A rectal carcinoid tumor of less than 1 cm in diameter with lymph node metastasis: a case report and a review of the literature

We report herein, a patient with a rectal carcinoid tumor of less than 1 cm in diameter with lymph node metastasis, and discuss a surgical policy for these lesions with reference to other such cases reported in the literature. A 40 year old female was admitted with a rectal mass and colonoscopy revealed a subpedunculated lesion, 1 cm in diameter, with a depression in its tip. A diagnosis of carcinoid was made by biopsy and transsacral excision performed. The excised specimen revealed a subpedunculated lesion measuring 7 X 6 X 6 mm with a central depression. The tumor was histologically confined to the submucosa but lymphatic invasion with pararectal lymph node involvement was observed. A radical proctectomy was thus performed. The incidence of metastasis from rectal carcinoids with a diameter of 1 cm or less is very low ranging from 1.5 to 3.4 per cent, and it therefore seems that most lesions of 1 cm or less in diameter can be treated by local excision alone. Thus, although it is recommended that local excision be performed first to determine the extent of spread, lymphatic vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis, radical surgery is indicated if lymphatic invasion or nodal involvement is present, even when muscle invasion is absent.     

A rectal carcinoid tumor of less than 1 cm in diameter with lymph node metastasis: A case report and a review of the literature

We report herein, a patient with a rectal carcinoid tumor of less than 1 cm in diameter with lymph node metastasis, and discuss a surgical policy for these lesions with reference to other such cases reported in the literature. A 40 year old female was admitted with a rectal mass and colonoscopy revealed a subpedunculated lesion, 1 cm in diameter, with a depression in its tip. A diagnosis of carcinoid was made by biopsy and transsacral excision performed. The excised specimen revealed a subpedunculated lesion measuring 7×6×6 mm with a central depression. The tumor was histologically confined to the submucosa but lymphatic invasion with pararectal lymph node involvement was observed. A radical proctectomy was thus performed. The incidence of metastasis from rectal carcinoids with a diameter of 1 cm or less is very low ranging from 1.5 to 3.4 per cent, and it therefore seems that most lesions of 1 cm or less in diameter can be treated by local excision alone. Thus, although it is recommended that local excision be performed first to determine the extent of spread, lymphatic vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis, radical surgery is indicated if lymphatic invasion or nodal involvement is present, even when muscle invasion is absent.     

Anorectal carcinoid tumors. Is aggressive surgery warranted?

The management of large carcinoid tumors of the anorectum is controversial. Most carcinoid tumors of the rectum and anus are early lesions, adequately treated by local excision. However, because of their relative rarity, the number of advanced cases seen at most institutions is small. Forty-three patients with anorectal carcinoid tumors were treated at our institution between 1960 and 1988 with complete follow-up. The median age of onset was 56 years. Eleven patients had no symptoms and the tumor was detected incidentally in eight additional patients with other diseases. Twenty tumors were larger than 2 cm in diameter and all patients had symptoms. Eight patients had another malignancy and three patients had ulcerative colitis. An association between ulcerative colitis and rectal carcinoid tumors is not widely appreciated. Eighteen tumors were treated by local excision, 16 by radical surgery, and nine underwent only biopsy. With complete resection of the primary lesion, local recurrence was never a problem. The median survival from diagnosis was 38 months in this series and 23 patients died of disease. After detection of metastases, the median survival time was 10 months. Tumors more advanced that T2 or larger than 2 cm in diameter were always fatal. All 13 patients with involved lymph nodes died of metastatic disease, with a median survival of 10 months, although one lived 9 years. Advanced rectal carcinoid tumors are aggressive malignancies. Adequate local excision controls regional disease but rectal carcinoid tumors are cured only when they are discovered before the T3 stage, measure less than 2 cm in diameter, and when lymph nodes are not involved. Consequently if a local excision permits complete resection, radical extirpative surgery will provide little benefit.     

Distant metastasis from a carcinoid tumor of the appendix less than one centimeter in size.

The presentation and management of a patient with liver metastasis from a 0.6 cm carcinoid tumor of the appendix is presented. This is the first documented case of distant metastasis from a carcinoid of the appendix less than 1 cm in size. Histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies support the appendiceal carcinoid as being the primary neoplasm. Invasion of the mesoappendix was the only finding to suggest potentially aggressive behavior. We reviewed the literature and found 414 previously reported cases that provided complete information regarding tumor size, mesoappendiceal invasion, and presence of metastasis. For the entire group the frequency of metastasis was related to tumor size greater than 2 cm (p less than 0.0001) and invasion of the mesoappendix (p less than 0.0001). After dividing the group based on size, mesoappendiceal invasion was related to metastasis in those tumors less than 2 cm in size (p less than 0.0001) but not in tumors larger than 2 cm (p = 0.1538).     

Rectal carcinoid tumors--treatment and prognosis

Because of their location, rectal carcinoid tumors present a special therapeutic challenge for the surgeon. Only about 15% of these tumors manifest metastases and the others can be cured by complete local excision; hence performing a low anterior resection or an abdominoperineal resection for all patients would result in excessive rates of morbidity and death. Present-day treatment programs call for radical cancer resections only for lesions 2 cm in diameter or larger and local resection for all others. However, in a review of 595 patients, including 29 from the University of Chicago Hospitals, it was determined that this practice results in undertreatment of 24% (19/78) of all rectal carcinoid tumors that were associated with metastases, for 5% of all lesions smaller than 2 cm also had metastases. Invasion of the muscularis propria, we found, was an excellent additional prognostic sign for tumor progression. If the criteria for radical cancer resection included both size (all tumors 2 cm or larger and invasion of the muscularis propria in all smaller lesions, only 6% (5/78) of all aggressive tumors would have been missed and only 1.2% of all individuals with rectal carcinoid tumors would have received too limited an operation. It is hoped that the use of these new criteria will improve present-day survival statistics for patients with rectal carcinoid tumors.     

直肠类癌预后影响因素分析

目的探讨直肠类癌的临床病理特点及影响预后的因素。方法回顾性分析31例直肠类癌患者的临床资料,所有病例均经手术和病理检查证实。将其按肿瘤直径大小和肌层是否有浸润分别分组,比较不同肿瘤直径各组和肌层是否浸润各组的手术治疗效果。结果本组31例直肠类癌患者的中位年龄49岁(22～83岁),中位随访时间36个月(15～86个月),随访率为80.6%(25/31)。随访期内,肿瘤直径≤l.0 cm的15例手术切除肿瘤后无复发,直径1.0～2.0 cm的7例中复发1例,直径>2.0 cm的3例中2例因类癌肝转移死亡。直肠类癌是否浸润肌层或全层以及是否有转移均与肿瘤大小有关(P<0.05);肿瘤的浸润深度与转移有关(P<0.05)。随着直肠类癌直径的增大,肿瘤浸润深度加深,转移发生率增高。结论直肠类癌的大小和肌层浸润可能是影响患者生存的重要因素,是选择手术方式时需参考的重要依据。     

直肠类癌的诊断与治疗

报告近１７年来收治的直肠类癌１５例，发现６０％病例曾被误诊为直肠息肉、内痔或直肠炎等。因症状缺乏特异性，医生行直肠指检时警惕本病对早期发现有重要意义，确诊仍需病理检查。治疗上，文献多据病变大小确定治疗方式。作者根据本组病例治疗的体会，提出应根据病变大小及浸润深度来确定治疗方案，即病变在２ｃｍ以内者行局部切除；如还有肌层浸润时应加作根治术；病变大于２ｃｍ者作根治术。     

Curative resection of rectal carcinoid tumors with transanal endoscopic microsurgery

Background: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is a minimally invasive technique for local resection of rectal tumors. Its place needs to be defined for resection of carcinoid tumors of the rectum. Materials and Methods: From 1998 to 2004, rectal carcinoid tumors were diagnosed in 5 patients. The diagnosis was suggested at biopsy in all patients. All tumors were resected full thickness with transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Data were obtained retrospectively from a review of hospital charts. Results: At the time of operation all tumors were small without clinical or biochemical signs of metastasis. All resected tumors were highly differentiated and had free margins without invasion into the submucosa. Operative times ranged from 15 to 35 minutes. Hospital stays ranged from 2 to 4 days. No morbidity or mortality was observed. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 75 months. No recurrences were observed. Conclusion: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is an excellent technique for removal of carcinoid tumors of the rectum and even the distal part of the sigmoid, if the diameter is <1 cm without invasion of the rectal wall.     

The policy of surgery for small carcinoid tumors of the rectum

In this report, we discuss the current policy of surgery for small carcinoid tumors of the rectum, with reference to our own cases and also to those reported in the literature. Ten cases of rectal carcinoid tumors were surgically treated at the National Kyushu Cancer Center over a period of sixteen years and three months. The tumors ranged in size from 0.2 to 1.0 cm, with an average of 0.5 cm, and all were confined to the submucosa. The lesions were treated by local excision in eight patients and by low anterior resection in the other two cases, where transanal or transsacral excision was considered difficult. No lymph node involvement was found in these two cases. All patients are alive and well without recurrence, after a average follow-up time of three years and six months. According to the literature, the incidence of metastasis from rectal carcinoid tumors smaller than 1 cm is very low, ranging between 1.7 to 3.4 per cent, and it therefore seems that most such lesions can be treated by local excision alone. If, however, any muscle invasion or lymphatic vessel invasion is demonstrated, then radical surgery is recommended.     

The policy of surgery for small carcinoid tumors of the rectum

In this report, we discuss the current policy of surgery for small carcinoid tumors of the rectum, with reference to our own cases and also to those reported in the literature. Ten cases of rectal carcinoid tumors were surgically treated at the National Kyushu Cancer Center over a period of sixteen years and three months. The tumors ranged in size from 0.2 to 1.0 cm, with an average of 0.5 cm, and all were confined to the submucosa. The lesions were treated by local excision in eight patients and by low anterior resection in the other two cases, where transanal or transsacral excision was considered difficult. No lymph node involvement was found in these two cases. All patients are alive and well without recurrence, after an average follow-up time of three years and six months. According to the literature, the incidence of metastasis from rectal carcinoid tumors smaller than 1 cm is very low, ranging between 1.7 to 3.4 per cent, and it therefore seems that most such lesions can be treated by local excision alone. If, however, any muscle invasion or lymphatic vessel invasion is demonstrated, then radical surgery is recommended.     

内镜超声和内镜黏膜下剥离诊治直肠类癌31例

目的探讨直肠类癌的内镜超声(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)特征及内镜黏膜下剥离(endoscopicsubmucosal dissection,ESD)治疗直肠类癌的安全性与可靠性。方法 2008年6月～2011年5月31例直肠类癌行EUS检查,对其中直径<1.5 cm的19例行ESD治疗。在瘤体边缘做环周标记,黏膜下注射甘油果糖和美蓝混合液,使瘤体与肌层分离,预切开瘤体周围黏膜,剥离瘤体下方黏膜下层组织,完整切除瘤体。结果通过EUS检查及深挖活检,诊断直肠类癌31例,EUS特征为位于黏膜下层或黏膜深层的边界清晰、内部回声欠均匀的低回声占位影。对19例直径<1.5 cm直肠类癌行ESD治疗,均完整切除瘤体。术中穿孔1例,术后出血1例,经内科保守治疗后痊愈。切除标本基底及边缘均无肿瘤组织残留。19例随访1～4年,平均1.8年,除1例因创面经久不愈转外科治疗外,其余均无复发及转移。结论 EUS可明确直肠类癌的来源层次、大小、内部回声、边界、有无肌层及周围血管浸润,指导治疗方案的选择。ESD治疗直径<1.0 cm的直肠类癌安全可靠,可避免不必要的手术。     

阑尾类癌七例报道——附文献复习

目的 探讨阑尾类癌的病理特征与治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析我院于1980年～2005年间收治的7例和同期国内文献报告的37例共44例阑尾类癌的临床病理资料.结果 阑尾类癌发生在尖端者31例,中段者9例,根部者4例;肿瘤直径＜1cm者35例,1～2cm者7例,＞2cm者2例;肿瘤浸润黏膜下层者38例,肌层者2例,浆膜层者4例;有局部淋巴结转移者3例,无转移者41例.组织学观察绝大多数表现为典型类癌.所有病例术后随访1～15年,未见肿瘤转移、复发.结论 阑尾类癌绝大多数发生在尖端,体积小,局限于黏膜下层,表现为良性类癌,单纯阑尾切除术是其主要治疗方式;肿瘤直径＞2cm、浸润浆膜或有转移者应视为恶性,应选择右半结肠切除术.     

阑尾类癌13例诊断和治疗

目的探讨阑尾类癌的生物学特性、诊断和外科治疗经验,提高首次手术治愈率。方法回顾性总结1985年至2002年我院收治的13例阑尾类癌患者的临床和病理资料。结果全组无一例术前确诊,均经术后病理确诊。肿瘤直径小于1cm 9例,1～2cm 3例,大于2cm 1例。8例肿瘤浸润深度限于黏膜下或肌层,3例浸及浆膜。有2例患者显示肿瘤浸润至阑尾系膜,其中有1例患者肿瘤大于2cm伴局部淋巴结转移。分别采用单纯性阑尾切除术9例,回盲部切除术1例,右半结肠切除2例,姑息性手术1例。获随访的11例患者中,10例患者无复发和远处转移,1例死亡。结论阑尾类癌少见且多无症状,难以做出术前确诊。宜根据肿瘤大小、部位及浸润深度决定手术方式和切除范围。     

大肠类癌的诊断与治疗

目的探讨结直肠类癌的预后因素及外科治疗方法的选择.方法回顾性分析1990～1999年经我院治疗的46例结直肠类癌的临床资料.结果大肠类癌男女之比为1.4∶1.直肠类癌发病率高(83%,38/46),肿瘤体积小(直径<2*!cm者占82%,31/38),预后较好.肿瘤直径大于2*!cm的直肠类癌转移率为71%(5/7),平均生存时间25个月.结肠类癌发现晚,转移发生早,转移率为83%(5/6),大于2*!cm结肠类癌平均生存时间18个月.结论结直肠类癌的大小,有无浸润及远处转移,是判断结直肠类癌良恶性、决定手术方式和预后的主要依据.     

阑尾类癌21例诊治分析

目的：探讨阑尾炎癌的生物学特性,诊断和外科治疗经验,方法：回顾性总结自1967－1997年收治的21例阑尾类癌患者的临床和病理资料。结果：本组21例患者中有12例（57％）的症状和体征提示为急性阑尾炎,9例患者（43％）为偶然发现,肿瘤直径大于1cm有16例,1－2cm3例,大于2cm 2例,15例肿瘤浸润深度限于粘膜下或肌层,4例侵及浆膜,有2例患者显示肿瘤浸润至阑尾系膜,1例患者肿瘤大于2cm伴局部淋巴结转移,除1例肿瘤直径大于2cm且伴阑尾系膜淋巴结阳性者再次行右半结肠切除术外,其余20例均仅行阑尾切除术,获随访的19例患者中,所有患者均无复发和远处转移。结论：阑尾类癌少见且多无症状,小于1cm的阑尾类癌仅作单纯性阑尾切除术即可。肿瘤大于2cm的患者应行右半结肠切除术。     

内镜治疗直肠类癌的长期疗效

目的探讨内镜下治疗直肠类癌的长期疗效。方法总结分析2000年1月至2007年7月间采用内镜治疗的91例直肠类癌患者的临床资料。结果本组患者肿瘤病理结果均为典型类癌，均未突破黏膜下层，均未侵及周围淋巴结及血管。有80例（87．9％）患者获随访，随访时间6～96（32．5±24．1）个月。肿瘤直径小于1．0cm的65例患者，术后无1例复发；1．0-2．0cm的25例患者，术后有3例（12％）复发，复发时间分别为3个月、2年和6个月，其中1例再行Dixon术后3个月又出现肝脏转移（4％）：肿瘤直径大于2．0cm的1例患者术后未见复发。本组1、3、5年累计生存率分别为100％、98．0％和91．4％。结论肿瘤直径小于1cm、未侵犯肌层的直肠类癌患者内镜下治疗长期疗效较为理想。     

Carcinoid tumors of the appendix

The data presented in this series support the premise that simple appendectomy is adequate therapy for appendiceal carcinoids less than 1 cm in diameter. However, little argument can be made against more radical surgery for gross lymph node metastases. When surgical margins after appendectomy are not free of tumor, additional surgery seems warranted, although in the present series there was a patient who was followed for 30 years who had residual microscopic disease in the appendiceal stump. Adequate treatment for tumors larger than 2 cm includes radical right hemicolectomy. What constitutes adequate therapy for tumors in the 1 to 2 cm range continues to be a point of controversy. From the data presented herein, it seems that appendectomy alone is sufficient except in those instances when both mesoappendiceal and subserosal lymphatic invasion is identified microscopically.     

直肠类癌临床病理分析及内镜治疗(附38例)

目的 探讨直肠类癌的临床病理学特点及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析38例直肠类癌的临床病理资料.结果 38例均为典型性类癌,均位于距肛门10 cm以内.内镜下多表现为典型的黏膜下肿物,色黄、质硬或韧,活动度差.所有病例神经内分泌分化标记物染色阳性.直径≤2 cm者34例,其中30例位于黏膜内,4例侵犯黏膜下层,内镜下行黏膜切除术治愈;4例直径>2 cm,均侵犯肌层,行直肠癌根治术.肿瘤≤2 cm者Ki-67阳性表达率<3%或阴性.34例获随访,均存活.结论 直肠类癌明确诊断依赖于组织病理学观察及免疫组化.直肠类癌生物学行为低度恶性,一般不侵犯肌层,也很少转移,多数病例可在内镜下行黏膜切除术治愈.     

直肠类癌临床病理分析及内镜治疗(附38例)

目的 探讨直肠类癌的临床病理学特点及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析38例直肠类癌的临床病理资料.结果 38例均为典型性类癌,均位于距肛门10 cm以内.内镜下多表现为典型的黏膜下肿物,色黄、质硬或韧,活动度差.所有病例神经内分泌分化标记物染色阳性.直径≤2 cm者34例,其中30例位于黏膜内,4例侵犯黏膜下层,内镜下行黏膜切除术治愈;4例直径>2 cm,均侵犯肌层,行直肠癌根治术.肿瘤≤2 cm者Ki-67阳性表达率<3%或阴性.34例获随访,均存活.结论 直肠类癌明确诊断依赖于组织病理学观察及免疫组化.直肠类癌生物学行为低度恶性,一般不侵犯肌层,也很少转移,多数病例可在内镜下行黏膜切除术治愈.     

阑尾类癌10例诊治

目的探讨阑尾类癌的生物学特性、诊断和外科治疗经验。方法回顾性总结自1980-2005年收治的10例阑尾类癌患者的临床和病理资料。结果本组10例患者的症状和体征提示为阑尾炎,均行阑尾切除术。肿瘤直径小于1cm有6例,1～2cm3例,大于2cm1例。肿瘤直径大于2cm1例且伴阑尾系膜淋巴结阳性者再次行右半结肠切除术。随访9例平均13年(2～20年),所有患者均无复发和远处转移。结论阑尾类癌少见且多无症状。小于1cm的阑尾类癌仅作单纯性阑尾切除术即可。肿瘤大于2cm的患者应行右半结肠切除术。