by which hyperglycemia exacerbates brain damage resulting from stroke. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) expression was studied in rats subjected to global brain ischemia with pre-ischemic normoglycemic (CIN) and hyperglycemic (CIH) conditions. In another group, the hyperglycemic ischemic rats were pretreated with ERK inhibitor U0126 (U0126). Increased phospho-ERK1/2 immunoreactive neurons in the cingulate cortex and hippocampal CA3 were detected in CIN after ischemia and reperfusion. The numbers of phospho-ERK1/2-positive neurons were further increased significantly in CIH compared to the CIN. Pretreatment with U0126 in CIH rats significantly decreased ERK1/2 immunoreactive cells. Western blot analyses confirmed that phospho-ERK1/2 increased significantly after 30 min ischemia and reperfusion compared to non-ischemic controls in both the CIN and CIH groups. The increase of phospho-ERK1/2 was more prominent in the CIH than in the CIN group after 3 and 6h of reperfusion. Treatment with U0126 significantly reduced phospho-ERK1/2 in the CIH group. The findings presented here suggest that ERK1/2 may play a role in mediating neuronal cells death under hyperglycemic condition.     

Acute hyperglycemic exacerbation of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury is mediated by receptor for advanced glycation end-products signaling

The effects of acute hyperglycemia on lung ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and the role of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) signaling in this process are unknown. The objective of this study was twofold: (1) evaluate the impact of acute hyperglycemia on lung IR injury; and (2) determine if RAGE signaling is a mechanism of hyperglycemia-enhanced IR injury. We hypothesized that acute hyperglycemia worsens lung IR injury through a RAGE signaling mechanism. C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and RAGE knockout (RAGE (-/-)) mice underwent sham thoracotomy or lung IR (1-h left hilar occlusion and 2-h reperfusion). Acute hyperglycemia was established by dextrose injection 30 minutes before ischemia. Lung injury was assessed by measuring lung function, cytokine expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, leukocyte infiltration, and microvascular permeability via Evans blue dye. Mean blood glucose levels doubled in hyperglycemic mice 30 minutes after dextrose injection. Compared with IR in normoglycemic mice, IR in hyperglycemic mice significantly enhanced lung dysfunction, cytokine expression (TNF-α, keratinocyte chemoattractant, IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), leukocyte infiltration, and microvascular permeability. Lung injury and dysfunction after IR were attenuated in normoglycemic RAGE (-/-) mice, and hyperglycemia failed to exacerbate IR injury in RAGE (-/-) mice. Thus, this study demonstrates that acute hyperglycemia exacerbates lung IR injury, whereas RAGE deficiency attenuates IR injury and also prevents exacerbation of IR injury in an acute hyperglycemic setting. These results suggest that hyperglycemia-enhanced lung IR injury is mediated, at least in part, by RAGE signaling, and identifies RAGE as a potential, novel therapeutic target to prevent post-transplant lung IR injury.     

高血糖和脑缺血对树鼩皮层不同区域VEGF表达的影响

目的：研究高血糖及局灶性脑缺血条件下,树鼩皮层不同区域VEGF表达的变化,探讨脑缺血、高血糖与VEGF之间的相互关系。方法：用链脲佐菌素复制树鼩高血糖模型,并建立光化学诱导皮层局灶性脑缺血,观察缺血4 h、24 h及72 h的病理形态学改变并计数海马神经元密度,用免疫组化法测定上述时间树鼩缺血中心区、半暗带、对侧皮层VEGF表达的动态变化。结果：形态学观察显示,光化学反应后4 h照射区皮层可见梗塞灶;24 h病损达高峰;72 h伴随胶质细胞增生等修复性反应。相应时点高血糖加缺血组的损伤大于缺血组,以缺血后24 h(P<0.01)和72 h(P<0.05)尤为显著。免疫组化染色表明,缺血后4 h皮层缺血半暗区可见VEGF表达增加, 24 h达高峰,72 h减弱;单纯高血糖也使VEGF表达上调;高血糖加缺血组VEGF表达强于单纯高血糖组(P<0.05),但高血糖加缺血组与缺血组的同期值比较,无显著差异。结论：(1)在低等灵长类动物树鼩体内注射链脲佐菌素,并结合血栓性局部脑缺血方法学的应用能成功复制出实验性高血糖及脑缺血模型;(2)实验证明高血糖对局灶性脑缺血有恶化加重作用;(3)脑缺血及高血糖均可分别作为独立因素诱导VEGF的表达;但缺血与高血糖相加对VEGF表达未显示出叠加效应。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌流后基质金属蛋白酶-2和9的表达

目的：探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌流后基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2和-9(MMP-9)表达的变化规律与脑水肿的关系。方法：用线栓法制作大鼠左侧大脑中动脉阻塞再灌流模型(MCAO),用免疫组化技术分别观察脑缺血再灌流不同时间点MMP-2和MMP-9的表达。结果：(1)脑缺血再灌流后24h可见MMP-2阳性细胞开始出现,3～7d时阳性细胞数达高峰,显色最深,至14d时仍有表达,略高于假手术组。(2)脑缺血再灌流后6h缺血区内MMP-9阳性细胞开始出现,12h明显增高,至2d达高峰,3d后阳性细胞数开始减少,至14d时恢复到基础水平,各相邻时间点比较差异显著。结论：脑缺血再灌流后,病变区MMP-2和MMP-9表达增加,二者在脑缺血再灌流后脑水肿方面起重要作用。     

Brain uptake of mannitol and sucrose after cerebral ischemia: Effect of hyperglycemia

The effect of 10 min cerebral ischemia on blood-brain barrier permeability to mannitol and sucrose was evaluated in normo-and hyperglycemic rats. In the period immediately after ischemia (1–4 min) the PS (permeability-surface area product) for mannitol was 159%± 75 of control (0.17 ± 0.02 ml/100g min) in the normoglycemic rats (plasma glucose 8mM) and 204%± 30 of control (0.09 ± 0.02ml/100g min) in the hyperglycemic rats (plasma glucose 28mM). Two hours after ischemia, PS for mannitol returned to the control levels in the normoglycemic rats and remained elevated in the hyperglycemic animals. The mannitol/sucrose ratios—2.3 ± 0.4 in normoglycemic rats and 2.6 p± 0.I in hyperglycemic rats—remained unchanged after ischemia. As there was no significant difference in the effects of ischemia on normo-and hyperglycemic rats, it was concluded that the deleterious effect of hyperglycemia on clinical recovery after cerebral ischemia in rats (Siemkowicz & Hansen 1978) is not related to enhancement of BBB damage.     

局灶性脑缺血预处理上调大鼠梗死区周围巢蛋白的表达

目的 观察局灶性脑缺血预处理(IP)对巢蛋白(NESTIN)表达的影响,探讨NESTIN与脑缺血耐受(BIT)的关系及可能的内源性神经保护机制.方法 45只SD雄性大鼠随机分为脑缺血预处理(CIP)组、大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)组、假手术(sham)组.采用TTC染色测定脑梗死体积,光镜下观察脑组织病理改变,免疫组织化...     

高血糖对树鼩脑皮层局灶性缺血时海马微环境离子稳态及神经元继发性损伤的影响

 目的：研究高血糖对树鼩脑皮层血栓性缺血时海马微环境离子稳态的影响,探讨高血糖在缺血后神经元继发性损伤中的作用及机制。方法：用链脲佐菌素复制树鼩高血糖模型,并用光化学方法诱导脑皮层局部血栓性缺血,用单泵等速微灌流系统和离子分析仪测定缺血4 h、24 h及72 h海马离子微环境（细胞外pH值、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Cl-）的动态变化,并观察脑组织的病理形态学改变及海马神经元密度变化。结果：树鼩脑皮层缺血后,其海马微环境内出现了pH值、Na+、Ca2+及Cl-含量的降低,K+含量升高,变化以缺血后4 h为著,24 h次之,72 h无显著差异;高血糖加缺血进一步加重离子稳态的紊乱,缺血后4 h的pH值、K+和Ca2+含量,以及缺血后24 h的pH值和Na+含量与正常血糖缺血组同期值相比,变化显著（P<0.05）。形态学观察显示,光化学反应后4 h照射区皮层可见梗死灶,且患侧海马CA1区也存在缺血损伤性改变;24 h病损达高峰;72 h伴随胶质细胞增生等修复性反应。相应时点高血糖加缺血组皮层及海马的损伤均大于缺血组,以缺血后24 h(P<0.01)和72 h(P<0.05)尤为显著。结论: 树鼩脑皮层血栓性缺血形成后,缺血中心区扩布所导致的微环境内酸碱平衡及离子稳态性异常可能是海马神经元继发性损伤的重要原因,高血糖可加剧缺血脑区离子微环境的紊乱。     

Exercise training attenuates acute hyperalgesia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic female rats

OBJECTIVES:

We investigated the effects of chronic (eight weeks) low- to moderate-intensity swimming training on thermal pain sensitivity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic female rats.

METHODS:

Female Wistar rats (n = 51) were divided into the following groups: trained streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [hyperglycemic trained (HT)], sedentary streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [hyperglycemic sedentary (HS)], normoglycemic trained rats (NT) and normoglycemic sedentary rats (NS). Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, i.p.). One day after the last exercise protocol (60 min/day, five days/week for eight weeks) in the trained groups or after water stress exposure (ten min/twice a week) in the sedentary groups, the rats were subjected to a hot plate test.

RESULTS:

After eight weeks of swimming training, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats presented a significantly lower body mass (trained: 219.5±29 g, sedentary: 217.8±23 g) compared with the normoglycemic groups (trained: 271±24 g, sedentary: 275.7±32 g). Interestingly, we did not find differences in blood glucose levels (mg/dl) between the trained and sedentary groups of the hyperglycemic or normoglycemic rats (HT: 360.2±66.6, HS: 391.7±66.7, NT: 83.8±14.0, NS: 77.5±10.1). In the hot plate test, the rats from the HT group presented a significantly lower latency than the other rats (HT: 11.7±7.38 s, HS: 7.02±7.38 s, NT: 21.21±7.64 s, NS: 22.82±7.82 s).

CONCLUSION:

Low-to-moderate swimming training for a long duration reduces thermal hyperalgesia during a hot plate test in streptozotocin-induced diabetic female rats.     

缺血后适应对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的：探讨缺血后适应对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的影响。方法:应用线栓法制作大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤模型；21只雄性SD大鼠随机分为缺血/再灌注组、夹闭单侧颈总动脉后处理组和夹闭双侧颈总动脉后处理组，每组7只。再灌注48 h，测定脑梗死体积；拔栓后1 h及处死大鼠前进行神经功能测定；梗死即刻、梗死后10 min、术中1 h、拔栓后即刻、每次夹/松颈总动脉时、干预后30 min等15个时点监测脑血流。结果:夹闭单侧、双侧颈总动脉后处理组大鼠脑组织梗死体积与缺血/再灌注组相比明显减小，有显著差异；3组脑血流各个时点方差分析差异无显著，但是夹闭双侧颈总动脉后处理组干预30 min后脑血流百分比较缺血/再灌注组、夹闭单侧颈总动脉后处理组降低9％。手术后1 h 3组神经功能评分P<0.05，差异显著，夹闭单侧、双侧颈总动脉后处理组神经功能缺损均比缺血/再灌注组减轻。结论:缺血后适应能够明显减小梗塞体积，改善大鼠术后1h神经功能评分，可能与缺血后适应调节早期再灌注时血流动力学状态有关。     

阿托伐他汀对大鼠缺血再灌注脑组织中NADPH氧化酶源性超氧阴离子的抑制作用

目的：脑组织在缺血再灌注的早期，超氧阴离子的大量生成加重了脑组织损伤，本实验研究阿托伐他汀对缺血再灌注脑组织保护作用的可能机制。方法:成年雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠经线栓法阻断大脑中动脉建立脑缺血再灌注模型，再灌注前经腹腔给予阿托伐他汀（立普妥）治疗。脑梗死灶体积用四唑氮蓝染色后测量；NADPH氧化酶酶活性和超氧阴离子水平使用光泽精增强化学发光法定量测定；NADPH氧化酶膜亚基gp91phox、膜易位亚基p47phox和小GTP酶Rac-1蛋白的表达用蛋白质印迹分析。结果:缺血半暗区的NADPH氧化酶活性和超氧阴离子水平增高，于再灌注2 h达到高峰，但缺血中心区的NADPH氧化酶活性和超氧阴离子水平无明显增高。阿托伐他汀预治疗能抑制再灌注2 h后缺血半暗区的NADPH氧化酶活性和超氧阴离子增高，减少膜亚基gp91phox蛋白的表达和预防细胞质亚基p47phox蛋白易位至细胞膜。结论:阿托伐他汀对缺血再灌注脑组织NADPH氧化酶源性超氧阴离子的抑制作用，是其脑保护作用机制之一。