腹腔镜二级脾蒂离断法脾切除

目的总结腹腔镜二级脾蒂离断法脾切除的应用价值。方法2006年9月～2007年5月,行腹腔镜二级脾蒂离断法脾切除13例,其中外伤性脾破裂出血5例、特发性血小板减少性紫癜2例、肝硬化脾功能亢进6例。结果全部镜下完成,未使用手辅助。手术时间150～300min,平均210min,术中出血50～800ml,平均350ml,术后住院5～9d,平均7.5d,无手术并发症。随访1～6个月,血小板均在正常范围。结论腹腔镜二级脾蒂离断法脾切除术安全、可行、微创。     

二级脾蒂离断法脾切除术在肝硬化门脉高压症脾功能亢进中的应用

目的:探讨肝硬化门脉高压症脾功能亢进轻中度脾肿大行腹腔镜下二级脾蒂离断法脾切除术的可行性、有救性和安全性.方法:对2009年1月至2010年12月施行腹腔镜下二级脾蒂离断法行脾切除治疗肝硬化门脉高压症脾功能亢进轻中度脾肿大25例患者的临床资料进行回顾分析.结果:除1例因大出血中转开腹外,均顺利完成手术.手术时间平均180 min,术中出血平均260 ml,无严重并发症.结论:肝硬化门脉高压症脾功能亢进轻中度脾肿大患者行腹腔镜下二级脾蒂离断法脾切除安全有效,值得临床推广应用.     

腹腔镜脾切除术在门静脉高压症脾功能亢进中的临床应用体会

目的 探讨腹腔镜脾切除术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症脾功能亢进的适应证、手术技巧及临床应用价值.方法 对比分析吉林大学第一医院32例门静脉高压症脾功能亢进病人行腹腔镜脾切除术及开腹脾切除术的方法体会及治疗效果.结果 腹腔镜脾切除组16例手术14例获得成功,2例中转开腹;开腹脾切除组16例手术均获成功,两组病人在手术时间、术中出血量、医疗费用上差别无显著意义;腹腔镜组平均住院日5.50 d,进食时间为术后20.50 h,拔出引流管时间为1.65 d,与开腹组的8.50 d、68.00 h、5.26 d相比,具有明显优势(P＜0.01).结论 与传统的开腹脾切除手术相比,腹腔镜脾切除术具有微创外科创伤小、恢复快的优点,掌握好手术适应证,选择轻中度静脉曲张的肝硬化门静脉高压症脾功能亢进者行LS是安全可行的,但必须有充分的术前准备、良好的腹腔镜手术训练、细致的手术操作.     

腹腔镜巨脾切除加断流术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症

目的 探讨腹腔镜下巨脾切除加断流术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症(门脉高压)的可行性.方法 回顾分析2003年10月至2010年1月12例行腹腔镜巨脾切除加断流术患者的临床资料.结果 8例完全腹腔镜手术成功,4例中转开腹.12例患者手术时间190～470 min,平均350 min,术中出血200～2200 ml,平均1300ml.8例成功腹腔镜手术时间190～410 min,平均313 min,术中出血200～1700ml,平均700ml,术后排气时间3～5 d,术后10～20 d出院.结论 腹腔镜下巨脾切除加断流术治疗肝硬化门脉高压在条件充分的情况下是可行的,可作为肝硬化门脉高压患者的一种术式选择.     

腹腔镜脾切除治疗外伤性脾破裂

目的探讨采用腹腔镜脾切除的方法治疗外伤性脾破裂的可行性. 方法 2004年8月～2005年5月我院采用腹腔镜脾切除方法治疗外伤性脾破裂8例. 结果 7例顺利完成腹腔镜脾切除术,1例改行手辅助腹腔镜脾切除术成功.手术时间150～200 min,平均180 min.术中出血量600～5 500 ml,平均2 200 ml.Ⅱ级损伤5例,Ⅲ级3例,术后恢复佳,无并发症. 结论腹腔镜脾切除治疗外伤性脾破裂安全、可行.     

LigaSure血管闭合系统在腹腔镜脾功能亢进脾切除术中的应用(附28例报告)

目的:探讨LigaSure闭合系统在脾功能亢进患者行腹腔镜脾切除术中的应用价值。方法:为28例脾功能亢进患者施行完全腹腔镜脾切除术。应用LigaSure离断脾周韧带及部分脾蒂血管。结果:28例手术均获成功。手术时间55～210min,平均120min。术中出血30～220ml,平均115ml(不包括脾血)。22例术后少量腹水。术后12～24h恢复胃肠蠕动,术后24h拔除胃管并进流质饮食,术后住院5～9d,平均6.5d。结论:LigaSure可安全、有效地闭合脾周韧带和大部分血管,减少了术中出血,降低了手术风险。     

腹腔镜与开腹脾切除加断流术的疗效对比

目的对比腹腔镜与开腹行脾切除加断流术的疗效。方法选择武汉大学中南医院2014年1月至2015年12月期间住院的肝硬化门静脉高压症病人60例,均行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术,根据手术方式不同分为两组,腹腔镜治疗组35例,开腹治疗组25例。运用统计学方法,对比两组病人手术时间、切口长度、住院时间、术中出血量、术后镇痛次数、住院费用及并发症等。结果腹腔镜组手术时间为(189.3±58.4)min,切口长度为(9.3±3.3)cm,术后平均禁食时间为(68.33±24.57)h,术中出血量为(120.3±40.4)ml,住院时间为(12.4±0.8)d,术后镇痛次数为(1.3±0.3)次,无一例术后并发症;开腹组手术时间为(203.5±61.4)min,切口长度为(22.4±5.5)cm,术后平均禁食时间为(108.25±32.48)h,术中出血量为(485.6±115.2)ml,住院时间为(15.8±1.2)d,术后镇痛次数为(2.9±0.8)次,术后并发症4例,以上指标腹腔镜组均少于开腹组(P0.05)。但在住院费用方面腹腔镜组高于传统开腹组[(54 200.5±98.5)元比(39 985.5±120.8)元,P0.05]。结论随着科技进步及术者水平的不断积累,腹腔镜手术适应证越来越广,腹腔镜行脾切除加断流术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压脾功能亢进创伤小,术后并发症少,具有安全性及可行性,值得在临床上推广应用。     

腹腔镜巨脾切除贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症

目的:探讨腹腔镜巨脾切除术的可行性和安全性。方法:2003年10月至2008年12月我院为11例脾长径大于25cm的肝硬化门脉高压、脾功能亢进、食道胃底静脉曲张患者施行腹腔镜巨脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术。结果:11例均顺利完成腹腔镜手术,无中转开腹,手术时间平均250min,平均出血430ml。结论:只要具备相应的手术设备,熟练掌握手术技巧,腹腔镜巨脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术安全可行。     

手助的腹腔镜脾切除术

目的 探讨手助的腹腔镜脾切除术手术技术。方法用手助技术完成5例腹腔镜脾切除术，其中原发性血小板减少性紫癜3例，血吸虫性肝硬化、脾肿大及脾功能亢进伴胆囊结石2例。3例行手助的腹腔镜脾切除术，2例同时行腹腔镜胆囊切除术 手助腹腔镜巨脾切除。结果 2～5h完成手术，术中出血少。病人术后恢复顺利。结论 手助腹腔镜脾切除术操作安全、手术时间缩短，并使腹腔镜切除较大脾脏成为可能。     

腹腔镜脾切除术十年经验总结

目的 总结10年来行腹腔镜脾切除术(LS)的临床经验,探讨LS的安全性和有效性.方法 从1996年4月至2006年3月连续进行了135例LS,119例为原发性和继发性脾功能亢进,16例为其他脾疾病,其中48例为巨脾.结果 135例LS中因出血转行开腹脾切除术3例(2.2%),1例术后5 h需作小切口开腹止血,3例术后8～18 h需再次腹腔镜探查和清除脾窝积血.平均手术时间2.3 h,平均失血160 ml,平均术后住院6.5 d.结论 LS安全、有效、切实可行,适用于有脾切除指征的原发性和继发性脾功能亢进或其他脾疾病.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.