颈部孤立性纤维性肿瘤的超声诊断价值

目的 对10例颈部孤立性纤维性肿瘤(SFT)的超声特征进行回顾性分析.方法 收集颈部SFT患者10例,男4例,女6例,年龄3～65岁.所有患者均行超声检查,其中2例行超声造影检查.对其临床、超声特征进行分析,并进行文献学习,所有病例均经术后病理证实及电话随访.结果 共计发现肿块10个,最大直径1.7～8.5 cm,高频...     

造影前后彩色多普勒超声诊断血管疾病的对照研究

目的:评价彩色多普勒超声造影对血管疾病的诊断价值。方法:不同部位血管疾病患者22例。应用美国Acuson 128-XP10型超声诊断仪及超声造影剂SonoVue。所有患者均接受常规及造影后的彩色多普勒超声检查,诊断结果与DSA、手术结果及CT、MRI等相对照。记录注射造影剂后彩色血流信号的增强时间。结果:造影前诊断明确的比例为72.7%(16/22),造影后为100%(22/22)。常规彩超诊断的敏感性为92.3%,特异性22.2%,阳性预测值63.2%,阴性预测值66.7%。造影后诊断的敏感性为93.3%,特异性100%,阳性预测值100%,阴性预测值87.5%。经外周静脉缓慢推注造影剂(速度约1ml.min-1),总的增强时间约10min。结论:超声造影剂的应用提高了检查者的诊断信心及诊断能力,特别表现在常规彩超检查有困难的部位。     

The source of ultrasound contrast effect

Evidence that microbubbles are the main sources of ultrasound contrast in injected solutions has been largely indirect. To investigate this directly, we examined freshly agitated indocyanine green, freshly agitated water, commercially prepared precision microbubbles (diameter 75 +/- 25 mu) in gelatin, carbonated water, "degassed" indocyanine green solution, and "degassed" water in one or more of four different assay systems. Only fluids with microbubbles produced ultrasound contrast. Injected contrast material rose in a water bath at a rate that identified it as being caused by microbubbles. Indocyanine green and gelatin surface tensions were measured and found to be low (43 dynes/cm2), thus explaining their tendency to stabilize the microbubbles that cause ultrasound contrast effect when injected and to hold foam after agitation. The force of hand injections (force similar to that used clinically through catheters and 19-gauge or 23-gauge needles) was below the force needed to cause cavitation or ultrasound contrast effect. Microbubble content could be quantified by the decrease in amplitude of the echo from a structure distant to the microbubbles. We conclude that that the ultrasound contrast effect seen in peripherally injected fluids is caused by microbubbles present in the injectant. The contrast is not due to cavitation at needle tips, and it can be quantified over a limited range. Improved design for a peripheral contrast agent is suggest.     

静脉注射用六氟化硫微泡在腹部超声检查中的安全性分析

目的 分析静脉注射用六氟化硫微泡在腹部超声检查中的安全性。方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2021年9月于我院行静脉注射六氟化硫微泡腹部超声造影检查的91 312例患者。收集发生不良反应的患者基本信息、症状和体征,总结不良反应的类型和严重程度、治疗及转归。结果 91 312例患者中,35例（0.038%）发生不同程度不良反应;其中轻度18例、中度10例、重度7例,无死亡病例发生。不良反应症状包括过敏样反应7例,类生理反应28例。过敏样反应中,最常见是局部荨麻疹、瘙痒;类生理反应中,最常见是恶心、呕吐及血管迷走神经反应。35例不良反应中,23例（65.7%）年龄段为>40～60岁,31例（88.6%）有不同程度的肝功能异常,1例（2.9%）有磺胺类药物过敏史。34例（97.1%）不良反应发生在注射造影剂后10 min内,所有不良反应症状均于当日缓解。轻度不良反应中,12例休息后缓解,6例接受治疗后缓解;中度、重度不良反应均接受治疗后缓解。结论 静脉注射用六氟化硫微泡在腹部超声检查中不良反应发生率极低,具有极高的临床应用安全性。     

甲状腺癌的超声诊断分析及展望

目的分析甲状腺癌的超声图像特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的59例甲状腺癌的超声图像特点。结果59例甲状腺癌中,实性结节41例,囊实混合型结节18例,结节中出现砂粒样钙化39例,颈部淋巴结转移21例,55例病变内部及周边均有血流信号。结论甲状腺癌的超声表现具有一定特异性,超声检查结果可为临床治疗提供重要依据,将声学造影技术应用于检测甲状腺内定性困难的结节有助于提高甲状腺癌超声诊断的符合率。     

Manufacture and acoustical characterisation of a high-frequency contrast agent for targeting applications

The aim of this study was to develop and acoustically to optimise an ultrasonic contrast agent for research imaging applications at 40 MHz. A range of liposomal dispersions were manufactured and the mean backscatter power was measured using a Boston Scientific ClearView Ultra intravascular scanner with a 40 MHz, 2.5 Fr Atlantis SR Plus catheter. The scanner had been modified to allow access to the unprocessed ultrasound data, which were digitised, and the mean backscatter power was calculated over a region-of-interest centred at 2 mm from the transducer. Mean backscatter power was normalised to the data collected from a water-air interface. The effects of sonication and rapid shaking on six liposomal samples were also studied and this indicated that both techniques significantly reduced the size of the liposomes within the dispersions. Maximum mean backscatter power was measured for sonicated liposomal dispersions with 60% by weight of phosphatidylethanolamine. Moreover, this dispersion had greater mean backscatter power than sheep blood at 40 MHz.     

声诺维在扩大的经直肠超声前列腺穿刺活检中的应用

目的探讨声诺维在扩大的经直肠超声前列腺穿刺活检中的应用。方法102例患者因血清tPSA〉4ng／ml或伴前列腺硬结接受穿刺活检术,其中43例检查中接受静脉注射超声造影剂一声诺维。声诺维组与普通组比较,平均年龄、平均tPSA以及可疑指检率分别为67．5：68．7岁、26．2：28．6ng／ml和24．3％：25．1％,差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。作者采用改良Norberg穿刺方案,即首先系统穿刺8针,若实时超声或注射声诺维后发现可疑低回声结节,再增加1～3针重点穿刺。回顾性比较声诺维组与普通组活检病理阳性率及准确性。结果声诺维组43例接受穿刺446针,平均10．4针;普通组59例接受穿刺571针,平均9．7针;两组平均穿刺针数差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。病理诊断表明,声诺维组前列腺癌9例,阳性率为20．9％,普通组12例,阳性率为20．3％,两组阳性率差别无统计学意义（P〉0．01）。但石蜡病理显示,声诺维组446针标本中,阳性针数54针,阳性率为12．1％;普通组571针标本中,阳性针数46针,阳性率为8．1％;两者阳性率比较,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。在HGPIN或ASAP病例中,声诺维组7例,发生率为16．3％;普通组9例,15．2％;两组差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。提示声诺维能提高多普勒超声对前列腺可疑恶性结节的分辨率,但对HGPIN或ASAP诊断帮助不大。结论采用造影剂一声诺维进行扩大的经直肠多普勒超声活检能明显提高前列腺癌的诊断敏感性。该方法安全易行,便于门诊开展。     

肾盂癌超声造影的初步研究

目的分析11例肾盂癌的超声造影灌注过程，初步探讨超声造影对肾盂癌的诊断价值。方法应用对比脉冲序列（CPS）成像技术和声诺维造影剂SonoVue对11例肾盂癌患者行超声造影，记录并分析造影灌注过程。结果注射造影剂后11例肿块均可见强化，肿块开始显影时间为8～20S，显影增强达高峰时间为14～25s，增强开始减退时间为18～30S。肿块显影高峰强度：高于肾实质2例，等同于肾实质4例，稍低于肾实质5例。肿块的血流灌注方式：“快进慢退”2例，“同进慢退”5例，“慢进慢退”4例；7例为整体均～性增强和均一性减退，3例为向心性增强，1例为离心性减退。结论CPS技术结合造影剂SonoVue能描绘肾盂肿块的血流灌注情况，使肾盂肿块显示更清晰，有助于肾盂癌的诊断。     

Use of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Assessment of Uterine Fibroids: A Feasibility Study

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an innovative ultrasound technique capable of visualizing both the macro- and microvasculature of tissues. In this prospective pilot study, we evaluated the feasibility of using CEUS to visualize the microvasculature of uterine fibroids and compared CEUS with conventional ultrasound. Four women with fibroids underwent gray-scale ultrasound, sonoelastography and power/color Doppler scans followed by CEUS examination. Analysis of CEUS images revealed initial perfusion of the peripheral rim, that is, a pseudo-capsule, followed by enhancement of the entire lesion through vessels traveling from the exterior to the interior of the fibroid. The pseudo-capsules exhibited slight hyper-enhancement, making a clear delineation of the fibroids possible. The centers of three fibroids exhibited areas lacking vascularization, information not obtainable with the other imaging techniques. CEUS is a feasible technique for imaging and quantifying the microvasculature of fibroids. In comparison with conventional ultrasound imaging modalities, CEUS can provide additional diagnostic information based on the microvasculature.     

声学造影在不全流产诊断中的应用

目的探讨新型造影剂声诺维及实时灰阶造影匹配成像技术对早孕不全流产的诊断价值。方法对31例不全流产的患者,采用新型造影剂声诺维及实时造影匹配成像技术进行超声造影,观察病灶区的造影剂灌注过程及造影后声像图特点。所有患者造影后刮宫,刮出物送病理检查。结果残留物为绒毛及蜕膜组织时超声造影可见局灶性血流灌注异常丰富区,残留组织表现为不均匀强化;机化组织则表现为点条状血流灌注;而凝血块或变性坏死组织造影时无血流灌注呈无回声。结论超声造影技术在不全流产的诊断及鉴别诊断中具有较大的应用价值。     

超声造影评价不同级别肝脾外伤与CT对照的实验研究

目的利用灰阶超声造影（CEUS）评价不同级别的闭合性肝脾外伤,与增强CT比较,探讨CEUS的诊断价值。方法30只健康杂种犬,建立闭合性肝外伤或脾外伤动物模型,撞击后对肝脾进行常规灰阶超声、CEUS及增强CT检查,依据美国创伤外科协会（AAST）肝脾外伤分级标准及肝脾外伤CT分级确定外伤程度,并对上述检查结果进行对照研究。结果CEUS诊断结果与增强CT比较,两者的符合率分别为93.3%、92.9%。结论CEUS可显著提高肝脾脏闭合性外伤的诊断水平,与增强CT诊断结果一致性好,可以较准确反映肝脾外伤的程度,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

超声造影对移植肾功能延迟恢复的早期预测价值

目的:探讨超声造影定量分析对移植肾功能延迟恢复(delayed graft function,DGF)的早期预测价值.方法:选择2017年4月至2018年3月复旦大学附属中山医院泌尿外科收治的行同种异体肾移植术的肾移植患者68例,患者术后第1天行常规超声和超声造影检查.根据术后肾功能恢复情况将患者分为移植肾功能正常恢复...     

The potential of a new stable ultrasound contrast agent for site-specific targeting. An in vitro experiment

Microbubble-based ultrasound contrast agents can be used for specific site targeting, but demonstrate time-limited opacification. We have previously demonstrated the potential of gold-bound microtubules to provide a stable ultrasound contrast effect. Aim of the present study was to test the feasibility of gold-bound microtubules specifically to bind to human thrombi and to inflammatory activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. HUVEC were incubated with tumor necrosis factor, to induce expression of adhesion molecules. Human clots and HUVEC were incubated with biotinylated monoclonal antifibrin and anti-E-selectin antibodies, respectively. Probes were incubated with excess avidin followed by biotinylated gold-bound microtubules and by secondary Cy3-anti-beta-tubulin antibody and processed for immune fluorescence microscopy. Clots were transferred in copolymer foils filled with buffer and were ultrasonographically imaged before and after their treatment with the antifibrin antibody and with biotinylated microtubules, using a broadband harmonic transducer, transmitting and receiving at a mean frequency of 1.7 MHz and 3.2 MHz. The feasibility of specific gold-bound microtubules conjugation to antibody treated clots and HUVEC was confirmed using immune fluorescence analysis. Contrast intensities of the clots significantly increased after their treatment with antifibrin antibody and incubation with gold-bound microtubules (39 +/- 2 dB versus 26 +/- 2 dB, p < 0.001) and remained high after 20 min of ultrasound exposure (37 +/- 2 dB versus 39 +/- 2 dB, p = NS). Thus, gold-bound microtubules can specifically bind to human thrombi and to endothelial cells, providing a significant contrast effect which remains stable in the ultrasound field. This may be a promising approach to target thrombi and inflammatory active atherosclerotic plaques.     

超声、超声弹性成像及超声造影对乳腺局灶性纤维化的诊断与鉴别诊断价值

目的 探讨超声(US)、超声弹性成像(ultrasound elastosonography,UE)及超声造影(contrast enhancced ultrasound ,CEUS)在乳腺局灶性纤维化(Focal fibrosis of the breast,FFB)的诊断与鉴别诊断的价值。方法 回顾性对比分析经病理证实的19例FFB与同期随机49例乳腺浸润性导管癌(invasive ductal carcinoma,IDC)、34例乳腺纤维腺瘤(fibroadenoma,FA)的术前US、UE及CEUS图像特征。结果 FFB患者的平均年龄小于IDC,大于FA(P＜0.05);病灶最大径平均值大于IDC、FA(P＜0.05);FFB声像图表现为边界不清、高回声晕,后方回声衰减及内部回声不均匀的检出率与IDC相近(P＞0.05),高于FA组(P＜0.05);FFB病灶内部钙化灶及血流信号检出率低于IDC(P＜0.05);FFB的平均弹性评分与IDC相近(P＞0.05),高于FA(P＜0.05)。FFB的CEUS表现为病灶低增强、呈“晚进晚退”征象高于IDC、FA(P＜0.05);见扭曲大血管的征象低于IDC(P＜0.05)、FA(P＜0.05)。结论 术前US及UE对FFB与乳腺IDC鉴别诊断价值有限。CEUS对FFB鉴别诊断具有一定价值,对于疑似乳腺癌的肿块出现病灶内部CEUS见少许造影剂进入,强度低于周边正常乳腺组织、未见粗大扭曲血管时,乳腺局灶性纤维化应在鉴别诊断之列。     

The influence of gas saturation on microbubble stability

Accurate acoustic characterisation is an essential component of any experimental investigation concerning the use and development of microbubble contrast agents. It is of increasing importance as applications such as therapy and molecular and quantitative imaging are investigated. Such characterisation is generally conducted in the laboratory in the form of bulk acoustic studies or optical observation of single bubbles using high speed photography in a water tank containing "out-gassed" water. The approach is widely used in acoustics to prevent inaccurate measurements being made due to the presence of gas bubbles settling on instrumentation, however, the term is often used to cover a range of water preparation techniques and the final gas content of the water is not usually stated. This technical note demonstrates the influence of gas content on the stability of microbubble contrast agents and concludes that characterisation should always be conducted in equilibrated, gas-saturated water to ensure accurate and repeatable measurements are made.     

超声造影增强模式鉴别软组织肿块良恶性

Objective: To investigate the ability of contrast enhancement patterns of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in differentiating benign and malignant soft tissue tumours.     

SonoVue用于诊断腹部病变的价值及安全性

目的 评价应用SonoVue行超声造影对腹部病变的诊断价值和安全性.方法 2007年8月-2009年2月所有应用SonoVue接受腹部超声造影的患者共204例,男149例,女55例,评价超声造影诊断的准确率.结果 204例患者接受233例次的腹部超声造影,明确诊断215例次,诊断准确率为92.27%,与常规超声(62.23%)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).1例次(0.43%)发生了严重并发症:过敏性休克.结论 SonoVue在腹部各实性器官病变的应用具有较高的诊断价值,并相对安全,但也存在着发生严重并发症的可能性.     

彩色多普勒超声造影在血管疾病中的应用

近年来经周围静脉注射的超声造影剂的出现使超声造影技术得以在临床上广泛应用。本文介绍了经周围静脉彩色多普勒超声造影的原理及其在周围血管疾病诊断中的应用。     

超声造影对正常动脉检测能力的实验研究

目的研究生理状态下彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)对不同深度血管血流的显示能力以及彩色多普勒超声造影(以下简称彩超造影)与实时灰阶谐波超声造影(以下简称谐波造影)的表现。方法动物选择普通家犬5只。使用意大利百胜Technos DU8超声诊断仪及SonoVue超声造影剂。二维超声分别显示犬的髂总动脉、髂外动脉、髂内动脉、股动脉及腋动脉,并测量内径,脉冲多普勒测量收缩期峰值流速(PSV)。人为增加血管深度,CDFI检查记录该深度状态的血流强度。至CDFI不能清晰显示血流时,分别利用彩超造影与谐波造影两种方法再次检测。彩超造影检测时记录血流强度及PSV。结果随着深度增加CDFI观察到的血流信号减弱,造影后血流信号均明显增强;造影后在同一部位检测到的PSV增加36.1%,两组数据比较有显著性差异;谐波造影显示注射造影剂后动脉管腔内回声迅速增强,能够清晰显示血管管壁与管腔的分界。结论造影剂的应用可明显提高CDFI对深部血流信号的检出,而谐波造影能更直观、准确地显示血管壁及流道的轮廓。     

The Rise of Off-Label Iron-Based Agents in Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) used in MRI have come under fire due to concerns about nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) and gadolinium retention. These concerns have prompted a search for alternatives to GBCAs. One attractive candidate is superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO). Over the past 20 years, several SPIO agents have been developed and approved for niche clinical applications in MRI. One interesting SPIO agent is ferumoxytol (Feraheme^®), an FDA-approved intravenous medication used to treat iron-deficiency anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. In preliminary studies examining its off-label use as an intravenous contrast agent, ferumoxytol appeared promising for MRI and MR angiography. However, experience with this agent remains limited. One key benefit of ferumoxytol is that it carries no risk of NSF in patients with impaired renal function. On the other hand, ferumoxytol has been reported to cause severe adverse events, including hypotension, hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylaxis, and death. Moreover, the rate of such events has been substantially greater than those observed with GBCAs or nonionic iodinated contrast media. In response to these data, the FDA issued a black box warning for ferumoxytol in 2015. To ensure patient safety, hospitals and imaging facilities must develop a plan to train MRI personnel to recognize and manage adverse reactions to ferumoxytol. Another challenge of using ferumoxytol concerns its pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, which differ from those of GBCAs. These differences can lead to unexpected patterns or persistence of tissue enhancement on MRI. In particular, ferumoxytol can remain in the body for days, weeks, or months after intravenous administration, potentially causing an unsuspecting radiologist to misinterpret an MRI. The decision to use ferumoxytol for a specific patient and clinical indication requires the radiologists to carefully weigh risk-benefit tradeoffs and consider alternative diagnostic tests.