多种材料联合栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张临床疗效分析

目的 评价经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术(PTO)的临床疗效及应用价值.方法 以明胶海绵,无水乙醇和弹簧圈为栓塞剂联合栓塞治疗48例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者.结果 48例患者食管胃底曲张静脉均超选择插管,成功栓塞.17例急性上消化道出血患者中1例因全身状况差,术后第7天再次出血死亡.33例患者术后胃镜复查显示,胃底...     

经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉介入栓塞技术的探讨

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉栓塞治疗和预防肝硬化、门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的介入栓塞技术的临床应用。方法对48例肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张患者,采用经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉栓塞或联合脾动脉部分栓塞术预防和控制上消化道出血。结果经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉栓塞手术成功率97.9%,止血率达100%。术中弹簧圈移位1例,发生以血压下降、心率减慢为特点的迷走反射4例;术后出现顽固性(胸)腹水4例,腹腔内出血导致死亡1例。术后连续随访1年:在前6个月内2例死于肝衰竭,再出血2例;在后6个月内3例失访,再出血5例。结论经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉栓塞技术是一种微创、有效的方法。注意手术操作细节对提高手术成功率、降低手术并发症有重要意义。     

奥曲肽治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效观察

目的：观察奥曲肽治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效。方法：奥曲肽注射液0.1 mg＋0.9%生理盐水20 mL缓慢静脉推注（10 m in内推完）,继以0.6 mg加入5%葡萄糖或0.9%生理盐水500 mL中,以25～50μg/h的速度持续静脉滴注24 h,病情好转后逐渐减量,连用3～5 d。观察其止血效果。结果：本组8 h内出血停止者24例,8～24 h出血停止者47例,总有效率88.7%,无效9例,无效率11.3%。结论：应用奥曲肽治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血高效、快速、安全、止血效果明显,停药后再出血率低,在未开展内镜下等治疗的基层医院应推广并及早使用。     

经皮经肝食管胃底静脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化静脉曲张的疗效评价

目的评价经皮经肝食管胃底静脉栓塞术(PTO)在治疗肝硬化静脉曲张的应用价值。方法对56例肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张患者施行PTO治疗,其中35例因急性上消化道出血行急症止血治疗,10例为消化道出血停止后择期栓塞,11例肝硬化伴重度食管静脉曲张行预防性PTO治疗。结果56例患者食管胃底曲张静脉插管、栓塞成功率达100%。35例急性上消化道出血患者,急症栓塞术后均止血成功;11例行预防性PTO治疗病例,术后复查食管静脉曲张7例接近正常,4例静脉曲张程度由重度降为轻度。47例接受2～60个月随访,再出血5例,死亡4例,原因分别为再发消化道出血(1例),肝功能衰竭(1例),合并肝癌(2例)。结论对于肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张患者,PTD是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,值得推广应用。     

食管,胃底静脉曲张破裂出血止血药物疗效对比

为探讨慢性肝炎所致食管、胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的有效止血方法,我们将单独使用生长抑素、垂体后叶素、生长抑素加洛赛克、垂体后叶素加洛塞克进行疗效对比,以期为提高止血效果提供参考。1　对象和方法1.1　对象　慢性肝炎83例,临床诊断均符合1995年病毒性肝炎学术会议诊断方案。其中男70例,女13例;年龄14～71岁。出血前均经钡剂X线检查证实有食管、胃底静脉曲张。排除其他原因所致上消化道出血,有柏油样便和(或)呕血300ml以上。随机分成生长抑素组(A组)18例,垂体后叶素组(B组)21例,垂体后叶素加洛塞克组(C组)22例,生长抑素加洛塞克组(D组…     

CT门静脉成像对门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张诊断的临床意义

目的探讨CT门静脉成像(MSCTP)在肝硬化门静脉高压病人中显示食管及胃底静脉曲张的临床应用价值。方法本前瞻性研究纳入2015年4—7月临床诊断为肝硬化门静脉高压的60例病人,均行MSCTP及胃镜检查。采用Kappa检验分析MSCTP与胃镜对食管、胃底静脉曲张诊断阳性率及对食管静脉曲张分级程度的一致性,采用χ~2检验对MSCTP与胃镜诊断食管、胃底静脉曲张Sarin分型进行比较。结果 MSCTP与胃镜在诊断食管、胃底静脉曲张的阳性率方面具有较好的一致性(κ=0.735,P0.001),在诊断食管静脉曲张分级中也具有较好的一致性(κ=0.728,P0.001)。MSCTP与胃镜诊断食管、胃底静脉曲张Sarin分型的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。MSCTP发现13例存在分流道,其中胃肾分流4例,脾肾分流9例,脐静脉再通3例。结论MSCTP对于肝硬化门静脉高压病人食管及胃底静脉曲张显示良好,与胃镜诊断具有较好的一致性,并能更好地观察到腔外静脉侧支情况,可为临床诊断提供可靠的佐证。     

经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术的临床应用

目的评价经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术的临床应用价值。方法肝硬化门静脉高压合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者30例(24例为食管静脉套扎及硬化治疗术后再次出血；6例为消化道出血未行内镜治疗者)。电视透视下取右腋中线或剑突下方穿刺进入门静脉分支。用弹簧钢圈、无水乙醇和明胶海绵栓塞食管胃底静脉。2例栓塞后门静脉内留置导管-药盒系统行区域性药物灌注治疗。结果30例患者胃冠状静脉超选择插管、栓塞全部成功。胃短静脉超选择插管栓塞成功率90％。27例患者术后得到随访，随访2～18个月。17例患者术后胃镜复查显示胃底曲张静脉完全消失者13例，明显改善者4例。2例于栓塞术后1周、2个月再出血，再次栓塞后无再出血。2例门静脉留置药盒行区域性中西药物灌注者治疗后门静脉压力分别下降10cmH2O(1cmH2O=0．098kPa)和8cmH2O。结论经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术创伤小、止血效果肯定，在急诊止血方面更具优势，应该成为门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的常规治疗方法之一。经留置药盒行门静脉区域性中西药物灌注治疗肝硬化值得进一步探讨。     

善得定治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的观察

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化门脉高压的严重并发症，其出血快，出血量大，内科止血治疗难度大，因此也是肝硬化死亡的主要原因。近来，我们应用善得定为主的综合治疗方法，取得了良好效果。     

内镜下组织黏合剂栓塞术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的临床研究

目的比较内镜下套扎法及组织黏合剂注射法治疗肝硬化胃底静脉曲张的临床疗效。方法将154例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张患者随机分为内镜下套扎组(对照组)及组织黏合剂注射组(观察组),观察两组患者的再次出血发生率、曲张静脉改善有效率及并发症的发生率。结果两组患者手术均成功,均无严重的并发症发生。随访9个月,观察组3、6、9个月内再出血发生率明显低于对照组,而曲张静脉改善的有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论内镜下注射组织黏合剂能更加有效的预防再出血的发生,其临床疗效更为确切,可作为治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的首选方法。     

Percutaneous transsplenic access in the management of bleeding varices from chronic portal vein thrombosis

Three patients with life-threatening variceal hemorrhage secondary to portal vein (PV) thrombosis underwent endovascular treatment via the transsplenic route. The indications, techniques, and early outcomes are described. Each patient had successful portal/splenic vein recanalization with or without transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation and variceal embolization with conventional catheter and wire techniques. The transsplenic approach is a useful addition to the interventional armamentarium that can be used in cases refractory to endoscopic management and unsuitable for surgical shunt procedures or conventional TIPS procedures. Longer-term follow-up will be needed to establish the durability of these procedures.     

经皮脾穿刺门静脉插管技术及临床应用

目的 探讨经皮脾穿刺门静脉插管(PTSPC)技术的可行性.方法 30例门静脉高压症患者接受经PTSPC行食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术,其中2例同时接受门静脉支架植入术.病例纳入标准:门静脉主干阻塞(癌栓或血栓)和肝硬化严重肝萎缩患者;排除标准:凝血酶原时间(PT)＞20 s的严重凝血功能不良患者.17例患者为原发性肝癌合并门静脉主干癌栓、13例为肝硬化合并严重肝萎缩和(或)小至中量腹水.30例患者术前均有食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血病史;术前凝血功能正常(PT＜14 s)16例,轻度降低(PT 14～17 s)10例,中度降低(PT 18～20 s)4例;均接受上腹部CT增强检查,并依据CT结果确定脾静脉分支的穿刺位置、方向及深度.术后回顾性分析PTSPC要点、并发症及临床应用价值.结果 30例患者,28例成功应用PTSPC进行门静脉插管;2例插管未成功者均为脾静脉脾内分支细小.发生与PTSPC相关并发症6例(20.0%),均为不同程度血红蛋白浓度下降(15～50 g/L);其中4例需要输血治疗,包括1例腹腔大出血,在术后2 h出现血压严重下降,经输入4个单位红细胞和补充血容量后好转.PTSPC成功的28例均行食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术,其中2例在栓塞曲张静脉的基础上放置门静脉覆膜支架.28例患者术后中位随访时间6个月(1～42个月),死亡16例,其中14例为肝癌患者在术后1～12个月死亡,2例肝硬化患者分别在术后14、23个月死于肝功能衰竭.随访期间,发生静脉曲张再出血4例,累积再出血率为14.3%.结论 PTSPC是可行的,为经导管门静脉腔内治疗提供了一条新路径,但穿刺部位出血应引起足够重视.     

Percutaneous transhepatic intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for variceal bleeding with chronic portal vein occlusion after splenectomy

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to introduce a modified transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), a percutaneous transhepatic intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (PTIPS), and to evaluate its feasibility and efficacy in patients with variceal bleeding with chronic portal vein occlusion (CPVO) after splenectomy.

Methods

Twenty-four cirrhotic patients with CPVO after splenectomy who received PTIPS between 2010 and 2015 were included in this retrospective study. The indication was elective control of variceal bleeding. Success rates, effectiveness and complications were evaluated, with comparison of the pre- and post-portosystemic pressure gradient (PPG). Patients’ clinical outcomes and shunt patency were followed periodically.

Results

PTIPS was successfully placed in 22 patients (91.7%) and failed in two. The mean PPG fell from 22.0 ± 4.9 mmHg to 10.6 ± 1.6 mmHg after successful PTIPS (p < 0.05). No fatal procedural complications occurred. During the median follow-up of 29 months, shunt dysfunction occurred in five cases and hepatic encephalopathy in four cases. Three patients died because of rebleeding, hepatic failure and pulmonary disease, respectively. The other patients remained asymptomatic and the shunts patent.

Conclusions

We conclude that PTIPS, as a modified TIPS procedure with a high success rate, is safe and effective for variceal bleeding with CPVO after splenectomy.

Key Points

? Portal vein occlusion used to be contraindication to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. ? Portal vein thrombosis is common in patients with previous splenectomy. ? We developed a new method, percutaneous transhepatic intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (PTIPS). ? PTIPS is feasible in patients with portal vein thrombosis and splenectomy. ? PTIPS is effective and safe for these kind of complicated portal hypertension.

     

经皮脾静脉途径联合TIPS治疗伴海绵样变性的门静脉血栓

目的 探讨经皮脾静脉途径联合TIPS治疗伴海绵样变性的门静脉血栓的可行性、安全性和疗效.方法 对3例门静脉血栓伴门脉海绵样变性患者行经皮脾穿脾静脉途径开通门静脉,联合TIPS重建门静脉分流道.随访22～40个月,观察治疗效果、支架通畅情况、肝功能变化和并发症.结果 3例均成功.其中1例支架经由显著扩张的海绵样变性的侧支放置,术后7个月内出现2次肝性脑病前期症状,药物治疗后症状消失.1例患者于术后6个月内出现持续性的胆红素增高,最高总胆红素为88.2μmoL/L,直接胆红素68.7 μmoL/L.予以保肝、降黄治疗后总胆红素维持在(44.4±11.6)μmol/L,直接胆红素(29.7±12.8)μmol/L.较术前无显著变化.第3例术后恢复良好.3例无术中并发症,术后随访22～40个月,支架血流通畅,未再发静脉曲张出血.结论 在有限的治疗伴有海绵样变性的门静脉血栓的方法选择中,经皮脾穿刺脾静脉途径开通门静脉,联合TIPS是安全可行和有效的,虽然技术要求上更困难和更具挑战性.     

TIPS联合胃冠状静脉栓塞治疗肝硬化门静脉高压伴上消化道出血

目的 对比单纯TIPS和TIPS联合胃冠状静脉栓塞术(GCVE)治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症(PHT)伴上消化道出血(UGH),分析TIPS和GCVE联合应用的必要性、可行性及临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2010年4月至2012年5月收治的38例PHT伴UGH患者临床资料,其中接受单纯TIPS治疗15例(A组),TIPS联合GCVE治疗23例(B组),观察分析手术前后血液指标、门静脉及脾脏血流动力学、脾脏形态学、消化道静脉曲张程度变化.随访术后并发症发生情况.结果 两组术后门静脉压降低、流速加快、脾静脉淤血指数降低均较术前明显(P＜0.05),B组均优于A组(P＜0.05).术后两组食管胃底静脉曲张(EGV)均明显好转(P＜0.05),B组和A组EGV好转率分别为94.7％、66.6％,急诊止血率分别为100％、75％,再出血率分别为4.3％、28.5％,B组均明显优于A组(P＜0.05).手术前后肝功能指标组内、组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组术后肝性脑病(HE)发生率、支架原发通畅率差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组再介入通畅率均为100％,支架远端位于门静脉左支者HE发生率显著低于位于右支者(P＜0.05).结论 TIPS联合GCVE治疗肝硬化PHT伴UGH疗效确切,优于单纯TIPS.     

胃冠状静脉栓塞联合部分脾栓塞治疗食管静脉曲张出血和脾功能亢进症：与外科手术比较

目的评价经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞(PEGV)联合部分脾栓塞(PSE)双介入治疗中、晚期肝硬化食管静脉曲张及门脉高压的效果。方法50例肝硬化患者,随机分为双介入组和外科手术组,分别行PEGV联合PSE治疗和断流术。随访24个月,行胃镜、腹部超声、肝功能和凝血系列检查,并统计分析结果。结果入组50例患者均顺利进行相应治疗。在双介入组,术前白细胞、血小板计数分别是(2.33±0.65)×109/L和(3.63±1.05)×109/L,术后24个月分别是(7.98±3.0)×109/L和(163±91)×109/L(P<0.05);术前门静脉直径(1.47±0.25)cm,术后24个月为(1.31±0.23)cm(P<0.05);术后24个月11例患者食管静脉曲张程度自Ⅲ级降至Ⅱ级,6例患者自Ⅱ级降至Ⅰ级。1例患者出现门脉血栓。术后24个月再出血率为16%(4/25),3例患者因再出血死亡,1例患者死于肝功能衰竭。在外科治疗组,术前白细胞和血小板计数分别是(2.2±0.60)×109/L和(41.0±12.5)×109/L,术后24个月分别为(9.3±2.56)×109/L和(321±12.5)×109/L(P<0.0...     

Percutaneous transumbilical portal vein embolization in a patient with a ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma supplied by the portal vein

We describe a case of a ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma supplied by the portal vein that was successfully treated with portal vein embolization via a percutaneous transumbilical approach. A contrast material-enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scan showed the presence of a large hypervascular tumor on portal venous phase as well as right hepatic vein thrombosis and hemoperitoneum that prevented portal vein embolization by the use of the percutaneous and transjugular transhepatic approach. The use of percutaneous transumbilical portal vein embolization can be an alternative option in this situation.     

胃左静脉的多层螺旋CT评价对预测食管静脉曲张出血风险的价值

目的 探讨64排螺旋CT门静脉成像(computed tomography portal venography,CTPV)显示胃左静脉对预测食管静脉曲张(esophageal varices,EV)出血风险的临床价值.方法 收集在本院经临床证实的40例肝硬化EV破裂出血的CTPV图像资料,并与40例同期肝硬化EV非出血组及80例正常对照的CTPV图像资料对照,分析胃左静脉直径与肝硬化EV破裂出血的关系.结果 EV出血组均见胃左静脉曲张增粗,伴有胃后、胃短静脉曲张增粗者19例;非出血组32例见胃左静脉曲张增粗,伴有胃后、胃短静脉曲张增粗者11例.肝硬化EV出血组:胃左 静脉直径范围为6.9～ 14.6 mm,平均为(8.67±1.96) mm;肝硬化EV非出血组:胃左静脉直径范围为5.3～12.0 mm,平均为(6.82±2.69) mm;正常对照组:胃左静脉直径范围为2.2～5.8 mm,平均为(4.10±1.86) mm.肝硬化出血组、非出血组、与正常组之间,胃左静脉直径差异有统计学意义(F=92.194,P<0.000 1),两两比较结果显示3组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.000 1),肝硬化EV出血组胃左静脉直径最大,正常组最小.结论 胃左静脉的MDCT能较准确地预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血的风险情况,胃左静脉管径越宽,食管静脉曲张破裂出血危险性就越大.     

Blood flow parameters in the short gastric vein and splenic vein on Doppler ultrasound reflect gastric variceal bleeding

Purpose

Hemodynamic features associated with the bleeding from gastric fundal varices (FV) have not been fully examined. The purpose of this study was to elucidate hemodynamics in the short gastric vein (SGV) which is a major inflow route for FV and flow direction of the splenic vein (SV) in relation to bleeding FV.

Materials and Methods

The subject of this retrospective study was 54 cirrhotic patients who had medium- or large-sized FV (20 bleeders, 34 non-bleeders) on endoscopy with SGV on both angiogram and sonogram. Diameter, flow velocity, flow volume of SGV and flow direction in the SV were evaluated by Doppler ultrasound.

Results

Diameter, flow velocity and flow volume of SGV were significantly greater in bleeders (9.6 ± 3.1 mm, 11.4 ± 5.2 cm/s, 499 ± 250.1 ml/min) than non-bleeders (6.5 ± 2.2 mm, p = 0.0141; 7.9 ± 3.3 cm/s, p = 0.022; 205 ± 129.1 ml/min, p = 0.0031). SV showed forward flow in 37 (68.5%), to and fro in 3 (5.6%) and reversed flow in 14 patients (25.9%). The frequency of FV bleeding was significantly higher in case with reversed or “to and fro” SV flow (11/17) than forward SV flow (9/37, p = 0.0043). The cumulative bleeding rate at 3 and 5 years was significantly higher in patients without forward SV flow (38.8% at 3 years, 59.2% at 5 years) than in patients with forward SV flow (18.7% at 3 years, 32.2% at 5 years, p = 0.0199).

Conclusion

Advanced SGV blood flow and reversed SV flow direction may be a hemodynamic features closely related to the FV bleeding.