中药败酱草的形态组织学研究——Ⅲ.菊科苦苣菜属、莴苣属和苦荬菜属植物

本文报道我国北方使用的来源于菊科植物的中药败酱草的生药形态组织学的研究结果,它们是:苣荬菜Sonchus arvensis L.S.、苦苣菜oleraceus L.圆耳苦苣菜S.asper (L.)Hill.紫花山莴苣Lactuca tatarica(L.)C.A.Mey.、中华苦荬菜Ixeris ccinensis(Thunb.)Nakai、抱茎苦荬菜I.sonchifolia Hance和苦荬菜I.denticulata(Houtt.)Stebb..文中附有生药组织图7幅以及上述生药的性状检索表和显微特征检索表.     

叶表面角质层对草珊瑚生药鉴定的意义

本文用扫描电镜对草珊瑚Sarcandra glabra(Thunb.)Nakai叶表角质层进行了研究,发现不同产地和同株不同发育程度草珊瑚叶表角质层雕纹型式均有一些差异。     

穿心莲中两种新的二萜内酯甙的分离和结构测定

本文报道了自穿心莲(Andrographis paniculata Nees)醇提取物中分得两种新的二萜内酯甙:14-去氧穿心莲内酯甙(14-deoxyandrographoside)[Ⅴ]及穿心莲内酯甙(andrographoside)[Ⅶ]。经紫外光谱、红外光谱、质谱及核磁共振氢谱分析,水解及衍生物的制备证明[Ⅴ]为14-去氧穿心莲内酯-19-β-葡萄糖甙,[Ⅶ]为穿心莲内酯-19-β-葡萄糖甙。     

马兰的综合研究分析

马兰应用历史悠久.传统医学认为马兰具有凉血、清热、利湿、解毒的功效[1],现代药理实验研究证明,其具有镇咳、镇痛作用[2],是集食、药用价值于一身、备受青睐的时令野菜珍品,尤其是随着人们生活水平的提高和对"功能保健食品"的特别需求,马兰资源的开发利用潜力极大.@@全世界约有菊科(Compositae)马兰属(Kalimeris Cass.)植物20个种,分布于亚洲东部与南部.我国的菊科马兰属植物有7个属[3],分别为裂叶马兰[Kalimeris incisa (Fisch.)DC.]、马兰[Kalimerisindica (L.)Sch.-Bip.]、狭苞马兰[Kalimeris indica (L.)Sch.-Bip.Var.stenolepis (Hand.-Mazz.) Kitam]、全叶马兰[Kalimeris integrifolia Turcz.ex DC.]、山马兰[Kalimeris lautureana (Debx.)Kitam.]、蒙古马兰[Kalimeris mongolica (Franch.) Kitam.]、毡毛马兰[Kalimeris shimadai (Kitam.) Kitam.][4].马兰以全草或根入药,性辛、凉,归肺、肝、胃、大肠经[2].主治咽喉肿痛、痛疖疗疮、黄疸、水肿、痢疾、淋浊等症.     

中药透骨草的形态组织学研究

目前中药应用的透骨草主要有五种——大戟科植物地构叶Speranskia tuberculata(Bunge)Baill.的地上部分、凤仙花科植物凤仙花Impatiens balsamlna L.的地上茎、紫葳科植物角蒿Incarvillea sinensis Lam.的地上部分、毛茛科植物黄花铁线莲Clematis intricata Bunge的地上部分(黄花铁线透骨草)和细叶铁线莲C.aethusaefolia Turcz.的地上部分(细叶铁线透骨草)的生药形态、组织构造及粉末特征。     

花椒及其同类品的形态组织学研究

据文献记载和作者实际调查,我国各地花椒属(Zanthoxylum L.)植物果实作药用者计约18种。本文先报道其中8种果皮的形态组织学研究结果:花椒Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.青椒Z.schinifolium Sieb.et Zucc.,竹叶椒Z.armatum DC.,野花椒Z.simulans Hance,勒(木党)Z.avicennae(Lam.)DC.,椿叶花椒Z.ailanthoides Sieb.et Zucc.,朵椒Z.molle Rehd.及两面针Z.nitidum(Roxb.)DC.。本文附形态组织图并分别列有生药性状及显微特征检索表。     

光叶粉花绣线菊中生物碱、绣线菊碱Ⅳ、碱Ⅸ和碱Ⅺ的结构研究

从光叶粉花绣线菊(Spiraea Japonica L.f.var.fortunei(Phanchon) Rchd.)的根中共分出15个生物碱。其中绣线菊碱A(spiradine A)(1)是已知碱,本文报道新化合物碱Ⅳ(2)、碱Ⅸ(3)和碱Ⅺ(4)的结构测定。     

石杉碱甲和乙促进小鼠的空间辨别学习和记忆

石杉碱甲和乙是从石杉科石杉属植物蛇足石杉[Huperzia scrrata(Thunb.)Trev.]中分得的二个新生物碱。“Y”迷宫实验表明,ip Hup-A 0.075～0.125 mg/kg或Hup-B 0.4～0.8mg/kg,均能明显促进小鼠的空间辨别学习,并能显著预防CO₂产生的短时识别障碍,促进记忆保持和记忆再现。ig Hup-A 0.1～0.3 mg/kg或Hup-B 0.8 mg/kg也有促进学习的作用。促进作用Hup-A>Phys>Hup-B。剂量与效应曲线呈倒U型。     

白花蛇舌草的化学成分研究Ⅱ.

前报曾报导自茜草科(Rubiaceae)植物白花蛇舌草[Oldenlandia diffusa(Willd.)Roxb.]中分得七个成分,其中四个已分别证明为三十一烷、豆甾醇、乌索酸、土当归酸。本文对另外三个成分进行鉴定。其中结晶,Ⅲ为β-谷甾醇;结晶Ⅴ为β-谷甾醇D-葡萄糖甙,水溶性成分结晶Ⅶ经光谱分析,衍生物以及氧化产物等性质鉴定,证明为对香豆酸。     

叶下珠新鞣花鞣质的分离与鉴定

目的研究叶下珠(Phyllanthus urinaria L.)的化学成分。方法用多种色谱法进行分离纯化,现代波谱法鉴定结构。结果分离得到一个新的鞣花鞣质叶下珠素G,结构为1-O-galloyl-2-phyllanthoyl-3,6-(R)-HHDP-β-D-glucose。结论叶下珠素G(phyllanthusiin G)为一个新化合物。     

The effects of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees extract and diterpenoids on the CYP450 isoforms’ activities,a review of possible herb–drug interaction risks

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees is a popular medicinal plant and its components are used in various traditional product preparations. However, its herb-drug interactions risks remain unclear. This review specifically discusses the various published studies carried out to evaluate the effects of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees plant extracts and diterpenoids on the CYP450 metabolic enzyme and if the plant components pose a possible herb-drug interaction risk. Unfortunately, the current data are insufficient to indicate if the extracts or diterpenoids can be labeled as in vitro CYP1A2, CYP2C9 or CYP3A4 inhibitors. A complete CYP inhibition assay utilizing human liver microsomes and the derivation of relevant parameters to predict herb-drug interaction risks may be necessary for these isoforms. However, based on the current studies, none of the extracts and diterpenoids exhibited CYP450 induction activity in human hepatocytes or human-derived cell lines. It is crucial that a well-defined experimental design is needed to make a meaningful herb-drug interaction prediction.     

Antidiabetic and antihiperlipidemic effect of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees and andrographolide in high-fructose-fat-fed rats

Objectives:

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees originates from India and grows widely in many areas in Southeast Asian countries. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees has shown an antidiabetic effect in type 1 DM rats. The present study investigates the purified extract of the plant and its active compound andrographolide for antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in high-fructose-fat-fed rats, a model of type 2 DM rats.

Materials and Methods:

Hyperglycemia in rats was induced by high-fructose-fat diet containing 36% fructose, 15% lard, and 5% egg yolks in 0.36 g/200 gb.wt. 55 days. The rats were treated with the extract or test compound on the 50^th day. Antidiabetic activity was measured by estimating mainly the pre– and postprandial blood glucose levels and other parameters such as cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, and body weight.

Results:

The purified extract and andrographolide significantly (P<0.05) decreased the levels of blood glucose, triglyceride, and LDL compared to controls. However, no changes were observed in serum cholesterol and rat body weight. Metformin also showed similar effects on these parameters.

Conclusions:

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees or its active compound andrographolide showed hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in high-fat-fructose-fed rat.KEY WORDS: Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, andrographolide, diabetes, fructose, hyperlipidemia     

Evaluation of the cytotoxicity (HepG2) and chemical composition of polar extracts from the ruderal species Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb.f.

ABSTRACT

Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb.f. (Asteraceae) is a highly disseminated plant species with ruderal and persistent growth. Owing to its advantageous agronomic properties, C. myconis might have industrial applications. However, this species needs to be comprehensively characterized before any potential use. In a previous study, the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of different C. myconis tissues were characterized. This investigation was extended to examine the cytotoxic potential of selected plant tissues (flowers and green parts) using a HepG2 cell line by utilizing the lysosomal neutral red uptake assay or mitochondrial (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. In addition, the macronutrients content, lipophilic compounds (fatty acids, tocopherols), and amino acids were also determined. C. myconis flowers were used in the senescence stage, which was previously identified as the stage that presented maximal phenolic content and highest antioxidant activity. In contrast, stems and leaves were employed due to their high biomass proportion. Regarding cytotoxicity, mitochondrial and lysosomal damage was only significant when HepG2 cells were exposed to the highest extract concentrations (stems and leaves, 0.9 mg/ml; senescent flowers, 0.3 mg/ml). Chemically, the senescent flowers were mostly characterized by their high levels of fat, amino acids (especially threonine), oleic acid, β-, and γ-tocopherol, while stems and leaves contained high concentrations of carbohydrates, linolenic acid, and α-tocopherol. In general, these results provide information regarding the threshold concentrations of C. myconis extracts that might be used in different applications without toxicity hazards.     

Screening of Native Plants from Yucatan for Anti–Giardia lamblia. Activity

Abstract

The in vitro. activity of 10 methanol extracts prepared from native plants collected in the Yucatan Peninsula [Byrsonima crassifolia. (L.) Kunth, Cupania dentata. DC., Diphysa carthagenensis. Jacq., Dorstenia contrajerva. L., Gliricidia sepium. (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp., Justicia spicigera. Schldl., Pluchea odorata. (L.) Cass., Spigelia anthelmia. L., Tridax procumbens. L., and Triumfetta semitriloba. Jacq.] was evaluated against Giardia lamblia. trophozoites. All the extracts showed activity against G. lamblia. trophozoites. T. procumbens. was most active, with an IC₅₀ of 6.34 µg/ml, followed by C. dentata., 7.59 µg/ml, D. carthagenensis., 11.53 µg/ml, and B. crassifolia., 15.55 µg/ml.     

河南产忍冬不同药用部位挥发油成分分析

目的:分析河南产忍冬不同药用部位的挥发油成分。方法:采用固相微萃取法提取忍冬花蕾、叶和枝干中的挥发油,应用气相色谱-质谱联用技术结合保留指数法对其化学成分进行分析和鉴定,并用气相色谱面积归一化法测定各成分的相对百分含量。结果:从河南产忍冬不同部位中共鉴定出85种成分,其中7种是3个部位共有成分。结论:本研究可为进一步开发利用忍冬资源提供科学依据。     

民族药小槐花质量标志物候选成分的研究

目的：开展对豆科山蚂蝗属药用植物小槐花（Desmodium caudatum（Thunb.）DC.）叶的化学成分研究,为小槐花质量标准体系的建立提供物质基础。方法：将小槐花叶经70%乙醇提取后,综合运用大孔吸附树脂柱色谱、硅胶柱色谱、制备型高效液相色谱等方法分离和纯化小槐花叶的化学成分,根据所得单体理化性质及波谱数据鉴定各化合物结构。结果：从小槐花叶中分离鉴定了13个化合物：清缸酒酚（1）、柠檬酚（2）、8-异戊烯基山柰酚（3）、二氢山柰酚（4）、neophellamuretin（5）、异柠檬酚（6）、槲皮素（7）、山柰酚（8）、牡荆素（9）、当药黄素（10）、大豆皂醇 B（11）、黄槿酮A （12）、黄槿酮 D （13）,其中化合物7、8、12和13为小槐花中各药用部位均含有的成分。结论：化合物7、8、12和13可作为小槐花的候选质控成分。     

數種中藥(羊角藕、鴉膽子及闹羊花)化學成分的害蟲毒力試驗簡報

我国地大物博,野生植物可供药用者,品种繁多。根据过去经验不少毒药,剂量在其致死量下时,可治某种特殊疾病或作杀蟲剂用.在我国人工综合杀蟲剂尚未能大量供应时.利用植物作代替品,在增产节约上有其一定意义,本所年来从事於植物性杀蟲药有效成分之研究,兹将试验结果,报告如下,以供参考: 羊角藕系广东嶺南山地中一种灌木之有毒果实,成熟於八九月间长约8     

CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVITY OF 14-DEOXY-11, 12-DIDEHYDROANDROGRAPHOLIDE IN THE ANAESTHETISED RAT AND ISOLATED RIGHT ATRIA

The cardiovascular activity of 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (DDA) fromAndrographis paniculata(Burm.f.) Nees (Acanthaceae) was elucidated in anaesthetised Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats and isolated rat right atria. In anaesthetised rats, DDA produced significant falls in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate in a dose-dependent manner with the maximum decrease of 37.6±2.6% and 18.1±4.8%, respectively. The ED₅₀value for MAP was 3.43 mmol kg⁻¹. Pharmacological antagonist studies were done using this dose. The hypotensive action of DDA was not mediated through effects on the α-adrenoceptor, muscarinic cholinergic and histaminergic receptors, for it was not affected by phentolamine, atropine as well as pyrilamine and cimetidine. However, it seems to work via adrenoceptors, autonomic ganglia receptor and angiotensin-converting enzyme, since the hypotensive effect of DDA was negated or attenuated in the presence of propranolol, hexamethonium and captopril. In the isolated right atria, DDA caused negative chronotropic action and antagonised isoproterenol-induced positive chronotropic actions in a non-competitive and dose-dependent manner. These results further supported the bradycardia-inducing and β-adrenoceptor antagonistic properties of DDAin vivo.     

臭梧桐和臭茉莉的比较解剖

The. dried leaves of C. trichotomum Thunb. belonging to family Verbenaceae has been used as sedative and antihypertensive agent in Chinese traditional medicine. It is similar in appearance to the leaves of C. frangrans Vent. But the latter is not recorded in Chinese pharmacopoeia. In order to distingush C. trichotomum Thunb. from C. frangrans Vent, their comparative anatomy was studied. The petiole's vascular structure of family Verbenaceae is of taxonomic value. However, C. trichotomum has been misidentified as ten or four separate bundles in its petiole. Its developmental anatomy showed that it is made of three separate bundles. A large bundle in the centre is one bundle, not eight or two. Because its phloem from young leaf to old is all continuous arc, and so is the xylem of old leaf.Some of the more important diagnostic characters of these plants are tabulated with 13 photos accompanying them as follows.     

Cichoric Acid Content and Biomass Production of Echinacea purpurea. Plants Cultivated in Slovenia

Abstract

Samples of Echinacea purpurea. (L.) Moench were taken from 25 plantations at two harvesting times (July and October). Five shoots from each plantation were measured and weighed. The contents of cichoric and caftaric acid were determined in flowers, leaves, and stems of samples harvested in July. All morphological parameters decreased with increasing age of the plantation, but age had no influence on the cichoric and caftaric acid contents. The average weight of leaves and stems in 6-year-old plantations was more than sixfold lower than those from 1-year-old plantations. In flowers, the reduction was fourfold. Cichoric and caftaric acid contents in leaves differed significantly between the regions, but the region had no influence on the morphological parameters. Irrigated plantations yielded more than 50% higher weights of leaves and stems and 25% higher weights of flowers. Irrigation had no influence on cichoric and caftaric acid contents.