动脉内接触性溶栓治疗急性脑梗死时间窗选择与疗效分析

目的 探讨动脉内接触性溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的时间窗选择与疗效的关系.资料与方法 245例脑梗死均在CT检查及血管造影基础上接受选择性动脉内接触性溶栓治疗,其中在发病后6 h以内溶栓者56例,6～24 h溶栓者189例.分析两组患者的血管再通率和90天预后.结果 脑血管造影发现颈内动脉(ICA)系统闭塞173例,椎基底动脉(VBA)系统闭塞72例;溶栓后ICA系统再通113例,VBA系统再通37例.治疗后90天预后好者180例,预后差者65例.溶栓后颅内出血12例.6 h内组和6～24 h组患者血管内溶栓治疗后90天预后良好率分别为80.35 %(45/56)和71.43 %(135/189),血管再通率分别为66.07%(37/56)和59.79%(113/189),血管再通中位时间分别为67 min和73 min.结论 动脉内接触性溶栓可以明显改善脑梗死患者的预后,仅以发病时间不超过6 h作为动脉内溶栓治疗标准不够全面,应当根据病情适当放宽动脉内溶栓的时间窗.     

急性缺血性脑梗死动脉内溶栓临床疗效评价

目的评价尿激酶动脉内溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法对162例急性缺血性脑梗死患者应用尿激酶进行局部动脉内溶栓治疗,分析不同阻塞血管部位血管再通率和3个月后格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)之间的关系。结果脑血管造影发现血管闭塞162例,其中颈内动脉系统闭塞119例(73.5%):颈内动脉(ICA)主干闭塞27例(16.7%),大脑中动脉(MCA)闭塞63例(38.9%),大脑前动脉(ACA)闭塞29例(17.9%);椎基底动脉(VBA)闭塞43例(26.5%)。溶栓后再通分别为11例,40.7%;49例,77.8%;20例,68.9%和23例53.5%。治疗后3个月恢复良好者90例(55.6%),预后差72例(44.4%)。颅内出血8例(4.9%);再灌注损伤73例(45.1%);再栓塞6例(3.1%)。分析后认为ICA主干、VBA动脉再通率较低,预后差;MCA、ACA再通率高,预后好;开始治疗时间血管再通率和临床疗效相关(相关系数r=0.86)。结论局部动脉溶栓可以明显改善脑梗死患者的预后;预后和开始治疗的时间、血管再通有相关性,大脑中、前动脉血管再通率高,预后较好;颈内动脉主干血管阻塞很难再通;椎基底动脉血管再通后症状有所改善;血管不能再通或并发脑出血预后较差。     

急性脑梗死溶栓治疗的时间窗及其影响因素分析

目的 分析急性脑梗死患者不同时间的动脉内溶栓治疗效果,探讨影响治疗时间窗的因素.方法 54例脑梗死患者均在CT检查及血管造影基础上接受选择性动脉溶栓治疗其中在6 h以内溶栓者42例,6～24 h溶检者12例.统计两组患者术后血管再通率和神经功能缺失积分差值.结果 两组患者治疗有效率分别为88.1%和75.0%,显效率分别为71.4%和50.0%, 管再通率分别为69.0%和50.0%,血管再通中位时间分别为68和73min.结论 动脉内溶检时间窗是与多种因素密切相关的,仅以发病时间不超过6 h作为治疗标准是不够全面的,应当根据病情合理放宽溶栓的时间窗,最大限度降低患者的病残率,提高了患者的生活质量.     

缺血性脑卒中超早期静脉溶栓治疗

目的 :评价超早期尿激酶静脉溶栓疗法对急性缺血性脑卒中的疗效和安全性。材料和方法 :随机选择 2 0例急性缺血性脑卒中患者 ,发病时间在 6h以内 ,半小时之内静脉滴注尿激酶 15 0× 10 4U/人 ,溶栓前、溶栓后 15min及 2 4h分别做血管造影检查 ,并记录比较患者溶栓前后临床神经功能缺损评分 (欧洲脑卒中评分 )及治疗 90天研究终点时的BarthelIndex和改良RankinScale。结果 :大脑中动脉闭塞 8例 ,6例完全再通 ,1例部分再通 ;大脑前动脉闭塞 1例 ,完全再通 ;颈内动脉闭塞 6例 ,3例部分开通 ,3例未通 ;豆纹动脉闭塞的 5例 ;4例临床完全恢复。本组病例中 2例继发症状性脑出血。有 3例患者死亡 ,死亡率为 15 %。结论 :超早期静脉溶栓可以使闭塞的血管再通 ,改善患者预后 ,但必需严格把握适应证 ,否则会增加脑出血的发病率及患者的死亡率。     

动脉内溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑梗死

目的　观察动脉内溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑梗死的临床效果 ,并分析影响预后的因素。方法　对 32例发病在 2～ 2 0h内的急性缺血性脑梗死患者进行动脉内溶栓治疗。尿激酶平均用量 6 5万U。患者病情在入院时由神经科医师以美国国立卫生研究院卒中分数 (NIHSS)综合评分。临床结果评价在溶栓后 3个月进行 ,按改良的Rakin分数 (MRS)分为好结果 (MRS 0～ 3)、差结果 (MRS 4～ 6 )两类。结果　灌注溶栓治疗后脑血管造影复查 ,闭塞血管再通率达 6 2 .5 % ,其中闭塞时间 6h内的 1 4例中 ,部分或完全再通 1 3例 ,闭塞时间在 6～ 2 0h的 1 8例中 ,部分或完全再通 7例。 2 0例患者 (6 2 .5 % )为好结果 ,1 2例 (37.5 % )为差结果 ,其中 2例死亡。 2例 (6 .2 5 % )发生症状性脑出血。良好的预后与入院时NIHSS评分 <2 0 (P <0 .0 1 )及血管再通 (P <0 .0 2 5 )密切相关 ,而血管再通又与开始溶栓时间 <6h有关 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　动脉内溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑梗死是一种安全有效的方法 ,可使大部分患者闭塞动脉再通 ,提高临床治疗效果。血管闭塞时间越短 ,疗效越佳     

急性椎基底动脉闭塞的介入治疗

目的 探讨急性椎基底动脉闭塞动脉内溶栓治疗,溶栓后血管狭窄的处理问题.方法 收集我院2001年1月至2006年7月急性椎基底动脉闭塞患者67例.全脑血管造影后,责任动脉内泵入尿激酶,复查造影,溶栓后动脉残余重度狭窄者置入支架.结果 溶栓后血管完全再通17例(25.4%),血管部分再通41例(61.2%),血管未通9例(13.4%).临床症状恢复良好19例,轻度伤残23例,重度伤残8例,死亡17例.结论 急性椎基底动脉闭塞溶栓治疗是有效的,时间窗应强调个体化,溶栓后血管残余狭窄可行支架置入术.     

机械辅助动脉内溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中

目的评估机械辅助动脉内尿激酶溶栓治疗缺血性脑卒中的临床疗效及安全性。方法 2007年1月至2010年10月对28例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,于发病时间在90～450 min行机械辅助动脉内尿激酶溶栓治疗。采用的机械辅助方法有导丝碎栓、导管抽吸取栓及支架应用等,术后统计血管再通率、出血并发症及3个月后改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分。结果 28例患者应用机械辅助溶栓成功再通血管23例,血管再通率为82.1%,平均血管再通时间为65.22 min,3个月后mRS评分均≤3分;5例血管再通无效者中2例死亡,1例mRS评分4分,2例mRS评分≤3分。血管再通组中,机械辅助溶栓并未增加出血并发症率。结论机械辅助溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中安全有效,能减少尿激酶用量及血管再通时间,提高再通率。     

动脉内溶栓治疗椎基底动脉系急性脑梗塞的初步临床应用

目的: 经动脉内溶栓治疗5例椎基底动脉系急性脑梗塞患者,观察其临床疗效.材料和方法: 5例患者发病均在12小时内; 治疗前均行CT检查,CT示没有出血或与神经功能缺损对应的低密度区.经右股动脉入路,全脑血管造影确认病变类型,选择性将微导管送入患侧椎基底动脉内病变处,在30min左右注入50～75万单位尿激酶.治疗1小时后行脑血管造影复查.结果: 5例患者中有4例血管再通.Glasgow评分,治疗前为6.20±1.30分,治疗后24小时9.40±4.56分;3例存活患者治疗前7.0±1.0分,治疗后24小时12.33±3.06分.3个月预后良好者有3例(RS评分0～1分);2例死亡.结论:早期动脉内溶栓治疗急性脑梗塞有助于闭塞血管再通,有益于病情恢复.     

缺血性脑卒中动脉溶栓治疗的时间窗分析

目的：报道50例急性缺血性脑卒中患不同时间的动脉内溶栓治疗效果，探讨影响治疗时间窗的因素。材料与方法：1996年4月-1997年10月来院就诊的脑梗塞患，发病时间小于6h43例，平均54h；所有患均在CT检查及血管造影基础上行靶血管起点及靶血管闭塞点溶栓治疗。结果：颈内动脉闭塞18例，完全再通5例(27.8%)，部分再通4例（22.2%）；大脑中动脉闭塞13例,完全再通10例（76.9%）；血管造影见异常17例。结论：治疗时间窗是由复杂变化的综合因素决定，个体差异很大，血管条件、血栓部位、发病年龄、卒中类型与时间窗的选择密切相关，在治疗时应全面考虑，仅以发病不超过6h作为治疗时间窗的选择标准是不够全面的。     

急性颈内动脉系统脑梗死的局部动脉溶栓治疗

目的　检验局部注射尿激酶动脉溶栓治疗急性颈内动脉系统脑梗死的安全性和疗效。方法　分析 5 4例接受局部动脉溶栓治疗的颈内动脉系统急性脑梗死患者 ,其中颈内动脉主干闭塞 3例(5 .6 %) ,大脑中动脉主干及分支闭塞 46例 (85 .2 %) ,大脑前动脉闭塞 5例 (9.2 %)。结果　预后好的患者共有 41例 (75 .9%) ,血管再通程度 >5 0 %39例 (72 .2 %) ,再通程度 <5 0 %的 15例 (2 7.8%)。颅内出血率为 2 0 .4%,病死率为 7.4%。结论　局部动脉溶栓是一种有效的治疗方法 ,可以提高血管再通率 ,改善脑梗死患者的预后。     

急性期缺血性脑梗塞的动脉内溶栓治疗

目的：报道和评价动脉内溶栓对急性期缺血性脑梗塞的治疗效果。方法：选择从１９９８年５月以来临床诊断的急性期缺血性脑梗塞患者９例（男８例,女１例）,行动脉内溶栓治疗,年龄在４７～８０岁之间,溶栓方法为将８０ＩＵ位尿激酶溶于８０ｍｌ５生理盐水内,在１ｈ以内经导管缓慢注入,病人病情在入院时、灌注后２４ｈ、１周、３月内由神经科医生以欧洲中风评分法（ＥＳＳ）综合评价。结果：溶栓治疗后３例血管得以再通,所有病人     

Intra-arterial cerebral thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke in a community hospital.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Advances in thrombolytic therapy, brain imaging, and neurointerventional techniques provide new therapeutic options for acute stroke. Intra-arterial thrombolysis has proved to be a potent therapeutic tool. To show that this procedure can be performed in community hospitals, we describe our experience with a group of 11 patients treated for middle cerebral artery occlusions. METHODS: Twenty-two patients seen during a period of 1 year with clinical findings of acute major-vessel stroke met screening criteria and were evaluated under an institutional review board-approved protocol. After CT scanning, 17 of those patients met strict criteria, gave informed consent, and underwent angiography. Eleven patients had M1 and M2 middle cerebral artery occlusions and received local thrombolytic therapy with urokinase. Recanalization efficacy, complications, and outcome data were compiled. RESULTS: The average score on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 22.2 at the onset of treatment and 12.5 after therapy, with 91% of patients showing neurologic improvement. Complete (TIMI 3) recanalization occurred in 73% of cases and partial recanalization (TIMI 2) in 18%. At the 90-day follow-up evaluation, 56% of patients had good outcomes (modified Rankin score, 0 to 1). One intracranial hemorrhage occurred. CONCLUSION: Intra-arterial thrombolysis can be performed in a community hospital by radiologists with interventional and neuroradiologic skills given appropriate institutional preparation.     

动静脉联合应用重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂治疗超时间窗急性脑梗死患者近期预后影响因素分析

目的探讨动静脉联合应用重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)治疗超时间窗急性脑梗死患者的近期预后及其影响因素,为临床治疗方案的选择提供依据。方法回顾性分析由基层医院转诊的53例经动静脉联合应用rt-PA治疗的超时间窗急性脑梗死患者的临床资料。收集基线资料,并在患者入院时、治疗后7 d进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,将评分的差值作为结局变量(NIHSS差值≥4分或≥50%为预后良好,反之为预后不良)。同时,比较溶栓前后TIMT分级情况,观察血管再通率及其对预后的影响。结果 53例患者中,近期预后良好35例,年龄、溶栓前血糖、症状性出血、溶栓前NIHSS评分、溶栓启动时间、梗死部位是影响近期预后的主要因素。动静脉联合溶栓后,血管再通41例,其中,29例患者缺血区完全恢复灌注,为完全再通;12例患者有<50%的缺血区灌注,属于部分再通。结论影响超时间窗急性脑梗死患者近期预后的主要因素为年龄、溶栓前血糖、症状性出血、溶栓前NIHSS评分、溶栓启动时间、梗死部位;动静脉联合溶栓可显著增加血管再通率,改善预后。     

Intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (tirofiban) followed by intra-arterial urokinase and mechanical thrombolysis in stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate preliminarily the efficacy and safety of intravenous tirofiban combined with intra-arterial pharmacologic and mechanical thrombolysis in patients with stroke. METHODS: Twenty-one consecutive patients with an acute ischemic stroke due to major cerebral arteries occlusion and a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score > or = 18 were treated with an intravenous bolus of tirofiban and heparin followed by intra-arterial administration of urokinase coupled with mechanical thrombolysis. RESULTS: Thirteen patients had an anterior circulation stroke (T-siphon internal carotid artery [ICA] = 7; middle cerebral artery [MCA] = 6), 6 patients a posterior circulation stroke, and 2 patients an anterior plus posterior circulation stroke (left ICA or M1 tract of MCA plus basilar artery occlusions). Mean NIHSS score on admission was 21 (range, 18-27). Immediate recanalization was successful (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction [TIMI] 2-3) in 17 of 21 patients. The following day, 14 of 19 patients improved substantially and complete vessel patency (TIMI 3-4) was confirmed by digital subtraction angiography. Intracranial bleeding occurred in 5 of 21 patients (3 symptomatic cerebral hemorrhages and 2 subarachnoid hemorrhages) and was fatal in the case of 3 patients. At discharge, the mean NIHSS was 5.4 (range, 0-25). Overall, at 3-month follow-up the functional outcome was favorable (modified Rankin Scale score = 0-2) in 13 of 21 (62%) patients. Death (including all causes) at 90 days occurred in 6 of 21 (28%) cases. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of intravenous tirofiban with intra-arterial urokinase and mechanical thrombolysis may be successful in reestablishing vessel patency and result in a good functional outcome in patients with major cerebral arteries occlusions.     

Endovascular Mechanical Thrombectomy of an Occluded Superior Division Branch of the Left MCA for Acute Cardioembolic Stroke

Cardiac embolism accounts for a large proportion of ischemic stroke. Revascularization using systemic or intra-arterial thrombolysis is associated with increasing risks of cerebral hemorrhage as time passes from stroke onset. We report successful mechanical thrombectomy from a distal branch of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) using a novel technique. A 72-year old man suffered an acute ischemic stroke from an echocardiographically proven ventricular thrombus due to a recent myocardial infarction. Intra-arterial administration of 4 mg rt-PA initiated at 5.7 hours post-ictus failed to recanalize an occluded superior division branch of the left MCA. At 6 hours, symptomatic embolic occlusion persisted. Mechanical extraction of the clot using an Attracter-18 device (Target Therapeutics, Freemont, CA) resulted in immediate recanalization of the MCA branch. Attracter-18 for acute occlusion of MCA branches may be considered in selected patients who fail conventional thrombolysis or are nearing closure of the therapeutic window for use of thrombolytic agents.     

Intra-arterial thrombolysis of occluded middle cerebral artery by use of collateral pathways in patients with tandem cervical carotid artery/middle cerebral artery occlusion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion with middle cerebral artery (MCA) embolic occlusion is associated with a low rate of recanalization and poor outcome after intravenous thrombolysis. Prompt revascularization is required to prevent disabling stroke. We report our experience on acute ischemic stroke patients with tandem ICA or MCA occlusions treated with microcathether navigation and intra-arterial thrombolysis by use of collateral pathways including the posterior or anterior communicating arteries, or both pathways.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified 8 patients with proximal ICA occlusion associated with MCA embolic occlusions treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis (IA rtPA). Access to the occluded MCA was obtained via catheter navigation through intact collateral pathways, including posterior communicating (PcomA) or anterior communicating (AcomA) arteries, without passing a microcathether through the acutely occluded ICA. We assessed clinical outcomes using modified Rankin scale (mRS) and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).RESULTS: Eight patients with a mean age of 57 ± 4 years and median NIHSS of 14 were identified. Mean time from stroke onset to intra-arterial thrombolysis was 292 ± 44 minutes. The MCA was revascularized completely in 5 of the 8 patients via collateral intra-arterial rtPA administration. All of the patients had a favorable outcome defined as a mRS of ≤2 or more at 1 and 3 months'' follow-up after thrombolytic therapy. One patient had an asymptomatic petechial hemorrhage.CONCLUSION: In this small number of patients with tandem occlusions of the ICA and MCA, intra-arterial thrombolysis and recanalization of the MCA by use of collateral pathways to bypass the occluded ICA is a safe and efficacious therapeutic option.

Acute occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occurs in up to 50% of patients with occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA).¹ The prognosis of these patients is poor, with high rates of morbidity and mortality.² Intra-arterial thrombolysis can result in better outcomes in patients with acute occlusions of the MCA.³ There is currently no clear consensus on the optimal treatment approach for patients with acute ischemic stroke secondary to tandem ICA and MCA occlusions. Several different strategies have been used, including combined intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolysis by microcatheter navigation through the occluded ICA,⁴ mechanical thrombectomy,^5,6 or angioplasty with or without stent placement of the occluded ICA.^7-10 These approaches can be time consuming, and the increased complexity of the treatment is associated with increased potential risk for complications. We report our experience on the treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke with tandem MCA and ICA occlusions treated with microcatheter navigation and intra-arterial thrombolysis with use of collateral pathways, including the posterior (PcomA) or anterior communicating (AcomA) arteries. To the best of our knowledge, there have only been 2 previous case reports described in the literature of use of this approach.^11,12     

Endovascular recanalization of internal carotid artery occlusion in acute ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND: Endovascular therapy (ET) of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis is equivalent to carotid endarterectomy for stroke prevention; however, patients with ICA occlusion and acute symptoms are traditionally not candidates for ET. We report our experience in endovascular recanalization of acute stroke patients with ICA occlusion. PATIENTS AND TECHNIQUES: We reviewed our registry for acute stroke patients treated with ET who had (1) ICA occlusion by digital subtraction angiography (thrombolysis in myocardial ischemia=0) with location of type II (above ophthalmic artery involving M1 or A1 but not both) or type III (proximal to the ophthalmic artery but distal to the bifurcation); (2) acute stroke symptoms from the index lesion presenting 3 hours after onset of symptoms; (3) minimal ischemic changes on brain CT scan (less than one third of the MCA territory); (4) attempted ET. Neuroradiologists reviewed angiograms for thrombolysis in cerebral infarction. A blinded vascular neurologist reviewed post-procedural brain imaging for Alberta Stroke Program Early CT (ASPECT) scoring. Outcome scales were assessed. RESULTS: We identified 14 patients, 10 of whom were men (mean age, 58 +/- 14 years; median age, 54 years; age range, 40-74 years). There were 8 left ICA occlusions, 3 type II; and 6 right ICA occlusions, one type II. Median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 17 (range, 11-25; mean, 18 +/- 4.9). Mean time to ET was 389 +/- 103 minutes (median, 306 minutes; range, 197-1290 minutes). Immediate recanalization occurred in 64%. Decrease in expected stroke volume by brain imaging occurred in 50% with mean ASPECT score of 4 +/- 2.9 (median, 3; range, 0-8; 21% > or = 8). Two hemorrhages occurred, one symptomatic; 3 patients died. Good outcome was achieved in 64% of cases. CONCLUSION: Endovascular therapy of carotid occlusion in hyperacute stroke patients is feasible and may help to reduce stroke volume and increase good outcome in some patients.