药品批发企业GSP认证缺陷项目分析及对策

通过对陕西省药品批发企业GSP认证中出现的缺陷项目汇总分析，找出最易出现的缺陷项目，并分析成因，探讨对策。     

陕西省GSP认证现场检查报告存在的问题及其分析

目的通过对陕西省GSP认证现场检查报告汇总分析,找出GSP认证工作中存在的问题,探讨解决改进的方法。方法对陕西省GSP认证过程的3415份认证现场检查报告进行汇总分析,随机抽取200份批发企业、23份连锁企业、1500份零售企业的资料进行统计。结果通过报告汇总分析发现:药品经营企业在接受GSP认证过程中,人员培训、信息档案、储运养护设施设备、药品购销储存管理、购进存销记录、内审等方面是GSP缺陷项目易产生的环节;检查员水平参差不齐,检查的侧重点及尺度难以统一等问题;药监部门日常监管机制不够健全等问题。结论企业、检查员、药监部门、认证检查评定标准4个方面均存在不同程度的问题,应分别改善或强化。     

广东省药品经营企业GSP认证现场检查缺陷项目分析

目的:为药品监管部门GSP检查及药品经营企业完善药品经营质量管理提供技术参考.方法:通过对2018-2019年期间广东省药品批发企业及药品零售连锁企业总部的GSP认证现场检查发现的缺陷项目进行汇总分析,找出药品批发企业及药品零售连锁企业总部在药品质量管理中存在的问题.结果 与结论:药品经营企业应该加强药品经营质量管理意...     

我省药品经营企业GSP认证跟踪检查情况分析

目的 了解我省药品经营企业GSP认证跟踪现场检查存在缺陷项目情况,掌握我省药品经营企业实施GSP的薄弱环节,并提出一些看法和建议.方法 对58家药品批发(零售连锁)企业认证检查及跟踪检查的缺陷项目进行统计,并作对比分析.结果2005年药品经营企业GSP认证跟踪检查较认证检查时,缺陷发生频次明显下降,平均每个企业减少缺陷1.02次.结论 质量信息档案、企业培训档案、药品养护档案、药品储存流转情况、实施GSP情况内部评审档案、设施设备管理档案、每年进货质量评审档案、药品质量档案等八项为缺陷出现率较高的项目,是当前我省企业实施GSP的共性薄弱环节.     

安徽省药品批发企业GSP认证高频次缺陷项目统计分析

目的指导企业按照GSP要求提高管理水平,并为如何加强省内药品经营企业的监管提出合理化建议。方法 2011年底前安徽省药品审评认证中心对安徽省406家药品批发和零售连锁企业进行了GSP认证检查,该文对药品批发企业GSP认证现场检查缺陷项目进行了统计分析。结果分析药品批发企业质量管理易出现的缺陷项目,找到最易出现的缺陷项目。结论根据统计结果分析缺陷项目的特点和可能产生的原因,并以此提出强化质量管理的意见和建议。     

2009年辽宁省药品批发企业GSP认证缺陷项目统计分析及建议

2009年是辽宁省药品批发企业《药品经营质量管理规范（》GSP）集中申报认证的1年。该文通过对现场检查缺陷项目的统计,找出企业易出现的缺陷项目并进行分析,指导企业按GSP要求开展业务工作。     

广东省药品经营企业GSP认证现场检查缺陷项目分析

目的：为药品监管部门GSP检查及药品经营企业完善药品经营质量管理提供技术参考。方法：通过对2018-2019年期间广东省药品批发企业及药品零售连锁企业总部的GSP认证现场检查发现的缺陷项目进行汇总分析,找出药品批发企业及药品零售连锁企业总部在药品质量管理中存在的问题。结果与结论：药品经营企业应该加强药品经营质量管理意识,加大对药品质量的管理力度,确保药品质量管理效果,为其持续发展夯实基础。     

药品批发企业GSP认证存在的缺陷项目之分析

《药品经营质量管理规范》（GSP）是我国对药品经营企业强制执行的行业标准,是每个药品经营企业必须具备的准人条件。GSP作为政府部门的有效监管手段,具有长期性、连续性、动态性的特点,通过认证意味着药品经营企业和监管部门是在更高的起点而不是终结。笔者通过对27家药品批发企业两次认证中存在的缺陷项目进行汇总分析,归纳总结药品批发企业在经营管理巾的盲区和薄弱环节,从而为药品监督管理工作找到出发点和着重点。     

山东省新修订药品GSP认证检查缺陷项目分析

目的:分析企业在实施新修订的《药品经营质量管理规范》(GSP)过程中存在的主要共性问题,为今后制定有针对性的监管措施和全面推进药品GSP的实施提供技术参考.方法:对435家次药品批发企业GSP认证现场检查中发现的缺陷项目进行统计,分析药品批发企业GSP质量体系中存在的主要问题及其成因,并提出相应的对策.结果与结论:企业应进一步建立完善的质量管理体系;注重质量风险管理;提高培训的针对性和实效性.     

应用卫生统计学方法分析药品GSP认证检查条款

目的 分析《药品经营质量管理规范》(GSP)认证检查条款,为GSP认证提供参考.方法 采用频数分布、项目反应理论、聚类分析等卫生统计学方法,对广东省药品GSP认证现场检查缺陷项目进行分类和统计分析.结果 通过3种方法的综合评价,将两种及两种以上方法一致认为对企业无评价意义的条款予以排除.结论 通过对GSP认证检查条款的量化指标分析,为评价、修订GSP提供客观依据.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.