电视胸腔镜肺癌根治术5年临床疗效

目的　探讨电视胸腔镜辅助小切口肺癌根治术的 5年疗效。　方法　应用胸腔镜辅助小切口对肺癌患者行肺叶或全肺切除、肺癌根治术 2 2 0 0例 ,取其中 1995年完成的 130例作 5年生存率统计 ,术式包括单肺叶切除术 110例 ,双肺叶切除术 11例 ,全肺切除术 9例。所有数据作 Cox回归生存分析。　结果　术后住院时间 3～ 15天 ,平均住院时间 8天 ,恢复生活自理时间 7～ 13天 ; 期肺癌 5年生存率 87.8% , 期 5年生存率 42 .8% ; a期 5年生存率 2 7.3%。　结论　胸腔镜辅助小切口行肺叶或全肺切除、肺癌根治术具有创伤小 ,恢复快 ,出血、输血少 ,对心肺功能损伤小 ,开、关胸时间短的优点 ,5年生存率与传统开胸术差别无显著性意义。但这种切口要求胸外科医师有开胸和胸腔镜的全面技术     

全胸腔镜全肺切除治疗非小细胞肺癌

目的 探讨全胸腔镜全肺切除在非小细胞肺癌手术治疗中的安全性和有效性.方法 2009年1月至2012年6月共施行全胸腔镜下全肺切除术治疗非小细胞肺癌16例,年龄46～ 83岁,平均62.2岁.手术全部通过3个胸腔镜切口完成,不撑开肋间,完全在胸腔镜视野下使用腔镜器械进行解剖性全肺切除和系统性淋巴结清扫.结果 全组手术过程顺利,未发生严重并发症,无围手术期死亡,无中转开胸病例.平均手术(174.6±52.7)min;无输血病例,术中平均出血(121.8±87.5) ml;每例清扫淋巴结平均(5.2±1.1)组,清扫淋巴结平均(16.0±3.2)个;术后平均胸腔闭式引流(4.2±1.8)天;术后平均住院(13.0±3.1)天.结论 全胸腔镜下全肺切除治疗非小细胞肺癌安全可行,并未增加全肺切除术围手术期风险,值得总结经验并加以推广应用.     

胸腔镜辅助小切口肺叶切除术治疗早期肺癌

目的探讨胸腔镜根治性肺癌切除的可行性. 方法 2000年1月～2003年6月我们应用胸腔镜辅助小切口对31例早期肺癌行肺叶切除淋巴结扩清术,其中右肺上叶8例,中叶4例,下叶5例,左肺上叶8例,下叶6例,29例根治性切除. 结果全组均行肺叶切除.手术时间2～4 h,平均2.5 h.术中出血量50～150 ml,均未输血.切除淋巴结5～12枚,平均8枚.术后胸腔闭式引流平均3 d(1.5～28 d),术后住院平均7.5 d(5～30 d).无手术死亡及并发症发生.29例随访2～40个月,1例术后6个月因心肌梗塞死亡,2例分别于术后6、15个月出现脑、肝、肺等远处转移. 结论胸腔镜辅助小切口对较早期肺癌行根治性手术治疗可行.     

胸腔镜手术在胸部创伤治疗中的应用

目的探讨胸腔镜在胸部创伤手术中的应用价值。方法 2004年8月～2011年6月对225例胸部创伤施行电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)或胸腔镜辅助小切口手术进行血胸清除、止血、肺修补、心包开窗、膈疝修补、胸内异物取出等操作。结果 206例行VATS,19例行胸腔镜辅助小切口手术。手术时间25～125 min,平均58min。术后24 h胸腔引流液30～320 ml,平均179 ml。术后胸腔闭式引流管放置时间1～5 d(2例脓胸胸管放置时间分别为16、21 d,未计算在内),平均2.7 d。术后住院时间5～45 d,平均9.8 d。223例术后随访3个月,无中等量以上(>1000 ml)胸腔积液,无再次胸部手术者,恢复良好。结论胸腔镜诊断和治疗胸部创伤,创伤小,术后恢复好,疗效满意。     

单操作孔完全胸腔镜非小细胞肺癌根治术

目的总结单操作孔完全胸腔镜手术行非小细胞肺癌根治术中的经验。方法行单操作孔全胸腔镜下肺癌根治术60例,右上肺叶切除19例,右肺中叶切除4例,右下肺叶切除20例。左上肺叶切除12例,左肺下叶切除5例。胸腔镜观察孔取腋中线第7肋间,做2 cm左右切口,操作孔根据病灶部位选择第4或5肋间取腋前线至腋中线间,切口长约4~5 cm,经单操作孔完成肺癌根治术。结果全组患者手术顺利,无围手术期死亡患者,无严重术后并发症。清扫淋巴结平均(12.5±2.1)枚。平均手术时间(185.2±10.4)分钟。术中出血平均(150.5±30.6)ml。胸腔引流管拔除时间平均(3.5±1.5)天。术后住院时间平均(5.5±1.2)天。结论和传统腔镜手术比较,单操作孔减少了背部伤口,进一步减小创伤。单操作孔完全胸腔镜手术常规胸腔镜器械可完成,不需增加特殊器械。患者选择恰当并且按正确顺序操作,是单操作孔胸腔镜手术成功的重要保证。     

电视胸腔镜辅助小切口肺叶切除治疗周围型肺癌

目的探讨电视胸腔镜辅助小切口（video-assisted mini-thoracotomy,VAMT）肺叶切除术在周围型肺癌治疗中的应用价值。方法2004年1月～2007年12月对56例周围型肺癌全麻下施行VAMT肺叶切除术,其中右肺上叶5例,右肺中叶2例,右肺下叶19例,左肺上叶8例,左肺下叶22例。双腔气管插管单肺通气,于第4或第5肋间做长6.0～8.0cm辅助小切口进胸,第6肋间隙腋中线1.5cm切口,置入胸腔镜。切除肺叶从小切口取出。常规清扫区域肿大淋巴结。结果术中未延长切口,纵隔淋巴结清扫平均14枚/例（9～31枚/例）。手术时间120～220min,（145±35）min。术中出血量100～450ml,（210±48）ml。术后住院5～11d,平均7d。7例出现并发症（7/56,12.5%）,包括胸腔积液5例,肺膨胀不全2例。56例随访1年,3例死亡,1年生存率94.6%（53/56）。结论VAMT肺叶切除术对周围型肺癌是一种安全可行的手术方法。     

完全电视胸腔镜肺叶切除术23例报告

目的探讨完全电视胸腔镜肺叶切除术的可行性。方法2008年1月-2010年1月我院行完全胸腔镜肺叶切除术23例（右上叶9例、右下叶9例、左下叶3例、左上叶2例;肺癌21例,肺隐球菌病2例）,采用标准完全胸腔镜肺叶切除切口,按照解剖学肺叶切除分别处理肺静脉、动脉及支气管等,肺癌同时进行肺门和纵隔淋巴结清扫。结果3例中转开胸,其中2例为右上肺癌后升支动脉出血,1例为右下肺癌切除术中误伤中间干支气管。手术时间120-300rain,平均202rain;术中出血50-500ml,平均210ml。清扫淋巴结2-33枚,平均17枚。无手术死亡及严重并发症,胸腔引流时间3-16d,平均5d。术后住院4-17d,平均6d。23例随访3—24个月,平均12个月,21例肺癌中除1例Ⅲa期术后9个月出现骨转移外,余20例无复发。结论完全电视胸腔镜肺叶切除术安全可行。     

电视胸腔镜手术治疗胸腺疾病58例

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术治疗胸腺疾病的方法和价值。方法 1994年7月～2010年7月,完全胸腔镜下或胸腔镜辅助小切口完整切除胸腺、胸腺瘤和胸腺囊肿58例：完全胸腔镜下切除33例,其中胸腺瘤切除8例,全胸腺切除7例,全胸腺切除纵隔脂肪清扫3例,胸腺囊肿切除15例;胸腔镜辅助小切口下切除25例,其中胸腺瘤切除9例,全胸腺切除14例,全胸腺切除纵隔脂肪清扫2例。结果 58例均在完全胸腔镜或胸腔镜辅助小切口下完成切除,无并发症。完全胸腔镜下切除33例,手术时间70～90 min,平均80 min;胸腔镜辅助小切口下切除25例,手术时间55～70 min,平均65 min。无中转开胸。术中出血50～100 ml,平均60 ml。术后留置胸腔闭式引流3～5 d,平均4 d。术后住院5～9 d,平均7 d。术后病理诊断：胸腺瘤34例,胸腺增生6例,胸腺囊肿15例,胸腺脂肪瘤3例。48例随访1～5年,其中〈2年19例,2～5年29例,均无复发。结论电视胸腔镜手术切除胸腺瘤和胸腺囊肿安全可靠,切除彻底,具有微创、恢复快及并发症少的特点。     

电视胸腔镜辅助小切口肺叶切除术临床分析

目的探讨电视胸腔镜辅助小切口肺叶切除术在早期肺癌及肺良性病变治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾分析1997年4月至2007年4月我科行电视胸腔镜辅助小切口肺切除术32例的临床资料。其中原发性周围性支气管肺癌26例,支气管扩张4例,肺脓肿2例。结果30例在电视胸腔镜下完成手术,手术时间90～210min,平均120min。术中出血80～400ml,平均180ml,均未输血,中转开胸2例,全组患者无一例死亡,并发症少,全部痊愈出院。结论电视胸腔镜行肺切除手术,具有创伤小、恢复快和安全可靠的优点,但要注意掌握手术指征。     

全胸腔镜单向式肺叶切除在Ⅰ／Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌治疗中的临床应用

目的探讨完全胸腔镜单向式肺叶切除＋淋巴结清扫术在I／Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌切除中的优越性及临床应用价值。方法选取2010年3月至2011年6月140例胸外科I、Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌患者进行回顾性研究。电视辅助胸腔镜手术（VATS）组：70例采用不撑开肋骨,完全在电视胸腔镜下完成单向式肺叶切除＋淋巴结清扫术,其中左肺上叶15例,下叶18例;右肺上叶10例,中叶10例,下叶17例。术后病理：鳞癌29例,腺癌41例。常规开胸（对照）组：70例采用常规后外侧切口进胸,行肺叶切除术＋淋巴结清扫,其中左肺上叶14例,下叶20例;右肺上叶10例,中叶11例,下叶15例。术后病理：鳞癌30例,腺癌40例。观察两种手术方式的切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、胸腔引流管留置时间、术后胸腔总引流量、切除淋巴结的数目、术后住院时间。结果VATS组手术时间85—200min,平均131．9min;手术出血量10—300ml,平均98．4ml;切除淋巴结5—31枚,平均17．4枚;胸腔引流管引流时间3～20d,平均6．0d;术后总引流量220～4710ml,平均1417．8ml;术后住院天数为7。17d,平均11．2d。常规开胸手术组手术时间106～210min,平均162．1min;手术出血量80～500ml,平均178．9ml;切除淋巴结10～22枚,平均17．0枚;胸腔引流管留置时间4—14d,平均7．2d;术后总引流量910～3500ml,平均1620．4ml;术后住院时间9—26d,平均为14．6d。结论全胸腔镜单向式肺叶切除术对于可切除的Ⅰ／Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌的治疗是一种安全、可行的手术方式,此术式能减少术中出血量,缩短术后胸腔引流时间及平均住院时间,且不增加术后并发症的发生率,能够完成纵隔及肺门淋巴结的清扫,值得在临床上推广应用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.