髓系肿瘤PDGFRB基因异常的多态性及临床特点

伴有PDGFRB基因异常及嗜酸细胞增多的髓系肿瘤是2008版WHO分类中提出的新的一类髓系肿瘤。检查我院2 000余例髓系细胞异常病例,共发现伴PDGFRB基因异常的髓系肿瘤12例。本研究归纳此12例伴PDGFRB基因异常的髓系肿瘤病例的临床及实验室检查特点,并根据文献进行总结分析。结果表明,12例PDGFRB基因异常中TEL/PDGFRB融合基因5例,HIP1/PDGFRB异常2例,PDGFRB突变1例、RABAPTIN-5/PDGFRB、GIT2/PDG-FRB、TP53/PDGFRB、WDR48/PDGFRB融合基因各1例,显示出该基因异常的多态性。此类髓系肿瘤绝大多数病例有不同程度单核细胞及嗜酸细胞增多,血小板异常增多主要见于不典型的MPN、AL、CMML患者。部分病例采用酪氨酸激酶抑制剂甲磺酸伊马替尼治疗有效。结论:PDGFRB基因异常髓系肿瘤是一类异质性的髓系肿瘤,其基因异常类型与临床表现呈多态性,常有不同程度的嗜酸细胞及单核细胞增多,采用酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗可能有效。     

Atypical myeloproliferative disorders: diagnosis and management

Myeloid disorders constitute a subgroup of hematological malignancies that is separate from lymphoid disorders. The World Health Organization system for classification of tumors of the hematopoietic system divides myeloid disorders into acute myeloid leukemia and chronic myeloid disorders based on the presence or absence, respectively, of acute myeloid leukemia--defining morphological and cytogenetic features including the presence of 20% or more myeloblasts in either the bone marrow or the peripheral blood. A recently proposed semimolecular classification system for chronic myeloid disorders recognizes 3 broad categories: the myelodysplastic syndrome, classic myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), and atypical MPD. Classic MPD includes polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. Both myelodysplastic syndrome and BCR/ABL-negative classic MPD were previously discussed as part of the current ongoing symposium on hematological malignancies. The current review focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of both molecularly defined and clinicopathologically assigned categories of atypical MPD: chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, chronic basophilic leukemia, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, idiopathic eosinophilia including hypereosinophilic syndrome, systemic mastocytosis, unclassified MPD, and eosinophilic/mast cell disorders associated with mutations of platelet-derived growth factor receptors alpha (PDGFRA) and beta (PDGFRB), FGFR1, and KIT.     

骨髓增生异常综合征PTEN基因表达和Akt磷酸化水平的相关性研究

目的 了解骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）PTEN基因表达和Akt磷酸化（p-Akt）水平之间的关系，探讨MDS演进、高风险转归为急性髓系白血病的机制。方法 采用RT-PCR检测白血病细胞株K562、Jurkat，65例MDS患者骨髓细胞PTENmRNA表达情况。同时用流式细胞术检测Jurkat、HL-60细胞和30例MDS患者骨髓细胞p-Akt水平。并以21份正常人骨髓标本为健康对照。结果 ①PTEN基因阳性对照K562细胞呈阳性表达，阴性对照Jurkat细胞无表达。65例MDS患者中有27例表达阳性，阳性率41．5％，与健康对照组（85．7％）比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。RAEB（39．1％）、RAEB—t（27．8％）和MDS—AML（12．5％）PTEN阳性率均低于RA／RARS（75．O％）组，各亚型组之间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。②阳性对照Jurkat细胞高表达p-Akt（86．9％），阴性对照HL-60细胞p-Akt阴性。30例MDS患者p-Akt水平升高（1．35％～58．23％），与健康组（0．54％～2．34％）比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），且随着原始细胞比例增高p-Akt水平升高。MDS患者PTEN基因表达缺失率与p-Akt阳性率呈显著正相关（r=0．93，P〈0．01）。结论 MDS患者PTEN基因表达缺失是导致p-Akt高表达的关键因素之一，并且可能加速MDS病程进展及转化为急性髓系白血病。     

骨髓增生异常综合征克隆细胞生物学特征的初步研究

目的 研究骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）克隆细胞和急性髓系白血病（AML）克隆细胞的部分生物学差异。方法 对经核型分析证实有克隆标志的51例MDS和11例AML患者骨髓中克隆细胞（荧光原位杂交分析）和原始细胞百分比进行比较；检测MDS患者骨髓中晚期红系（血型糖蛋白A阳性的晚幼红细胞）、粒系（DAPI复染可分辨的分叶核细胞）和巨核系（CD61阳性磁珠分选，CD41阳性的形态学成熟的巨核细胞）中克隆细胞比例；同步检测MDS患者骨髓及外周血中克隆细胞比例；用流式细胞术检测含有克隆细胞的MDS患者外周血中性粒细胞的吞噬和氧化功能并与正常人和AML患者标本比较。结果 MDS患者骨髓克隆细胞百分比（平均48．2％）均高于原始细胞（平均6．7％）（P〈0．01）。进展型MDS与非进展型相比，克隆细胞与原始细胞数更接近。单纯染色体＋8异常与单纯5q-患者比较，克隆细胞与原始细胞数量更接近。而在11例AML患者，克隆细胞与原始细胞百分比的平均差距接近零。在MDS患者骨髓细胞中检出相当数量带有克隆标志的晚期造血细胞：分叶核细胞中平均为45．9％；晚幼红细胞中为46．0％；成熟巨核细胞中为38．0％。MDS患者外周血中检出与骨髓中核型一致的克隆细胞，数量与骨髓中克隆细胞数相关（骨髓中平均为48．6％，外周血中为37．3％）。功能性检测显示MDS患者外周血中的中性粒细胞具有与正常对照者几乎一致的对DHR的摄取和氧化功能（P〉0．05）。结论 MDS克隆细胞与AML克隆细胞具有明显的生物学差异。     

MDS转化为AML机制的研究进展

骨髓增生异常综合症(MDS)是造血干细胞克隆性疾病,以无效造血和可转变为急性白血病为特征,大约有30%的病例可转变成急性白血病.这种转变则在高危的MDS患者中更为常见,故又称为继发性急性髓系白血病(sAML或MDS/AML).化疗对这类疾病-般很难奏效,唯-治愈的方法就是异基因造血干细胞移植,但是只有很少的病人适合移植.所以,对MDS发生和发展的机制研究和为临床开发其有效药物显得特别重要.本文将从染色体异常、DNA异常甲基化和AMLI/RUNXI,FLT- 3,PI-PLCβ1基因突变这三个方面进行介绍.     

骨髓增生异常综合征免疫表型研究进展

骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）是一组血液系统异质性的疾病,表现为骨髓原始细胞的形态和数目异常,无效造血及不同程度的外周血细胞减少并易转变为急性髓系白血病。本文就MDS疾病的骨髓形态学检查,骨髓活检,染色体核型分析,免疫分型等问题,特别是流式细胞术免疫分型技术检测对MDS诊断和预后意义的研究进展作一综述。     

血清铁蛋白在恶性血液病诊断与治疗中的价值

目的探讨血清铁蛋白（SF）检测在恶性血液病诊断与治疗中的价值。方法选择128例恶性血液病患者作为观察组,其中：急性髓性白血病（AML）35例（AML组）、急性淋巴细胞性白血病（ALL）21例（ALL组）、慢性髓性白血病（CML）28例（CML组）、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病（CLL）18例（CLL组）、骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）26例（MDS组）;同时选择60例健康者作为对照组。检测对照组及观察组治疗前后SF水平。结果 AML组、ALL组、CML组、CLL组、MDS组治疗前及治疗完全缓解后SF水平均较对照组显著升高（P〈0.01）,完全缓解持续1年后SF水平与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;AML组、ALL组、CML组、CLL组、MDS组治疗完全缓解及持续缓解1年后SF水平较治疗前均显著下降（P〈0.01）。结论恶性血液病患者体内存在明显的铁代谢紊乱,血清铁蛋白检测可作为白血病和MDS患者初治期、缓解期及预后的观察指标。     

Mixed-lineage eosinophil/basophil crisis in MDS: a rare form of progression

Background   Basophilic crisis and eosinophilia are well recognized features of advanced chronic myeloid leukaemia. In other myeloid neoplasms, however, transformation with marked basophilia and eosinophilia is considered unusual.
Design   We examined the long-term follow-up of 322 patients with de novo myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) to define the frequency of basophilic, eosinophilic and mixed lineage (basophilic and eosinophilic) transformation.
Results   Of all patients, only one developed mixed lineage crisis (≥ 20% basophils and ≥ 20% eosinophils). In this patient, who initially suffered from chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia, basophils increased to 48% and eosinophils up to 31% at the time of progression. Mixed lineage crisis was not accompanied by an increase in blast cells or organomegaly. The presence of BCR/ABL and other relevant fusion gene products (FIP1L1/PDGFRA, AML1/ETO, PML/RARα, CBFβ/MYH11) were excluded by PCR. Myelomastocytic transformation/myelomastocytic leukaemia and primary mast cell disease were excluded by histology, KIT mutation analysis, electron microscopy and immunophenotyping. Basophils were thus found to be CD123+, CD203c+, BB1+, KIT- cells, and to express a functional IgE-receptor. Among the other patients with MDS examined, 4(1·2%) were found to have marked basophilia (≥ 20%) and 7(2·1%) were found to have massive eosinophilia ( ≥ 20%), whereas mixed-lineage crisis was detected in none of them.
Conclusions   Mixed basophil/eosinophil crisis may develop in patients with MDS but is an extremely rare event.     

The characteristics of the postsplenectomy hyperthrombocytic syndrome in patients with chronic myeloleukemia]

One of the clinical features of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) after splenectomy lies in the development of an unusual hyperthrombocytic syndrome. In the course of a long-term observation, 12 out of 14 patients subjected to splenectomy demonstrated maximum thrombocytosis ranging from 1.008 X 10(9) to 3.053 X 10(9)/l. Hemorrhagic manifestations occurred in 6 patients, no thromboses were recorded. Postsplenectomy hyperthrombocytosis is to a certain measure resistant to cytostatic therapy. Dissociation may occur--good readings of the leukogram with a high hyperthrombocytosis. According to the authors' and reported data, the postsplenectomy hyperthrombocytic syndrome in ALL patients is fraught with the danger of the occurrence of hemorrhagic manifestations and, to a less degree, of thromboses.     

急性微分化型髓细胞白血病转换为急性混合表型白血病一例诊断分析

目的 分析1例急性微分化型髓细胞白血病转换为不另作特定分类急性混合表型白血病的诊断过程,并探索其与其他急性微分化型髓细胞白血病和急性混合表型白血病病例的异同.方法 采用细胞涂片染色或化学染色方法对1例原发急性微分化型髓细胞白血病转换为不另作特定分类急性混合表型白血病病例进行细胞形态学分析;采用流式细胞术进行免疫表型分析;采用染色体G显带技术进行核型分析;应用RT-PCR技术进行融合基因的检测.并与2例急性微分化型髓细胞白血病和1例急性混合表型白血病进行实验室诊断结果比较,了解这一罕见的急性白血病发生转化的特征.结果 转换前急性微分化型髓细胞白血病在形态上表现为骨髓原始细胞占0.82,可见明显核仁,无Auer小体;免疫表型为造血相关抗原CD38和HLA-DR阳性,部分髓系抗原(CD13、CD56和CD11b)阳性,淋系抗原CD7阳性;其他髓系抗原(MPO、CD33和CD15)阴性,B系抗原(CD79a、CD19和CD22)阴性,T系抗原(胞内CD3、CD4和CD8)阴性.而转换后不另作特定分类急性混合表型白血病在形态上表现为骨髓原始细胞极度增生,占0.42,嗜酸粒细胞增多,嗜碱粒细胞可见;免疫表型为造血相关抗原CD38和HLA-DR阳性,髓系抗原(MPO和CD13)阳性,B系抗原(CD19和CD79a)阳性,T系抗原(胞内CD3)阳性,淋系抗原CD7阳性.对照组白血病具有典型的形态学和免疫表型特点,均未见异常染色体核型和融合基因.结论 该病例诊断复杂,临床少见,综合分析急性微分化型髓细胞白血病和不另作特定分类急性混合表型白血病的实验室特征对确诊十分重要,而免疫表型的变化是关键.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the diagnostic process of a rare case of acute myeloid leukemia with minimal differentiation undergoing a lineage switch to mixed phenotype acute leukemia, NOS-rare types,and to investigate its difference from other acute myeloid leukemia and mixed phenotype acute leukemia. Methods Following tests were performed on the patient with switched mixed phenotype acute leukemia and three control leukemia patients ( including two acute myeloid leukemia with minimal differentiation and one mixed phenotype acute leukemia ). Cell morphology was analyzed by bone marrow smear and related cell chemical staining. Immunophenotyping of bone marrow was performed by flow cytometry ( FCM ). G-banding technique was used for karyotype analysis and RT-PCR was used for fusion gene detection. All the laboratory data of the switched patient were compared to that of three control patients in order to reveal the characteristics of such a rare phenotype switch in acute leukemia. Results Before switching, the morphology of acute myeloid leukemia with minimal differentiation demonstrated 0.82 blasts occurring in bone marrow, distinct nucleoli and absence of Auer rods. Blast cells expressed hematopoieticassociated antigens ( CD38, HLA-DR ), myeloid antigens ( CD13, CD56, CD11b ) and CD7. And these blasts were negative for MPO, CD33, CD15, CD79, CD19, CD22, cytoplasmic CD3, CD4 and CD8. After switching, 0. 42 blasts were found in bone marrow, showed eosinophilia and presence of basophile. Blast cells expressed hematopoietic-associated antigens ( CD38, HLA-DR ), myeloid antigens ( MPO, CD13 ),lymphoid antigens ( CD19, CD79a ,cytoplasmic CD3, and CD7 ). The control group showed typical morphology and immunophenotyping. No abnormal karyotype and fusion gene were detected. Conclusions It is a rare and complicated case that acute myeloid leukemia with minimal differentiation switched to mixed phenotype acute leukemia, NOS-rare types. The laboratory features, especially the change of immunophenotyping play an important role in the diagnosis.     

Priapism as the first manifestation in chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report and focused review of literature

We report the case of a patient who was initially presented with ischemic priapism to the emergency department. He was treated with adrenaline intracavernous injections and aspiration with irrigation of the corpora cavernosa and distal shunt. In the postoperative period, anemia, basophilia, eosinophilia, thrombocytosis and hyperleukocytosis were detected. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia.Priapism is a rare manifestation of chronic myeloid leukemia (≤ 3%) and occurs mostly due to hyperleukocytosis, resulting in thrombus formation and corporal venous outflow obstruction. Priapism occurring in any setting is considered as a medical emergency that requires immediate local therapy because of resulting irreversible cell damage and fibrosis if not treated within the first 24–48 h.     

细胞形态检查在伴AML1-ETO及CBFβ-MYH11阳性急性髓系白血病中的作用

目的探讨伴AML1-ETO和伴CBFβ-MYH11阳性急性髓系白血病患者骨髓细胞形态、免疫表型、染色体核型特点及预后基因表达,以及形态对此类白血病的提示作用。方法瑞士吉姆萨染色法观察骨髓细胞形态,流式细胞术检测白血病细胞免疫表型,PCR检测白血病43种融合基因,G显带法观察染色体核型,一代测序毛细管电泳法方法检测髓系预后基因。结果伴AML1-ETO阳性的患者6例(37.5%)以原始粒细胞增多为主,8例(50%)以核浆发育不平衡的异常中幼粒细胞增多为主,2例(12.5%)以原始、幼稚单核细胞增生为主;伴CBFβ-MYH11阳性6例(85%)以原始、幼稚单核细胞、原始粒细胞及异常嗜酸性粒细胞增生为主,1例以原始、幼稚单核细胞增生,未见异常嗜酸性粒细胞增多。结论AML1-ETO和CBFβ-MYH11阳性形态发现率分别为87.5%和86%,提示分子生物学检查在急性髓系白血病诊断中具有不可替代的作用。     

中高危骨髓增生异常综合征转化为急性髓系白血病的高危因素

目的:探讨以地西他滨为主治疗中高危骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)患者转化为急性髓系白血病(AML)的高危因素。方法:回顾性分析60例中高危MDS患者的临床特点及其转化为AML的高危因素。结果:以地西他滨为主治疗的中高危MDS患者总有效率(ORR)为65.0%(39/60),其中达完全缓解(CR)患者17例(28.3%),骨髓缓解(m CR)患者5例(8.3%);部分缓解(PR)患者4例(6.7%);血液学缓解(HI)患者13例(21.7%)。60例以地西他滨为主治疗的中高危MDS患者转化为AML 21例(35.0%),中位转化时间为10.0(1.5月-32.0)个月。χ^2或Fisher精确检验显示,中高危MDS转化为AML与2016年WHO诊断分型、骨髓增生明显活跃、地西他滨用药间隔延长相关(χ^2=9.878,P=0.031;χ^2=4.319,P=0.038;χ^2=6.406,P=0.011);Kaplan-Meier检验单因素分析显示,中高危MDS转化为AML与2016年WHO诊断分型、骨髓原始细胞数、骨髓病态造血系数、地西他滨疗程间隔延长相关(P=0.015,P=0.008,P=0.012,P=0.032);COX多因素分析显示,骨髓原始细胞数、骨髓病态造血系数为中高危MDS患者转化为AML的独立危险因素(P=0.022,P=0.018)。结论:骨髓原始细胞数、骨髓病态造血系数是以地西他滨为主治疗中高危MDS患者转化为AML的独立危险因素;地西他滨用药间隔规律有利于维持病情稳定。     

急性白血病免疫表型分析的临床应用

用流式细胞术对６０例初诊或未缓解的急性白血病患者进行免疫表型检测。ＡＭＬ患者均表达髓系抗原,部分病例同时伴有淋巴系抗原的表达。ＡＬＬ患者均表达淋巴系抗原,但２８．６％例同时表达髓系抗原（ＣＤ１３或ＣＤ３３）。２例急性髓系与淋系双表型杂合性白血病同时表达２个以上淋巴和髓系抗原标志。１例急性Ｔ系与Ｂ系双克隆杂合性白血病两群白血病细胞分别表达Ｔ、Ｂ系抗原。１例形态学检查为ＡＭＬ,但表达全部３个Ｂ淋巴抗原     

Increased immature hematopoietic progenitor cells CD34+/CD38dim in myelodysplasia

BACKGROUND: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal disorders affecting hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). Despite the relevance of clonal CD34+ cells in developing MDS, only few studies analyze the phenotype of this cell population. The aim of this study was to evaluate phenotypic changes on HPC in MDS that could reflect abnormalities in the differentiation process of stem cells. METHODS: We analyzed the expression of CD38 and HLA-DR on CD34+ cells by flow cytometry in 36 patients with MDS, as well as in healthy donors (n = 12) and patients with other hematological disorders: non-Hodgkin lymphomas and multiple myeloma, both in complete remission (CR) (n = 32); acute lymphoblastic leukemia in CR (n = 17); de novo acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) at diagnosis (n = 22) and in CR (n = 37); and AML secondary to MDS at diagnosis (n = 19). Cases with available karyotype were grouped according to the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS). RESULTS: Compared to normal BM, the fraction of immature HPC, characterized as CD34+bright, intermediate FSC/SSC, and CD38dim, was significantly increased in high risk MDS and secondary AML, but not in low risk MDS, (P < or = 0.001, P = 0.03, and P = 0.7). De novo AML showed decreased immature HPC. High numbers of immature HPC correlated with higher IPSS risk groups (P = 0.05) and showed significant impact on disease progression (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that evaluation of CD38 expression pattern on HPC is an easy and reproducible test that allows evaluating the immature subset of progenitor cells. Increased immature HPC in high risk MDS and secondary AML may reflect blocked differentiation of CD34+ cells in these diseases.     

8p11骨髓增殖综合征的临床病理学特征

本研究旨在提高对罕见的8p11骨髓增殖综合征(eight p11myeloproliferative syndrome,EMS)的临床病理特征、诊断与治疗的认识。应用骨髓细胞涂片、骨髓活检观察细胞形态学改变,流式细胞术检测骨髓细胞的免疫表型,细胞遗传学方法分析骨髓细胞核型,分子生物学检测bcr/abl融合基因。结果表明:EMS是一组具有独特临床和生物学特点的疾病,以bcr/abl阴性的骨髓增殖性肿瘤合并淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤(lymphoblastic lymphoma,LBL)为主要特征。骨髓细胞形态学提示粒系细胞高度增生、嗜酸粒细胞增多;免疫表型分析显示髓系抗原表达增高;细胞遗传学分析表明存在8p11易位;RT-PCR检测bcr/abl融合基因呈阴性。在分子学水平,患者染色体异常均累及8p11上的成纤维细胞生长因子受体-1(FGFR1),目前共发现11种与FGFR1重排相关的伙伴基因,其中最常见的是位于13q11-12上的ZNF-198。EMS预后不良,患者常在短期内进展为急性髓系白血病,常规化疗效果差,除异基因造血干细胞移植外无有效的治疗方法。结论:EMS是伴有FGFR1重排的骨髓和淋巴肿瘤,易误诊为T-LBL、不典型慢性粒细胞白血病(aCML)及慢性粒-单核细胞白血病(CMML),对该病应及时进行细胞遗传学及分子生物学检测,以避免误诊、误治。     

Pathogenesis,classification, and treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a heterogeneous group of clonal myeloid disorders characterized by morphologic dysplasia in one or more cell lineages. Dysplasia in MDS is associated with insufficient production of blood cells and consecutive cytopenia(s). The natural course and prognosis of MDS vary among patients and depend on genetic defects that occur during clonal evolution. In a significant group of patients (roughly 30%) progression to secondary leukemia is observed. These patients appear to have a grave prognosis. The treatment of patients with MDS has to be adjusted to the individual situation and age in each case. In many patients, control of blast cell production by palliative cytoreduction, continuous support with red blood cells, as well as other supportive measures, seem appropriate. In other patients, however, curative therapy (chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation) should be considered. The final decision to offer curative therapy must be based on many different factors including age and the overall situation of the patient. Recently established scoring systems aimed at predicting survival and evolution of leukemia in MDS may be helpful in this regard.     

嗜酸性粒细胞增多症的细胞遗传学研究

为探讨染色体异常克隆在嗜酸性粒细胞增多症诊断和鉴别诊断中的意义及克隆性嗜酸性粒细胞增多症涉及的染色体异常,收集了65例嗜酸性粒细胞增多患者的骨髓标本,培养24小时,采用G显带进行核型分析。结果表明：65例中9例拟诊为急性髓细胞性白血病-M4Eo检出特异性的染色体异常inv（16）,而其余的56例以嗜酸性粒细胞增多待诊的患者中5例检出染色体异常克隆,检出率为8.9%。根据临床、血液学资料并结合染色体检出结果,5例患者最后分别被诊断为急性髓系白血病伴嗜酸性粒细胞增多、慢性嗜酸性粒细胞白血病、8p11骨髓增殖综合征、慢性髓系白血病急变、急性髓系白血病-M4Eo。检出的染色体异常克隆分别为＋14、t（5;12）（q31;p13）、t（8;9）（p11;q32）、t（9;22）（q34;q11）和inv（16）（p13q22）。结论：在嗜酸性粒细胞增多症的诊断中,染色体的检测是判定克隆性和诊断慢性嗜酸性粒细胞白血病的重要手段,应作为常规的检测。     

Peripheral blood MDS score: a new flow cytometric tool for the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes

BACKGROUND: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic disorders diagnosed using morphologic and clinical findings supported by cytogenetics. Because abnormalities may be subtle, diagnosis using these approaches can be challenging. Flow cytometric (FCM) approaches have been described; however the value of bone marrow immunophenotyping in MDS remains unclear due to the variability in detected abnormalities. We sought to refine the FCM approach by using peripheral blood (PB) to create a clinically useful tool for the diagnosis of MDS. METHODS: PB from 15 patients with MDS was analyzed by multiparametric flow cytometry using an extensive panel of monoclonal antibodies. Patterns of neutrophil antigen expression were compared with those of normal controls (n = 16) to establish light scatter and/or immunophenotypic abnormalities that correlated with MDS. A scoring algorithm was developed and validated prospectively on a blinded patient set. RESULTS: PB neutrophils from patients with MDS had lower side scatter and higher expression of CD66 and CD11a than did controls. Some MDS PB neutrophils demonstrated abnormal CD116 and CD10 expression. Because none of these abnormalities proved consistently diagnostic, we sought to increase the power of the assay by devising a scoring system to allow the association of multiple abnormalities and account for phenotypic variations. The PB MDS score differentiated patients with MDS from controls (P < 0.0001) in the test set. In a prospective validation, the PB MDS score successfully identified patients with MDS (sensitivity 73%, specificity 90%). CONCLUSIONS: FCM analysis of side scatter and only four additional immunophenotypic parameters of PB neutrophils using the PB MDS score proved more sensitive than standard laboratory approaches and may provide an additional, more reliable diagnostic tool in the identification of MDS.     

骨髓增生异常综合征向急性白血病转化的研究

目的探讨骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)向急性白血病(AL)转化(转白)的规律.方法动态观察151例MDS患者的转白情况及转白患者(postMDS-AL)的临床表现、血常规、骨髓象、染色体核型、细胞免疫表型及治疗反应、预后特点.结果8年7个月内,151例MDS患者转白21例(13.91%),中位转白时间5(1～23)个月.RA、RAEB、RAEB-t间转白率差异无显著性,逐步转白和直接转白病例均可见.影响MDS转白的因素有年龄≤40岁;三系血细胞减少;骨髓原始细胞比例≥O.150;复杂染色体核型异常;联合化疗.postMDS-AL21例皆为急性髓系白血病(AML),以M2、M4和M5为主.其中2例(9.52%)有白血病细胞浸润表现;10例(47.62%)外周血白细胞计数减少,14例(66.67%)外周血中性粒细胞计数减少,14例(66.67%)骨髓增生活跃或明显活跃.8例(47.06%)转白前后异常染色体核型发生了改变.骨髓单个核细胞髓系不成熟抗原CD33(49.83±24.50)%、CD13(36.38±33.84)%,单核细胞相关抗原CD14(38.50±24.60)%及早期造血细胞标志抗原CD34(34.67±30.59)%,也可共表达淋巴细胞系抗原CD5、CD7、CD9、CDi9.postMDS-AML的诱导化疗完全缓解率为31.25%,中位生存时间6(1～28)个月.结论MDS是一类高风险向AML转化的疾病,转化方式可渐进也可突变;postMDS-AML有独特的生物学表现,且预后差.