肝动脉栓塞化疗联合射频消融与联合微波消融治疗原发性肝癌的疗效和安全性比较

目的 对比肝动脉栓塞化疗(TACE)联合射频消融(RFA)或联合微波消融(MWA)的近期局部疗效、安全性及生存率.方法 回顾性分析采用TACE联合RFA治疗或联合MWA治疗的原发性肝癌患者,比较两组术后AFP、肝功能、不良反应、并发症、术后3个月的影像学表现以及1年生存率情况.结果 射频联合组术后3个月边缘复发率9.8％,微波联合组23.7％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);射频联合组术后AFP平均下降为(412.47±373.81) ng/ml,微波联合组平均下降为(278.72±269.20) ng/ml,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后射频联合组ALT平均升高至(81.22±49.50) U/L、AST平均升高至(93.71±50.94) U/L,微波联合组ALT平均升高至(139.53±97.77) U/L,AST平均升高至(181.43±140.16) U/L;两组ALT及AST对比有统计学意义(P＜0.001);两组术后不良反应无明显差异,射频联合组并发症1例,微波联合组并发症2例,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),两组术后均未出现与治疗相关的死亡病例,1年生存率无差异(P＞0.05).结论 TACE联合RFA或联合MWA的近期局部疗效、并发症及1年生存率无显著差异,但射频联合组术后比微波联合组术后肝功能损伤轻微.     

经动脉灌注纳米微粒治疗兔肝VX2肿瘤的实验研究

目的:研究羟基磷灰石纳米微粒(nHAP)对兔肝VX2肿瘤的治疗作用.方法:将成功接种肝VX2肿瘤的模型兔随机分成3组,每组15只,用显微外科手术临时阻断肝总动脉血流,经胃十二指肠动脉插管给药行介入治疗,术毕结扎胃十二指肠动脉.A组为生理盐水组(对照组),注射生理盐水5 ml;B组为碘油组(疗效对比组),注射超液化碘油0.5～1.0 ml;C组为nHAP组,注入0.5% nHAP 0.5～1.0 ml.3组实验动物分别于治疗前、治疗后7、14天行多层螺旋CT肝脏扫描,测量肿瘤的大小,并计算肿瘤生长率.治疗前,治疗后第1、7天测血清天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT);记录各组术后生存天数.结果:术后7、14 d,A组动物的肿瘤生长率分别为(350±116)%和(1098±337)%、B组为(234±18)%和(730±32)%,C组为(233±15)%和(723±30)%.B、C两组与A组相比差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05), B组与C组相比差异无明显意义(P＞0.05).术前各组血清AST、ALT水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术后1天,A、B、C组血清AST、ALT均升高,B、C组上升幅度稍高,但与A组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后7天,各组AST、ALT均降至正常范围.A、B、C组瘤兔的生存期分别为(38.0±5.4) d、(54.0±8.1) d、(56.0±8.2) d,B、C两组与A组相比生存期明显延长(P＜0.05).结论:经动脉灌注nHAP治疗兔肝VX2肿瘤能有效抑制肿瘤生长,延长瘤兔的生存期,而无明显肝功能损害.     

低浓度α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯栓塞兔VX2肝脏肿瘤的实验研究

目的 观察低浓度α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(NBCA)经肝动脉栓塞兔肝脏肿瘤的可行性、安全性和有效性.方法 24只实验兔,开腹在肝脏左叶种植瘤细胞建立VX2肝脏肿瘤模型,建模后14 d CT扫描测量肿瘤大小,并用数字表法随机等分为3组,后通过肝动脉对肿瘤进行栓塞.A组为空白对照组,B组为超液化碘油组,C组为2.5% NBCA组.肝脏损害通过检测血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)评价.栓塞术后第7天再次通过CT扫描测量肿瘤体积,肿瘤生长比率(术后7 d肿瘤体积与术前肿瘤体积之比);并于栓塞治疗后记录各组实验兔的生存时间.对ALT和AST采用重复测量方差分析,肿瘤生长比率和生存时间采用单因素方差分析比较.结果 所有动物模型均成功建立并插管治疗.A、B、C各组实验兔在栓塞前后不同时间ALT和AST均值的差异有统计学意义(ALT的 F值分别为10.508、16.443、19.828,AST 的F值分别为23.696、23.334、15.594,P值均＜0.05).栓塞治疗后第4天A、B、C组ALT水平分别为(49.4±13.5)、(115.2±48.8)、(124.7±49.4)U/L,AST水平分别为(52.3±12.0)、(128.3±50.1)、(137.0±66.9)U/L,B组和C组血清ALT和AST水平均较A组高(P值均＜0.05).B、C组术后第4天ALT、AST均较术前明显升高(P值均＜0.05).各组ALT和AST术后第7天和术前相比,差异均无统计学意义.术后第7天肝脏肿瘤生长比率在3组之间差异有统计学意义(F=110.865,P=0.000);C 组的肿瘤生长比率为(0.839±0.144)%,显著低于A 组的(2.978±0.547)%(P=0.000),与B组的(0.871±0.073)%相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.845).栓塞治疗后C组生存期为(38.9±4.0) d,明显长于A组的(32.1±3.1) d(P=0.006);与B组的(36.9±4.8)d相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.366).结论 经肝动脉栓塞低浓度NBCA治疗兔VX2肝脏肿瘤是一种可行的、安全的治疗方法,为治疗肝脏肿瘤提供一种新的选择,可能有潜在的临床推广价值.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of transarterial embolization with low concentration of n-butyl cyanoacrylate(NBCA) in rabbit VX2 liver tumor models. MethodsTwenty-four rabbits were implanted with VX2 hepatic tumors into the left hepatic lobes, and were scanned with CT to measure the volume of the tumor after 14 days. They were randomly divided into three groups with 8 rabbits assigned to each group. Transarterial embolization was conducted with physiological saline in control group A, with pure Lipiodol in group B, with 2.5% NBCA in group C. Hepatic toxicity was evaluated by blood biochemical analysis of the plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). One week later, the volumes of the tumors were measured by CT again. Tumor growth rate was the ratio of tumor's volume at 7th day after embolization to the tumors' volume before embolization. The survival periods of the rabbits of the three groups after treatment were also recorded. The data of ALT and AST mean values from each group were analyzed with repeated measurement analysis of variance (ANOVA). Tumor growth rates and survival periods were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA. Results All animal models were successfully established and underwent interventional catheterization. Both ALT and AST mean values of the rabbits in group A, B and C at each time point before and after embolization were significantly different (ALT F=10.508, 16.443, 19.828, respectively; AST F=23.696, 23.334, 15.594, respectively)(P＜0.05). ALT in group A, B, C were (49.4±13.5), (115.2±48.8), (124.7±49.4)U/L, while AST in group A, B, C were (52.3±12.0), (128.3±50.1), (137.0±66.9)U/L 4 days after embolization. The ALT and AST mean values were significantly elevated 4 days after embolization in group B and group C compared with those before embolization and those of group A 4 days after treatment(P＜0.05). However, the ALT and AST mean values showed no statistically significant difference in all the groups before embolization and 7 days after embolization. On the other hand, the growth rates of the tumors differed significantly among the three groups(F=110.865, P=0.000). The group C showed significantly lower tumor growth rate (0.839±0.144)% than the group A(2.978±0.547)%(P=0.000), but no significantly different tumor growth rate compared with group B(0.871±0.0725)%( P=0.845). Consequently, the survival period of the animals in group C(38.9±4.0) days was significantly longer than that in group A(32.1±3.1)days (P=0.006), while it was not significantly different from that in group B(36.9±4.8)days(P=0.366). ConclusionsTransarterial embolization with low concentration of NBCA was feasible and safe. It could be a new option of treatment for HCC and might have potential further clinical value.     

碘油磁液经肝动脉栓塞热疗兔VX2肝癌的实验研究

目的 探讨碘油磁液经肝动脉栓塞热疗术对荷瘤兔肝、肾功能的影响及其疗效.方法 VX2兔肝癌模型32只,数字表法随机等分成4组:碘油磁液栓塞热疗组(A组)、碘油磁液栓塞组(B组)、单纯碘油栓塞组(C组)、对照组(D组).A、B两组实验兔经肝动脉注入碘油磁液0.5～0.8 ml栓塞病灶,C组实验兔仅用碘油栓塞.栓塞后仅A组实验兔在交变磁场下诱导热疗.实验兔分别于栓塞或栓塞热疗术前1 d和术后1、7、14 d经耳缘静脉取血,行肝、肾功能检查.肝功能指标选取丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST),肾功能指标选取血清尿素氮(BUN)和血清肌酐(Cr).栓塞术前、术后即刻、术后7、14 d行CT扫描并随访,观察碘油磁液或碘油在瘤内沉积分布情况并分别测量肿瘤大小.术后14 d处死实验兔,完整切取肝脏、脾、肾和肺,作病理检查.各组测量数据以重复测量方差分析进行统计学分析.结果 A组实验兔术前1 d和术后1、7、14 d ALT分别为(43.9±19.0)、(795.1±327.1)、(67.0±9.3)、(41.9±10.8)U/L,AST分别为(50.2±13.6)、(1011.2±655.9)、(62.4±24.1)、(51.6±7.9)U/L;B组ALT分别为(45.0±19.1)、(580.8±160.4)、(67.2±31.0)、(47.6±7.8)U/L,AST分另U为(52.9±20.3)、(735.2±186.1)、(57.9±24.8)、(50.9±9.8)U/L;C组ALT分别为(47.4±14.6)、(558.5±167.8)、(63.5±21.9)、(48.0.±9.3)U/L,AST分别为(51.8±9.5)、(752.5±112.0)、(56.5 ±20.6)、(51.4±8.6)U/L;术后1 dALT和AST较术前和D组明显升高(P值均<0.01),术后7、14 d所测值与术前比较差异无统计学意义.栓塞术前后4组实验兔BUN和Cr值组间和组内比较,差异均无统计学意义.术后7 d CT示A、B、C 3组瘤区碘油磁液和碘油沉积分布与栓塞或栓塞热疗前相比无明显变化.术后14 d CT示A组瘤区碘油磁液沉积更集中、密实,B、C两组共5例肿瘤瘤周碘油磁液或碘油移位、部分消失.术后14 d,A组肿瘤体积[(6.1±0.6)cm~3]较术前[(7.8±1.4)cm~3]平均缩小约21.7%(F=17.56,P<0.01),而术前B、C两组肿瘤体积分别为(7.9±1.1)、(7.8±0.9)cm~3,治疗后14 d分别为(9.1±0.8)、(9.3±1.0)cm~3,较术前平均增大16.2%、18.9%(F值分别为25.23、55.50,P值均<0.01).病理检查,栓塞14 d后,A组肿瘤坏死均达80%以上,B、C两组肿瘤坏死约30%~50%.结论 碘油磁液对兔VX2肝癌行选择性肝动脉栓塞热疗是安全有效的,具有可行性.     

选择性门静脉栓塞术联合肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗肝转移癌的对照研究

目的探讨选择性门静脉栓塞术(PVE)联合肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)治疗肝转移癌的疗效和安全性。方法将49例无法或拒绝接受手术切除肝转移癌的患者分为对照组和治疗组。对照组(26例)单纯行TACE,治疗组(23例)在此基础上联合选择性门静脉栓塞术,观察比较2种疗法对患者术后肝功能、肝脏体积、不良反应、并发症及近期疗效和累积生存率的影响。结果①术后6个月治疗组有效率65.2%(15/23)高于对照组30.8%(8/26)(P=0.04);治疗组肿瘤最长径总和由术前(9.92±2.63)cm下降为术后(7.32±2.61)cm,对照组由术前(10.34±3.12)cm下降为术后(9.13±3.42)cm,治疗组优于对照组;治疗组和对照组中位生存时间分别为21个月及13个月,累积生存率比较P<0.05。②肝脏体积变化比较:对照组术后肝脏体积无明显变化;治疗组术前非栓塞叶体积为(481±251)cm3,术后2,4,8周分别为(523±250)cm3,(548±249)cm3,(552±249)cm3,分别比术前增加(10.1±7.6)%,(16.1±10.9)%,(17.2±11.5)%。③术后肝功能:两组患者术后血浆白蛋白水平变化均不明显,治疗组术后第1,3天,ALT、AST、TB等指标较术前明显升高,至术后第7天下降(P>0.05)。两组相比,术后第1天、第3天ALT、AST、TB治疗组高于对照组,第7、14天差异无统计学意义。结论选择性PVE联合TACE能够有效的控制和缩小肝转移癌,改善患者累积生存率,是治疗无法手术切除肝转移癌安全有效的选择,值得进一步研究应用。     

新型温敏纳米凝胶经肝动脉栓塞兔VX2肿瘤的可行性研究

目的 采用CT增强及病理学方法评估新型温敏纳米凝胶(PIB)经肝动脉栓塞治疗兔肝VX2肿瘤的效果,并探讨其作为血管栓塞剂的可行性.方法 45只健康日本大耳白兔,肝脏左叶植入VX2肿瘤组织块建模,将建模成功的荷瘤兔随机分为三组,PIB组,碘油组(DY组)及生理盐水组(NS组)各15只行经肝动脉栓塞治疗,于术前1天、术后3天、7天、14天时间点检测各组实验兔肝功能,同时行CT增强扫描,测量栓塞前后各组肿瘤体积变化并计算肿瘤体积增长率,观察肿瘤形态学改变同时结合病理学方法验证其治疗效果.结果 术前1天,PIB、DY及NS各组间肝功能差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).兔肝VX2肿瘤经肝动脉栓塞术后3天,PIB组、DY组的肝功能(ALT、AST)较NS组明显升高.对于肝功能ALT,PIB组、DY组分别与NS组差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.05).但PIB组及DY组组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);对于肝功能AST,PIB组、DY组、NS组三组间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后7天,三组间的差异无显著统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后14天,PIB、DY及NS三组间肝功能差异与术后3天各组统计学结果相同(P＜0.05).术前1天三组肿瘤体积大小的差异无显著统计学意义;术后3天、7天及14天,PIB、DY、NS三组肿瘤体积的差异均有统计学意义(P3 ＜0.05;P7＜0.05;P14＜0.05),且分别为术后3天PIB组肿瘤体积增大明显,与DY、NS组差异均有统计学意义,术后7天NS组肿瘤体积增大明显,分别与PIB、DY组差异有统计学意义.栓塞术后7天,PIB及DY组肿瘤体积增长率均较NS组低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但两组间差异无显著统计学意义(P＞0.05),14天后三组间肿瘤体积及体积生长率均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).影像学上的环形强化灶均为病理切片下的肿瘤细胞组织,病理所见肿瘤范围与影像学测量大体一致.结论 PIB兔肝动脉介入栓塞治疗安全有效,可明显抑制肿瘤生长,其长期抑瘤效果较碘油佳,作为血管栓塞剂可行性好.     

无水酒精注射术联合射频消融术与单纯射频消融术治疗小肝癌的疗效比较

目的比较无水酒精注射术（PEI）联合射频消融术（RFA）治疗方案与单纯RFA治疗小肝癌的疗效。方法回顾分析我院2006年1月～2008年1月进行的68例小肝癌射频消融治疗患者的临床资料。68例中37例行PEI联合RFA术,31例行单纯RFA术。比较两组肿瘤完全消融率,复发率,复发时间,术后1、2、3年生存率等情况。结果 PEI联合RFA组肿瘤完全消融率91.89%,局部复发率10.81%,局部复发时间（14.22±3.48）月,1、2、3年的生存率分别为89.19%、81.08%和72.97%。单纯RFA组肿瘤完全消融率70.97%,局部复发率32.26%,局部复发时间（9.15±2.68）月,1、2、3年的生存率87.10%、77.42%和48.39%。PEI联合RFA组在肿瘤完全消融率、局部复发率、复发时间、术后3年生存率方面好于单纯RFA组。结论 PEI联合RFA治疗小肝癌疗效优于单纯RFA治疗,在小肝癌的治疗中有重要临床应用价值。     

射频消融联合肝动脉栓塞治疗肝癌疗效的实验研究

目的 研究射频消融(RFA)与肝动脉栓塞(TAE)联合治疗VX2兔肝移植瘤的疗效.材料与方法将VX2肿瘤块植入实验兔的肝脏内,建立36只兔肝癌模型,随机分为4组,每组9只.A组行单纯RFA治疗,B、C、D组分别在TAE治疗后1、4、7天行RFA治疗.各组在治疗后1、4、7天取标本,观察疗效.结果 毁损范围:A组(2.99±0.18)cm2与B组(3.67±0.32)cm2、C组(3.65±0.29)cm2、D组(3.53±0.16)cm2比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),B、C、D组之间比较筹异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 在一定时间内TAE与RFA联合治疗可以明显增加肝脏肿瘤的坏死范围,提高坏死率.     

CT灌注成像评价兔肝VX2移植瘤射频热凝术后残癌的实验研究

目的 探讨CT灌注成像在兔肝VX2肿瘤射频消融(RFA)后残癌诊断中的应用价值.方法 制备兔肝VX2肿瘤模型,在进行射频不完全消融治疗后第3、7、14、21天行CT灌注成像检查,然后处死模型兔,进行病理检查对照,进行统计学分析.结果 术后7d内各灌注参数无统计学差异(P均＞0.05).术后第14天时炎症反应带的血流量(BF)、表面通透性(PMB)的均值分别为(32.37±3.30) mL·min-1·100 g-1、(16.35±2.86)mL· min-1·100 g-1,残癌的对应参数均值分别为(60.77±8.25) mL·min-1·100 9-1、(33.13±6.29)mL· min-1·100 g-1,2组的BF比较有显著差异(t=9.31,P=0.01),PMB比较有显著差异(t=9.12,P=0.00);其他参数均值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后21d2组的BF、血容量(BV)、PMB、肝动脉灌注量(ALP)、肝动脉灌注指数(HPI)比较P＜0.05,统计学有差异.门脉灌注量(PVP)均值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 CT灌注成像能为RFA术后提供有价值的血流动力学信息,有助于兔肝VX2肿瘤RFA治疗后残癌的早期诊断.     

射频消融术在弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿中的应用北大核心CSCD

目的探讨超声引导下射频消融(RFA)治疗弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿(Graves病)的疗效。方法纳入20例Graves病患者,超声引导下行RFA术,将甲状腺近全消融,仅保留甲状腺危险三角处2~3 mm。比较术后1、3 h疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分;术后1、3、6、12个月复查甲状腺功能、甲状腺彩超,计算甲状腺体积、甲巯咪唑用量。结果20例Graves病患者的年龄为(36.4±9.2)岁,病程为(7.10±1.57)年,术前甲状腺体积为(38.14±8.19)cm^(3),术前甲巯咪唑用量为(9.50±2.23)mg。术后1年7例患者停药,停药者术前TRAb<10 IU/L,甲状腺体积为(30.14±4.19)cm^(3)。术后随着时间延长,甲状腺体积、TRAb、甲巯咪唑用量逐渐减少。术后1年甲状腺体积和TRAb与1年后甲巯咪唑用量呈正相关。20例患者中,治疗有效18例,2例术后1年FT3、FT4、TSH仍异常,甲巯咪唑用量较术前无减量。冰敷组VAS评分为2~3分,非冰敷组为2~5分。术后1 h冰敷组VAS评分秩平均值为6.1,非冰敷组为14.9(Z=-3.50,P<0.01);术后3 h分别为8.5和12.5(Z=-1.78,P=0.075)。不良反应主要是疼痛、颈部肿胀、声音嘶哑。结论超声引导下RFA治疗Graves病不良反应小,疗效显著,部分患者仍需小剂量抗甲亢药物维持,TRAb<10 IU/L、甲状腺体积较小者有望停药。     

Glutamine supplementation in vitro and in vivo,in exercise and in immunodepression

In situations of stress, such as clinical trauma, starvation or prolonged, strenuous exercise, the concentration of glutamine in the blood is decreased, often substantially. In endurance athletes this decrease occurs concomitantly with relatively transient immunodepression. Glutamine is used as a fuel by some cells of the immune system. Provision of glutamine or a glutamine precursor, such as branched chain amino acids, has been seen to have a beneficial effect on gut function, on morbidity and mortality, and on some aspects of immune cell function in clinical studies. It has also been seen to decrease the self-reported incidence of illness in endurance athletes. So far, there is no firm evidence as to precisely which aspect of the immune system is affected by glutamine feeding during the transient immunodepression that occurs after prolonged, strenuous exercise. However, there is increasing evidence that neutrophils may be implicated. Other aspects of glutamine and glutamine supplementation are also addressed.     

Temporal changes in the oxidation state in in vitro blood

The rates at which the paramagnetic compounds deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) and methemoglobin (MHb) form in vivo within an area of hemorrhage are unknown. The present experiment establishes the baseline concentrations and rates of change in paramagnetic hemoglobin concentrations, as well as the pH in normal heparinized and clotted human blood maintained in vitro at 37 degrees C under anaerobic conditions over 30 hours. There was a moderate increase in Hb concentration in normal heparinized blood (average increase was 15.5%, rate = 0.50%/hour) and a slight increase in MHb concentration in the heparinized blood and clots (average increase was 1.4%, rate = 0.044%/hour). A second experiment was done to verify the activity of the RBC systems responsible for maintaining the hemoglobin molecule in the reduced state. Conversion of MHb to Hb in these samples proceeded at a rate of 5.6%/hour. In a third experiment, blood from 11 normal subjects maintained at 4 degrees C 25 degrees C was analyzed for MHb concentration over the course of 28 days. The level of MHb formation remained in the range of normal for at least 11 days in all subjects. The authors conclude that at basal conditions created in vitro, the blood levels of both Hb and MHb remain at relatively low levels. Therefore, if the accumulation of Hb and/or MHb occurs in acute in vivo hematomas it must be driven by intrinsic tissue factors.     

Carcinoma in situ in cryptorchid testes in post-pubertal patients]

The pathohistologic analysis of testis sections of 37 postpuberty patients with different types of cryptorchism is performed. The tissue samples were taken during orchiopehy, fixed in Bouin's solution and treated by the standard histologic techniques. The morphologic criteria are presented for identification of the presence of the so called carcinoma in situ cells found in two cases. Besides, in 13 patients rare, mainly single, atypical germinative cells were found in a smaller number of the seminiferous tubules. It has been concluded that the presence of carcinoma in situ cells in undescended testes of some patients and considering the simple way of sampling, lack of complications and high reliability of the diagnostic procedure, it is absolutely justified to take routine biopsy of testes during orchiopexy in each postpuberty and perhaps prepuberty patient.     

我国医用辐射防护研究概况

医学放射学技术的迅速发展及介入放射学在临床广泛应用，使更多的人受到电离辐射的照射，同时也促进了医疗照射防护工作的发展。文中重点综述了我国医用辐射防护工作者近年来在Ｘ射线ＣＴ的医疗照射防护、对介入放射学工作者的剂量监测以及应用医疗照射防护体系，降低医疗照射剂量等方面所作出的成绩和研究进展     

Hepatic steatosis in obesity in children

The fatty liver infiltrations of the children are not uncommon and are often seen in particular diseases, mainly related to intoxication or metabolic diseases. The authors reported a case of heterogeneous fatty liver infiltration due to obesity with a good evolution after a hypocaloric diet.