磁分离酶联免疫法检测IL-4方法的建立

建立磁分离酶联免疫法定量检测人白细胞介素4(IL-4)的方法.用异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)和碱性磷酸酶(AP)分别标记识别不同表位的两种抗IL-4单克隆抗体(mAb), 用抗FITC多抗或mAb包被免疫磁珠.结果显示: 检测标准品浓度在0-3ng/mL范围内线性关系良好, 敏感性达10pg/mL, 平均回收率为101.7%,批内批间CV均为3.6%,与ELISA比较相关系数为0.9124.此法所需样本量少, 方法稳定, 敏感性高和特异性强, 又无放射性污染, 在临床检验和基础研究中有较大应用价值.     

共价结合和物理吸附制备固相抗体在RIA技术应用中的对比分析

目的:探讨异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)-抗FITC磁性微粒子系统与试管固相包被系统制备固相抗体在RIA应用中的方法学技术参数.方法:以FITC标记抗体,抗FITC抗体共价结合磁性微粒子为分离剂,与试管固相包被法,用相同的校准品、125I标记物通过检测FT3、sTSH进行技术研究及样本对比分析.结果:FT3两种方法的灵敏度和精密度分别为:0.18 pmol/L、0.43 pmol/L,批内变异(n=10):8.96%、16.26%,批间变异(n=10):15.26%、18.83%.sTSH两种方法的灵敏度和精密度分别为:0.06 μIU/ml、0.04μIU/ml,批内变异(n=10):7.6%、6.92%,批间变异(n=10):8.55%、14.23%.FT3磁性微粒子法测值与PR法测值r=0.9825,FT3试管固相包被法测值与PR法测值r= 0.9102;sTSH磁性微粒子法测值与试管固相包被法测值r=0.9987.结论:FITC磁性微粒子系统应用于FT3、sTSH检测,降低反应时间,共价结合提高均一性.     

FSH双标记液相IRMA的方法建立及实验研究

目的：探讨磁性微粒子双标记IRMA检测FSH的临床应用价值及其重要意义。方法：利用^125Ⅰ和异硫氰酸荧光素（FITC）分别标记的单克隆抗体（McAb）与抗原进行夹心反应,然后加入抗荧光素抗体包被的磁性微粒进行沉淀分离。结果：检测样品值两法高度相关（r〉0．9900）,双标记液相IRMA法批间变异CV（n=10）5．8％,包被管固相法批间变异CV（n=10）8．5％,两法差异显著。结论：双标记液相IRMA技术是一种快速有效、灵敏度高、特异性好的定量检测方法。     

HBeAg时间分辨荧光免疫分析法的建立

采用平衡饱和法建立了乙型肝炎病毒e抗原(HBeAg)时间分辨荧光免疫分析法.以针对HBeAg的单克隆抗体G8包被板,双功能螯合剂异氰酸苄基二乙烯三胺四乙酸络合Eu3+及标记C4单抗,发光增强系统为以β-二酮体为主的增强液.数据采用Log-Logit法函数和四参数Logitc函数数据处理程序处理.结果表明方法的批内和批间CV分别为2.39%和5.28%,平均回收率为97.62%,灵敏度为0.58NCU/mL,可测范围为12.01-529.84NCU/mL,ED20、ED50和ED80分别为6.36NCU/mL、26.85NCU/mL和136.7NCU/mL.本方法与HBsAg有13.1%的交叉反应.Eu3+标记抗体-30℃保存6个月免疫反应性基本无损失,同批试剂连续5个月应用分析结果稳定.HBeAg时间分辨荧光免疫分析的质量参数优于EIA和IRMA.     

ELISA定量检测Ⅳ型胶原方法的建立

利用双抗体夹心法研制Ⅳ型胶原ELISA诊断试剂，检测血清中的Ⅳ型胶原。结果表明，标准曲线工作范围为16-1000ng／mL，灵敏度可达8ng／mL，批内及批间变异系数小于12％。本法灵敏、准确和特异性好。     

妊娠糖尿病患者C-P、HbAlc和hs-CRP的改变及意义

目的探讨C肽(C-P)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)和超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)在妊娠糖尿病诊断中的临床意义。方法对正常对照组36例、正常妊娠组50例及妊娠糖尿病组56例采用生化和化学发光免疫方法进行hs-CRP、HbAlc、C-P的测定。结果妊娠糖尿病组hs-CRP、HbAlc和C-P结果与正常妊娠组相比均明显增高(P<0.01);C-P对妊娠糖尿病诊断的特异性高于HbAlc(P<0.05);阳性预测值为91.42%,也明显高于HbAlc(P<0.05);两者联合检测的结果中,联合检测的特异性和阳性预测值分别为98.84%和96.77%,明显高于两者单独检测的结果(P<0.05)。结论 hs-CRP、HbAlc、C-P在妊娠糖尿病诊断和监测中具有重要意义,联合检测HbAlc、C-P有利于提高妊娠糖尿病检测的特异性。     

微粒子化学发光免疫测定促甲状腺素敏感性方法的建立与应用

目的 :建立一种低成本、高敏感性检测血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)的微粒子化学发光免疫分析 (CLEIA)方法。方法 :采用碱性磷酸酶标记的抗TSHβ亚单位特异性单克隆抗体 (mAb) ,与FITC偶联的抗TSHα亚单位的另一mAb配对 ,构成双抗体夹心免疫结合 ,用抗FITC多抗免疫磁珠做固相分离载体 ,用金刚烷胺CSPD为发光底物的非均相免疫分析法。结果 :方法灵敏度 4 μIU/L ,批内变异系数 (CV)平均为7.4 5 % ,批间CV平均为 10 .4 5 % ,回收率为 91.4 %～ 10 2 .4 %。将实际样品测定与ACS 180  系统检测的结果相比较有较好的相关性。结论 :微粒子化学发光定量测定TSH的成本低、灵敏度及特异性高和稳定性好 ,具有广阔的应用前景     

弓形虫IgG时间分辨免疫荧光分析法的建立

建立了高灵敏弓形虫-IgG的时间分辨荧光免疫分析(TRFIA)检测方法.样品或参考标准加入到由弓形虫抗原包被的96孔微孔板上,用Eu3+标记羊抗人IgG,建立间接弓形虫-IgG TRFIA检测法.本法检测范围为0.7～200 U/mL, 灵敏度为0.7U/mL;方法的平均批内和批间CV分别为4.5%和5.6%;标准曲线可测范围为0.7～14U/mL. 本文建立的弓形虫-IgG的TRFIA法灵敏度高、稳定性好,具有良好的应用前景.     

人附睾分泌蛋白4时间分辨荧光免疫分析法的建立

目的:采用时间分辨荧光免疫技术(TrFIA)建立高灵敏的人附睾分泌蛋白4(HE4)的检测方法.方法:双抗体夹心法建立HE4-TrFIA,并对该试剂的各项性能指标进行评价.结果:该法的检测范围为1.08pmol/L ~2000pmol/L,灵敏度为1.08pmol/L,HE4的回收率95.6%,批内和批间变异系数分别3.6%~7.3%,4.6%~10.2%.与CA125交叉反应率0.01%.破坏试验表明,试剂在37℃可稳定7d.62例卵巢癌患者和60例健康人血清,用该试剂盒测得卵巢癌患者血清HE4浓度显著高于健康人(P<0.001).该试剂盒检测结果与进口HE4 kit检测结果r为0.951.结论:自建的HE4-TrFIA是一种敏感度高、特异性强、准确度高的适用方法,具有良好的临床应用前景.     

CEA电化学发光免疫分析法的建立

目的建立人癌胚抗原（CEA）的电化学发光免疫分析法（ECLIA）。方法生物素标记的CEA McAb、钌复合物标记配对的CEA McAb、链霉亲和素包被的磁性微粒组成CEA ECLIA试剂,用ECLIA仪检测CEA并做方法学评价。用本法与进口的同类ECLIA试剂对119例结直肠癌、150例肺癌、45例胃癌、32例胰腺癌和34例肝细胞癌患者的血清CEA检测结果进行分析。调查218名志愿者血清CEA正常参考值。结果本法检测CEA的批内CV为1.6%～7.1%,批间CV为2.3%～11.7%,灵敏度为0.2 ng/mL。与CA19-9和AFP无交叉反应。自建ECLIA检测CEA浓度范围为0.2～1000.0ng/mL,正常参考值低于5.6ng/mL。结论自建CEA ECLIA与进口试剂比较（r=0.9641,P〈0.05）,正常参考范围接近进口同类方法。具备产业化的潜能。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.