试论临床护理路径在前列腺增生症手术患者中应用

目的：探讨前列腺增生手术患者的临床护理路径。方法选取2008年12月~2013年12月我科收治的100例前列腺增生手术患者随机分为两组,对照组50例采用常规护理模式,观察组50例在常规护理的基础上,采用临床护理路径模型。观察两组患者的护理效果,并分别比较。结果两组患者接受治疗护理后的疗效比较院患者实施临床护理路径后,观察组患者的自我护理能力和护理效果的显著改善,患者健康知识和满意度均高于对照组,(<0.05)。结论前列腺增生手术患者临床路径护理的实施,能使护理人员的护理行为的规范化,以满足患者对疾病和健康的知识的需求,有效地缩短住院天数,降低住院费用,提高患者满意度和护理人员的质量和医疗护理质量,提高医院的外部形象。     

临床路径在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻内镜手术围手术期护理中的应用

目的：探讨临床路径在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者鼻内镜手术围手术期护理中应用的效果。方法将180例慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者随机分为对照组和观察组，两组患者均以整体护理位基础，各90例，对照组使用常规的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻内镜手术护理模式，观察组实施临床路径护理模式。比较两组的平均住院日、平均住院费用、疾病知识测试成绩、患者满意度。结果观察组平均住院日、平均住院费用与对照组相比明显减少，疾病知识测试成绩、患者满意度测试明显优于对照组，观察组满意度为96%，显著高于对照组的80%。结论按照临床路径指示对患者进行有计划的护理降低了患者的平均住院费用，缩短了平均住院日，提高了患者满意度，同时让患者主动参与治疗护理，使患者得到了最佳护理，也提高了工作效率。     

临床护理路径在脑出血护理中的应用及体会

目的：分析探讨临床护理路径在脑出血护理中的应用,为脑出血临床护理提供良好借鉴。方法选取2013年4月~2014年4月在我院接受脑出血治疗的患者162例,将其分为对照组和试验组两组,每组患者81例,对照组患者采用常规护理方式,试验组患者采用临床护理路径,比较两组患者实施护理干预前后的效果。结果试验组患者的住院费用、住院天数、患者护理满意度等情况比较差异明显,具有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组患者的护理满意度为70.37%(57/81),试验组患者的护理满意度为100%,两组患者的治疗有效率比较差异明显,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论护理路径的实施可以有效减轻患者的痛感,提高护理质量以及护理满意度,值得在临床推广应用。     

临床护理路径在子宫肌瘤手术患者中的应用

目的 探讨临床护理路径对子宫肌瘤手术患者的应用效果.方法 80例拟行子宫肌瘤手术患者随机分为观察组、对照组各40例,观察组按临床护理路径进行护理,对照组采用常规护理方法,比较两组临床护理效果.结果 观察组的住院时间、住院费用明显少于对照组,而健康知识掌握情况及患者满意度明显高于对照组,差异均有显著意义(P＜0.05).结论 对子宫肌瘤手术患者应用临床护理路径可有效提高护理质量和患者满意度.     

观察优质护理服务对高血压性脑出血患者的影响

目的：探讨优质护理服务对高血压性脑出血患者的影响。方法选取2012年10月~2013年8月入住我院的70例高血压性脑出血患者作为研究对象,将其随机分为观察组和对照组。对照组进行常规护理。观察组在对照组所接受的护理基础上实施优质护理服务。观察比较两组患者住院时长、治疗后神经功能损缺恢复程度、满意度及并发症发生率。结果观察组患者住院时长明显少于对照组,治疗后神经功能损缺恢复情况明显优于对照组,其对护理的满意度和并发症发生率都显著优于对照组,两组组别差异显著,数据比较具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对高血压性脑出血患者实施优质护理服务有助于患者神经功能恢复,能显著缩短患者住院时长,并提升患者满意度,减少并发症的发生,是一种较为理想的护理模式,值得临床大力推广。     

健康教育路径在关节置换术中应用及探讨

目的 探讨健康教育临床路径在关节置换术患者中的应用.方法 将58例关节置换的患者按实施临床路径划分为观察组和对照组.29例患者采用传统的医疗护理模式为对照组;29例患者采用从入院到出院、治疗、护理、都采用健康教育临床护理路径的为观察组.结果 观察组在患者满意度、相关知识掌握住院天数、住院费用方面明显优于对照组.结论 推行健康教育临床路径是一种符合国情顺应民心的护理服务模式.不仅促进了护患交流,显著提高了患者对健康教育及护理工作的满意度,提高了护理质量,还减轻了忠者的经济负担.     

分析临床护理路径在老年阑尾炎腹腔镜切除术中的应用

目的通过探讨观察临床护理的相关路径在对老年阑尾炎腹腔镜切除手术患者护理中所取得的相关应用。方法选取我院收治的老年阑尾炎腹腔镜切除术患者共120例，随机将其分成观察组和对照组各60例，其中对照组患者采用传统常规护理；观察组患者采用临床护理路径，对两组患者的护理满意度进行对比分析。结果与对照组患者相比较，观察组患者无论是住院时间还是住院总费用均少于对照组；并且在观察组当中对护理工作的满意度也要十分显著的药优于对照组所取得的满意程度(PP<0.05)。结论在对老年阑尾炎腹腔镜切除术患者进行护理时，采用临床护理路径均被诸多优点，例如在护理当中能有效的降低患者在住院时间与住院费用上的额度，以便提高患者的满意度。     

临床路径在白内障超声乳化患者中的应用

目的 探讨临床路径在白内障超声乳化患者中的应用效果.方法 将60例老年性白内障患者随机分为实验组和对照组各30例.实验组采用制定好的临床路径实施诊疗、护理工作.对照组采用传统方法进行诊疗、护理.比较两组病人平均住院时间、平均住院费用、对医疗护理工作的满意度.结果 实验组病人平均住院天数、平均住院费用明显低于对照组(P<0.01),对医疗护理满意度、明显优于对照组(P<0.05).结论 在实施白内障超声乳化病人中实施临床路径可减少住院天数,降低住院费用,促进了病人术后生活自理能力的恢复,提高了病人满意度.     

临床护理路径用于脑梗死患者的效果观察

目的：观察临床护理路径用于脑梗死患者的临床效果。方法将216例脑梗死患者随机分为观察组和对照组各108例。两组均予常规药物对症治疗，在此基础上观察组予临床护理路径措施，包括一般护理、并发症护理、心理护理等内容；对照组仅予一般护理。观察两组临床疗效及患者护理满意度。结果观察组总有效率和患者满意度均高于对照组，差异有统计学意义(<0.05)。结论临床护理路径用于脑梗死患者，可提高临床疗效和患者满意度，值得临床推广应用。     

临床护理路径在痉挛性脑瘫患儿治疗中的应用效果分析

目的探讨临床护理路径在痉挛性脑瘫患儿治疗中的应用效果。方法选取我院2018年2月至6月的96例痉挛性脑瘫患儿作为研究对象,按入院顺序随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各48例。对照组患儿实施传统的常规护理模式;观察组在对照组的基础上加用临床护理路径进行护理,护理疗程结束后比较两组患儿住院时间、医疗费用、治疗效果、护理满意度。结果观察组患儿住院时间与住院费用均低于对照组(P0.05);观察组治疗总有效率(93.75%),高于对照组的治疗总有效率(81.25%),两组治疗总有效率比较具有显著性差异(χ~2=4.80,P0.05);观察组患儿护理满意度评分为(9.2±0.9)分,明显要优于对照组患儿护理满意度评分为(8.3±1.4)分,两组满意度比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.746,P0.05)。结论临床护理路径在痉挛性脑瘫患儿治疗中的应用效果显著,缩短了住院时间,减少医疗费用和提高护理满意度。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.