153例先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压的围术期临床回顾

目的回顾分析我院2000年9月～2006年12月153例先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压手术围术期资料,总结围手术期处理经验。方法在体外循环下行心内直视手术矫治,术前、术中、术后给予吸氧、静脉注射前列腺素E1、采用膜肺、呼气末正压(PEEP)等。结果经积极围手术期处理,全组1例死于右心衰竭,其余病例疗效满意,无严重并发症发生。结论正确的术前评估和加强围手术期处理是治疗先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压成功的关键。     

呼气末正压对先天性心脏病肺动脉高压患者术后肺功能的作用

目的探讨呼气末正压(PEEP)对先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者术后肺呼吸功能的作用。方法把46例室间隔缺损合并中、重度肺动脉高压患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,两组患者均行心脏直视手术,治疗组术后行PEEP。分别比较两组手术时间、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间以及术后1、6、12、24、48h的平均肺动脉压、肺血管阻力、肺泡-动脉氧张力差、呼吸指数。结果两组患者手术时间、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、平均肺动脉压间差别无显著性意义(P>0·05);治疗组肺血管阻力、肺泡-动脉氧张力差及呼吸指数明显低于对照组(P<0·05)。结论肺动脉高压患者心脏直视术后采用PEEP通气模式,能够改善术后肺的呼吸功能。     

常温体外循环心脏跳动中矫治婴幼儿先心病35例

目的 :观察常温体外循环心脏跳动中矫治婴幼儿先天性心脏病的疗效。方法 :4月～ 3岁婴幼儿先天性心脏病患儿 35例 ,采用常温体外循环在心脏跳动中进行心内直视修补手术。结果 :全组无 1例早期死亡 , °房室传导阻滞 2例 ,无低心排、肺动脉高压危象、呼吸衰竭需气管切开病例 ,痊愈出院 35例。结论 :在婴幼儿先天性心脏病心内直视修补手术中采用常温体外循环心脏不停跳方法是可行、可靠的。     

先心病合并重度肺动脉高压围术期体液因素对肺损伤的影响

目的 :探讨先心病合并重度肺动脉高压围术期体液因素对肺损伤的作用机制。方法 :2 0 0 0年 1月至 2 0 0 1年 2月 ,连续对 31例先天性心脏病室间隔缺损 (非肺动脉高压 16例 ,重度肺动脉高压 15例 )直视修补术患者分组进行临床研究 ,在围术期对血栓素B2 (TXB2 )和 6 酮 前列腺素F1α(6 keto PGF1α)、丙二醛 (MDA)、IL 6、IL 8的变化进行研究 ,并结合体外循环前、后肺动脉压、全肺阻力变化进行分析。结果 :围术期TXB2 、6 keto PGF1α与TXB2 的比值 (P T)、MDA、IL 6、IL 8的变化与围术期肺动脉压、全肺阻力、呼吸指数的改变有着密切相关。结论 :在围术期先心病合并重度肺动脉高压组的体液因素变化较非肺动脉高压患者剧烈 ,易发生肺损伤 ,围术期肺动脉高压危象是肺损伤在血液动力学方面的表现     

外源性肺表面活性物质减轻体外循环肺缺血—再灌注 …

本文研究了外源性肺表面活性物质对体外循环心内直视术肺缺血，再灌注损伤的保护作用。选择先天性心脏病室间隔缺损伴肺动脉高压患儿２６例，随机分为对照组和用药组各１３例。用药组于术前和主动脉开放前两个时点经气管插管注入天然猪肺表面活生物质，对照组注入等量生理盐水。     

婴幼儿先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高压的外科治疗

对280例左向右分流的先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高压(PH)患儿(4～30个月)的手术治疗情况及转归作回顾性分析.因难治性肺炎和心衰而急诊手术29例,其余术前2周给予降动脉高压治疗.29例行手术治疗患儿均采用中度低温体外循环心内直视下手术.术后死亡11例,并发肺部感染3例、持续肺动脉高压2例、低心排2例、顽固性出血2例.认为先天性心脏病伴PH的婴幼儿积极进行手术治疗是可行的.     

低温保护液对重度肺动脉高压患者体外循环时的肺功能保护作用

目的评价保护液低温肺灌注对合并重度肺动脉高压患儿体外循环后肺功能的保护作用.方法34例重度肺动脉高压先天性心脏病患儿分为对照组(23例)和肺保护组(11例),对照组行常规手术矫治心内畸形,保护组于心脏阻断后向肺动脉灌注低温肺保护液,此后亦行常规手术完成心内畸形的矫治.术中、术后监测血流动力学、呼吸功能及生化指标,并留肺标本行组织学观察.结果肺血管阻力保护组术后6、12、24、36、48h分别为(649±104)、(683±113)、(583±96)、(492±40)和(517±70)dyne     

537例婴幼儿体外循环心内直视手术后死亡病例的年龄分布

目的 :总结 5 37例婴幼儿体外循环心内直视手术患者死亡病例的年龄分布特点及死亡原因。方法 :分析 5 37例婴幼儿先天性心脏病患儿的临床资料 ,男 336例 ,女 2 0 1例 ,年龄 1～ 36 (平均 13 2± 9 4 )个月。结果 :5 37例婴幼儿体外循环心内直视术后共死亡 36例 ,死亡率 6 7% ;其中 1999年 1月至12月的 185例患儿中死亡 8例 ,死亡率 4 3%。婴幼儿的死亡率在各年龄段的分布中以 <1岁的患儿较高 ,其中 1～ 6个月的患儿最高 (16 3% ) ;7～ 12个月的患儿死亡率 (8 1% ) ,13～ 2 4个月的患儿死亡率(6 3% ) ,2 5～ 36个月的患儿术后死亡率 (3 7% )。在死亡原因方面 ,以死于低心排综合征的婴幼儿比例最高 ,占 36例死亡婴幼儿的 5 0 % (18 36 ) ,其次是死于呼吸功能衰竭的婴幼儿占 36例死亡婴幼儿的33 3% (12 36 ) ,死于肾功能衰竭的占 11 1% (4 36 ) ,死于多脏器衰竭变竭的占 5 5 % (2 36 )。结论 :婴幼儿患者体外循环心内直视术时年龄越小死亡越高 ,死于心、肺功能衰竭的患者比例较高 ;因此对婴幼儿体外循环心脏手术时应加强术中的心脏保护效果。     

先心病合并重度肺动脉高压双向分流的外科对策

目的:探讨先天性心脏病伴重度肺动脉高压双向分流的外科对策及疗效。方法:回顾分析32例患者的临床资料,其中,室间隔缺损(VSD)22例,VSD合并房间隔缺损(ASD)5例,动脉导管未闭5例。术前均有不同程度劳力后紫绀,心脏B超提示双向分流,术中测量平均肺动脉压/平均体循环压>0.85,平均0.90±0.15,采用心脏停跳手术6例,不停跳手术26例。房间隔均采用自体心包片做成单向活瓣,以减轻术后早期右心负荷。结果:早期死亡3例(9.4％,3/32)。术后早期均有明显低氧血症,呼吸机支持,平均35.26±17.59小时,无气管切开病例。随访2～86(平均23.6±17.2)月,晚期死亡2例(6.3％,2/32),顽固右心衰3例(9.4％,3/32),其余24例(75％,24/32)恢复良好。结论:先心病伴重度肺动脉高压部分双向分流的病例,采用浅低温心跳不停心内直视手术有利于心肺功能保护,术中作房间隔单向活瓣有利于其早期恢复。     

重度肺动脉高压病人临床死因分析

以肺血管病引起的重度肺动脉高压 ,主要为肺血管截面积减少 ,肺循环阻力增加 ,从而影响右心射血功能 ,病变晚期患者往往死于右心功能衰竭。但临床上我们也常发现某些晚期患者出现典型的肺水肿临床表现 ,而死于顽固的急性左心衰竭。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料　本文收集 7例 ,女性 6例 ,男性 1例 ,年龄17～ 35岁 ,平均 (2 6 5 0± 9 33)岁。病史 5个月至 11年。其中 1例为不能解释的肺动脉高压 ,4例为原发性肺动脉高压 ,1例为慢性多发性肺栓塞急性再栓塞 ,1例为室间隔缺损修补术后 11年。住院天数 2～ 34ｄ ,平均 14ｄ。1.2　临床表现　 7例…     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.