阿尔茨海默病、血管性痴呆、帕金森病痴呆病人听觉认知电位的比较研究

目的 :探讨听觉事件相关电位 (ERP)在阿尔茨海默病 (AD)、血管性痴呆 (VD)、帕金森病痴呆 (PDD)中的差异及意义。方法 :应用ERP检测方法对 2 4例AD患者、2 2例VD患者、16例PDD患者及 30位正常人进行对照研究。结果 :①ERP的内源成分 :P30 0电位 (即P3波 )三组间异常程度不同 ,呈梯度变化。VD组P3潜伏期最长 ,AD组次之 ,PDD组再次之 (均P <0 .0 5 ) ;②ERP的外源成分 :三组N1波改变各异 ,VD组潜伏期延长 ,波幅降低 ;AD组仅波幅降低 ;PDD组正常 ;③峰间期 :AD、VD两组P2—N2、N2—P3、N1—P3峰间期延长 ,PDD组各波峰间期正常。结论 :AD、VD及PDD三种疾病听觉ERP异常程度及异常成分存在差异 ,上述电生理特征对区分痴呆类型具有一定价值。     

抑郁症患者的探究性眼动与听觉事件相关电位研究

目的:探讨探究性眼动(EEM)与听觉事件相关电位(ERP)的P300成分对抑郁症患者的诊断价值。方法:对42例抑郁症患者和40例正常健康者分别进行了EEM分析和听觉ERP的P300成分测定,并将结果加以比较。结果:抑郁症组中EEM和听觉ERP的:P300成分的异常率分别为83％(35／42)和81％(34／42),两者异常吻合率为76％(32／42)。抑郁症组EEM分析结果,凝视点数(NEF)和反应探索评分(RSS)值显著低于对照组(P<0．01)。与对照组比较,抑郁症组听觉ERP的N2、P3波潜伏期均延长和P3波幅降低,差异有显著意义(P<0．01)。抑郁症组N2、P3波潜伏期与NEF、RSS呈负相关(r=-0．29～-0．36,P<0．01),P3波幅与NEF、RSS呈正相关(r=0．32～0．33,P<0．01)。结论:EEM和听觉ERP的P3成分测定可作为抑郁症患者的诊断指标应用于临床。     

癫(癎)儿童事件相关电位P300检测报告

目的:探讨事件相关电位(ERP)的P300成分检测对癫癎儿童认知功能的评价。方法:利用ERP、韦氏儿童智力量表中国修订版(WIS-CR)对32例癫癎儿童进行P300测定和心理评估,以28例性别、年龄相匹配的正常儿童作对照。结果:与正常对照组比较,癫癎组儿童总智商(FIQ)、语言智商(VIQ)和操作智商(PIQ)得分均明显降低(P<0．01),32例癫癎患儿中有28％有智能障碍;ERP的P300波潜伏期也明显延长,P<0．01。结论:癫癎儿童易发生智力障碍,P300波潜伏期检测能早期、客观、准确地评价癫癎儿童的认知功能状况。     

不同性别首发精神分裂症患者听觉事件相关电位的研究

目的 研究不同性别首发精神分裂症患者听觉事件相关电位(ERP)是否存在差异,并分别探讨两组事件相关电位与临床阴性、阳性症状的关系.方法 对60例(男32例,女28例)首发神分裂症患者及30例正常人进行事件相关电位检测,并运用阳性和阴性症状量表进行精神症状评定.结果 ①两患者组的N2、P3潜伏期明显长于对照组,P3波幅明...     

听觉和视觉认知电位P300系列成分的临床电生理学特征

目的:通过对视觉和听觉事件相关电位P300系列成分的研究,了解其临床电生理学特征,从而为临床评价脑认知功能的状态提供依据。方法:使用经典的Odball P300刺激范式对29名志愿者分别进行视觉、听觉刺激,采用64导ERP数据采集分析系统进行数据采集及离线分析。使用SPSS 17.0对所得数据进行统计分析。结果:听觉P1波幅和潜伏期的性别主效应均显著(F=5.44,22.45;P=0.02,0.00),N1波幅的性别和电极部位主效应也均显著(F=4.50,17.85;P=0.04,0.00),P2波幅的电极部位主效应明显(F=17.64,P=0.00);而视觉P1、N1、P2的波幅和潜伏期中,仅P2波幅的电极部位主效应显著(F=3.51,P=0.04)。视觉性P1、N1、P2电位潜伏期明显小于听觉性P1、N1、P2(F=20.45,104.12,107.26;P=0.00),P1和N1的波幅明显低于听觉性P1、N1(F=7.05,133.82;P=0.01,0.00),听觉性N2、P300电位潜伏期明显大于视觉性N2和P300(F=52.43,52.64;P=0.00),视觉N2的波幅也明显高于听觉性N2(F=26.00,P=0.00),但视觉性P300波幅与听觉性P300无差异(F=0.00,P=0.989)。结论:听觉诱发电位具有早期外源性感知电位影响因素较多,P300等晚期内源性认知电位虽然相对稳定,但有波幅较低的缺点;视觉诱发电位早期外源性感知电位同样结果较稳定但波幅低,而晚期内源性认知电位具有波幅高和波形分化好的优点。因此同时检测视觉和听觉P300能够更加准确地评价大脑的认知功能。     

癫癎患者听觉事件相关电位的检测报告

目的:探讨听觉事件相关电位(ERP)在癫癎患者中的应用价值。方法:对40例癫癎患者和30名正常人进行ERP检测比较,并将癫癎患者ERP的结果与其发作类型、用药情况等进行比较分析。结果:40例癫癎患者的ERP P300潜伏期较对照组延长(P<0．05),但其P300波幅差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。全身强直阵挛性发作的28例癫癎患者,P300潜伏期延长尤著。多药治疗组较单药治疗组P300潜伏期延长。结论:癫癎患者存在认识功能障碍,ERP可作为癫癎患者认知功能障碍诊断的参考指标,对指导临床,及早给予干预和治疗有一定意义。     

事件相关电位及脑电地形图对睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者认知功能的评价

目的 :探索睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (SAS)患者认知功能和临床疗效的评价方法。方法 :利用事件相关电位 (ERP)、脑电地形图 (BEAM)检测和简易智力状态试验 (MMSE)观察SAS患者 (分症状轻的SAS—A和症状重的SAS—B两个亚组 )经鼻持续气道内压通气 (CPAP)治疗前后认知功能的变化 ,并与对照组进行比较。结果 :与对照组比较 ,P30 0潜伏期明显延长 (P <0 0 5 ) ,波辐降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ;SAS—B组MMSE测试得分较低 ,SAS—A组近于正常 ,SAS—A组与SAS—B组之间BEAM总异常率及部分异常频带分布无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :ERP—P30 0、BEAM结合MMSE是观察SAS患者认知功能的有效方法     

舒血宁注射液合并奥氮平对慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的观察舒血宁注射液改善慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的临床疗效。方法选择慢性精神分裂症患者86例,随机分为治疗组(舒血宁联合奥氮平组)及对照组(单用奥氮平组)各43例,观察时间为12周。治疗前后进行PANSS、MMSE、WMS、WAIS-RC及脑诱发电位P300测定,将两组前后结果进行比较。结果治疗组与对照组在治疗前进行t检验(t=0.16～1.32,P>0.05),测定结果无明显差异。经过12周的治疗后治疗组与对照组再次进行t检验(t=2.39～13.11,P<0.05或P<0.01),PANSS评分下降,在言语量表、操作量表、全量表、记忆量表分上有明显的改善,且P300电位成分中N2、P3波潜伏期缩短和P3波幅升高较对照组明显(t=7.44～7.90,P<0.01),存在显著性差异。结论舒血宁能有效改善慢性精神分裂症患者的认知功能。     

西酞普兰与曲唑酮改善老年期抑郁症认知损害的P300对照研究

目的 比较西酞普兰与曲唑酮对老年期抑郁症患者认知功能的影响.方法 将60例(年龄≥60岁)符合《中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版》(CCMD-3)抑郁症诊断标准患者作为实验组.随机将实验组分为西酞普兰治疗组(实验组1)及曲唑酮组(实验组2),对两组在治疗前、治疗8周后进行听觉诱发事件相关电位P300检测及汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定.与实验组性别、年龄匹配的正常老年人60例作为对照组,与实验组1相匹配的为对照组1,与实验组2相匹配的为对照组2.比较各组之间治疗前后听觉诱发事件相关电位P300各成分及HAMD评分的差异.结果 治疗前实验组1与实验组2 P300各成分均无显著性差(P＞0.05);与对照组相比,治疗前实验组1及实验组2 P2、N2、P3潜伏期及反应时间明显延长,P2、N2、P3波幅明显降低,差异具有显著性(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).治疗后,实验组1 P2、N2、P3潜伏期及反应时间比治疗前明显降低,P2、N2、P3波幅明显增高,差异有显著性(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);实验组2 P2、N2潜伏期及反应时间比治疗前明显降低,P2、N2、P3波幅明显增高,差异有显著性(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),P3潜伏期与治疗前差异无显著性(P＞0.05);治疗后实验组2 P3潜伏期及反应时间比实验组1明显延长,差异有显著性(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);实验组2 HAMD评分明显高于实验组1,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).结论 老年期抑郁症患者存在认知功能障碍,西酞普兰与曲唑酮均有改善老年期抑郁症认知功能的作用,西酞普兰优于曲唑酮.     

酒依赖患者及其一级亲属听觉ERP研究

目的：对酒依赖患者及其一级亲属（父母、同胞或子女）组与正常对照组的听觉事件相关电位（ERP）进行对照研究,以了解酒依赖患者认知功能状况及酒依赖的遗传易感性。方法：收集40例男性酒依赖患者以及40例一级亲属和40例健康对照者进行听觉ERP检测。结果：酒依赖组和亲属组ERP的P3波（P300成分）波幅均明显低于对照组（均为P〈0．05）;而P3波幅在患者组和亲属组之间比较差异无显著意义（P〉0．05）;酒依赖组N2、P3潜伏期延长（P〈0．01）,而N2、P3潜伏期在亲属组和对照组之间的比较差异则无显著意义（P〉0．05）。结论：ERP反映酒依赖认知功能损害,可以作为酒依赖认知功能损害评估的重要检测手段之一;P3波幅可能是酒依赖的遗传易感性标志,可以作为预测酗酒的指标;对酒依赖一级亲属进行听觉ERP检测可早期发现高危人群,及时提供干预措施。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.