C—反应蛋白相放射免疫分析法的改进及初步应用

建立一种竞争性固相放射免疫分析法（ＳＰ－ＲＩＡ），用于定量测定人体血清或脑脊髓液（ＣＳＦ）中的Ｃ－反应蛋白（Ｃ－ｒｅａｃｔｉｖｅＰｒｏｔｅｉｎ，ＣＲＰ）。最小可测量为５ｎｇ／ｍｌ；批内ＣＶ为４．９％，批间ＣＶ为１２．６％。６８份健康人血清的ＣＲＰ含量为０．０２８－３．４００μｇ／ｍｌ（中位数０．１６６μｇ／ｍｌ）；１６份新生儿脐带血清的ＣＲＰ含量为０．０１３－９．０００μｇ／ｍｌ（中位数０．０９５     

HCl—NaBH4—K3Fe（CN）6体系气态原子吸收光谱法测定饮料中铅

采用ＶＡ－９０气态原子化装置与ＷＦＸ－１Ｄ原子吸收分光光度计联用测定饮料中铅，采用ＨＣｌ－ＮａＢＨ４－Ｋ３Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６体系，经Ｌ９（３４）正交试验选择最佳实验条件为：ＮａＢＨ４２０ｇ／Ｌ，Ｋ３Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６１００ｇ／Ｌ，ＨＣｌ１．５ｍｌ，氩气流量为０．８Ｌ／ｍｉｎ。在０～１００μｇ／Ｌ范围内，相关系数ｒ＝０．９９９６，回收率为９４．１％～１０７．５％，Ｒ·Ｓ·Ｄ％＝３．３～５．２特征浓度和检出限分别为１．２９μｇ／Ｌ／１％和０．０４９μｇ／Ｌ。干扰试验表明，Ｓｎ、Ｈｇ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ在５００μｇ／Ｌ以下，Ｚｎ、Ａｓ、Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ａｇ在１０００μｇ／Ｌ以下，不干扰测定     

血清营养素水平与胃癌癌前病变关系的研究

研究了胃癌高发区山东省临朐县６００余例３５￣６４岁居民的血清营养素水平及其与胃癌癌前病变的关系。当地居民血清营养素平均水平分别为：维生素Ａ（ＶＡ）０．５４μｇ／ｍｌ，β－胡萝卜素０．２９βｇ／ｍｌ，维生素Ｃ（ＶＣ）３．１４μｇ／ｍｌ，维生素Ｅ（ＶＥ）９。６２μｇ／ｍｌ，硒３０．２μｇ／Ｌ，锌９２４μｇ／Ｌ，铜１０１６μｇ／Ｌ，铁蛋白４２．０μｇ／ｍｌ。其中血清β－胡萝卜素、ＶＣ、锌／铜比值及铁蛋白     

土壤全锗的催化极谱测定法

锗与茜素红在硫酸介质中，当有钒（Ⅳ）存在时能产生灵敏度较高的二阶导数催化极谱波，峰电位在－０．５４Ｖ（ｖｓ．ＳＣＥ）。在１．０×１０－５～６．０×１０－１μｇ／ｍｌ范围内线性良好，检测限为１．０×１０－５μｇ／ｍｌ锗（Ⅳ）。在０．００３、０．０３、０．３μｇ／ｍｌＧｅ（Ⅳ）浓度下，ＲＳＤ（％）分别为１．８％、０．９％、１．３％。在ＥＤＴＡ－Ｖｃ掩蔽下，土样中的锗可不经分离而直接测定，回收率为９０．９±３．４％。     

硒酸酯多糖对化疗致癌症患者脂质过氧化的拮抗作用

为了解硒酸酯多糖对肿瘤患者体内过氧化脂质（ＬＰＯ）及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）活性的影响，对６０例肿瘤病人随机分成三组：不服硒组、服硒４００μｇ／ｄ组及８００μｇ／ｄ组，并与１５名正常人对照比较。结果为癌患者血清ＬＰＯ明显高于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１），血清Ｓｅ明显低于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１），而全血ＧＳＨ含量及ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性明显低于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０５）。服硒酸酯多糖者化疗后血清Ｓｅ较不服者明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＧＳＨ及ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５），而ＬＰＯ含量显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。服硒酸酯多糖４００μｇ／ｄ组与８００μｇ／ｄ组之间上述各指标均无明显差异。提示肿瘤病人摄入适量（４００μｇ／ｄ）硒酸酯多糖可增加体内ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性，减轻化疗药物对正常细胞的过氧化损伤。     

溴化十二烷基二甲基苄基铵─溴麝香草酚蓝分光光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂

本文建立了溴化十二烷基二甲基苄基铵－溴麝香草酚蓝分光光度法水相直接测定阴离子表面活性剂的方法。ＳＤＢＳ在０～１９５μｇ／１０ｍｌ，ＳＤＳ在０～１５８μｇ／１０ｍｌ，ＳＬＳ在０～６０μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内遵守比耳定律，其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为：３．９９×１０￣４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ￣（－１）·ｃｍ￣（－１）（ＳＤＢＳ）；３．７０×１０￣４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ￣（－１）·ｃｍ￣（－１）（ＳＤＳ）；１．７１×１０￣４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ￣（－１）·ｃｍ￣（－１）（ＳＬＳ）。用此法测定了河水和生活废水中的阴离子表面活性剂，相对标准偏差为０．５７％～１．２％，回收率为９５．５％～１０３％。     

ELISA微板法检测乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原的研究

以双抗体包被的抗体夹心法，用微板ＥＬＪＩＳＡ检测血清ＨＢｃＡｇ，确定双包被工作度ＭＣ－抗－ＨＢＣ（效价１：１０００）为０．０４μｌ／孔，ＭＣ－抗－ＨＢＳ（１ｍｇ／ｍｌ，５ｍｇ／ｍｌ）为３～４μｌ／孔；最佳裂解剂及其工作度为７％ＮＰ－４０巯基乙醇溶液。分别用不同的酶标记抗体检测，均证明双包被具有特异性。加入抗－ＨＥｃ进行阻断试验，其阻断率为７９．３％。对临床８４４例ＨＢｓＡｇ阴性的血清及１１４例ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ探针阴性血清用本法进行ＨＢｃＡｇ检测，均为阴性。在临床应用上，本法阳性率明显高于试管法，与ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ探针阳性符合率为９１．４％，且特异性与ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ探针一致。     

我国人群中抗b型流感嗜血杆菌多糖抗体水平的调查

目的　调查中国人群中抗流感嗜血杆菌多糖（ Ｈｉｂ － Ｐ Ｒ Ｐ） 自然抗体水平，为合理使用 Ｈｉｂ 菌苗提供资料。方法　从７ 个省市收集１ ５９６ 份不同年龄组健康人群血清标本，用放射免疫方法检测抗 Ｈｉｂ － Ｐ Ｒ Ｐ 自然抗体水平。结果　甘肃、贵州、江西等地５ 岁以下婴幼儿平均抗体水平＜０ ．１μｇ／ ｍｌ，上海、广西、黑龙江等地相对较高。脐带血平均抗体含量为０ ．３６μｇ／ ｍｌ，６ 月～５ 岁儿童平均抗体含量为＜ ０ ．１５μｇ／ｍｌ，６ 岁至成人则达１ ～１ ．５μｇ／ｍｌ。结论　中国人群对 Ｈｉｂ 疾病的群体免疫力不高。６ 月～５ 岁儿童自然抗体水平最低，为 Ｈｉｂ 疾病的高危人群。     

球形芽孢杆菌发泡块剂灭致乏库蚊幼虫的效果

作者应用球形芽孢杆菌Ｂｓ－９４１发泡块剂（由本所生产）和Ｂｓ－Ｆｔ发泡块剂（德国提供），在实验室和现场进行灭致乏库蚊的效果比较。室内生物测定结果显示：Ｂｓ－９４１发泡块剂ＬＤ_（６０）为０．０１９３μｇ／ｍｌ，Ｂｓ－Ｆｔ发泡块剂ＬＤ_（６０）为０．００７μｇ／ｍｌ．在３．６～４．０ｍ￣２的现孳生地水池中，两种发泡剂使用剂量为０．５，１．０和１．５ｇ／ｍ￣２，制剂４８ｈ的灭蚊效果均可达１００％，当剂量为０．５ｇ／ｍ￣２时，Ｂｓ－９４１发泡块剂持效达１７天，而Ｂｓ－Ｆｔ发泡块剂只有９天；当剂量上升到１．５ｇ／ｍ￣２时，两种发泡剂的持效均可达到２１天。对照组乳剂Ｂｓ－Ｃ_（３ｃ－４１）的浓度为０．９２μｌ／ｌ（与１．５ｇ／ｍ￣２相当）时，持效为９天，说明本所生产的Ｂｓ发泡块剂在中小型挛生地中比Ｂｓ乳剂持效长，并且超过德国Ｂｓ发泡块剂的效果和持效。     

示波极谱法测定空气中硝基苯

本文报道一种简便、快速而灵敏的空气中硝基苯的示波极谱测定法。在ＥＤＴＡ－ＮａＯＨ碱性介质中，硝基苯在－０．６３伏（Ｖｓ．ＳＣＥ）处产生一灵敏的二阶导数还原峰，峰电流与硝基苯的含量在０～２５．０μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内呈良好线性关系。以（１＋９）乙醇作吸收液，直型多孔玻板吸收管作采集器，以０．５Ｌ／ｍｉｎ流速采样５～１０ｍｉｎ。取一定量样液加碱后可立即测定。本法检出下限为０．０５μｇ／１０ｍｌ，加标回收率为９４．２～１０８．０％，平均值为１００．０％。相对标准差为２．４～６．４％，合并相对标准差为５．５％。经气相色谱法验证，本法结果与之无显著性差异。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.