高效液相色谱法测定野菊花中木犀草苷和蒙花苷含量

目的:建立RP-HPLC法对野菊花中木犀草苷和蒙花苷同时定量方法,考察不同产地野菊花中木犀草苷、蒙花苷的含量。方法:用梯度洗脱。色谱柱为:Phenomenex C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,4μm),柱温:35℃,流动相分别为甲醇和-1%冰醋酸溶液,流速为1.0 ml·min~(-1),检测波长为350 nm。结果:木犀草苷、蒙花苷浓度与峰面积呈良好线性关系,线性范围分别是:木犀草苷0.012～O.554μg,r=0.9992,加样回收率为97.5%,RSD为2.8%(n=6);蒙花苷0.005～0.197μg,r=0.9998,加样回收率为97.1%,RSD为1.7%(n=6)。结论:该方法快速,准确,适用于测定野菊花中樨草苷和蒙花苷的含量。     

RP-HPLC法测定野菊花中蒙花苷含量

目的建立野菊花中蒙花苷的含量测定方法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法 ,DiamonsilTMC18柱 (2 5 0mm× 4 6mm ,5 μm) ,流动相为甲醇 水 磷酸 (体积比 5 7∶4 3∶0 0 4 ) ,检测波长为32 6nm。结果蒙花苷线性范围 0 4 8～ 9 70mg·L-1,r =0 9999(n =7) ;平均回收率为 98 4 % ,RSD为 2 0 % (n =9)。结论该测定方法为野菊花药材的质量控制提供依据     

野菊花及其相关制剂中蒙花苷的含量测定

目的:建立野菊花及相关制剂中蒙花苷的含量测定方法,测定不同产地野菊花及不同厂家夏桑菊制剂的含量.方法:以HPLC法测定不同产地野菊花和不同厂家夏桑菊制剂中蒙花苷的含量.采用C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.5%磷酸水溶液,检测波长为 334 nm.结果:该方法在3.0～30.0 μg 的范围内线性关系良好(r＝0.9993),平均回收率为98.4%,RSD为1.71%;各产地野菊花中蒙花苷含量差异较大,各厂家夏桑菊制剂中蒙花苷的含量也有很大差别.结论:本方法简便、灵敏度高、结果准确可靠,可用于野菊花及其相关制剂中蒙花苷的含量测定.     

RP-HPLC法测定肾炎清片中蒙花苷的含量

目的建立肾炎清片中蒙花苷的RP-HPLC含量测定方法。方法色谱柱:Agilent Zorbax SB-C18(250×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温为30℃;流动相:甲醇-0.5%醋酸溶液(50∶50),流速:1.0 ml/min;检测波长:326 nm。结果蒙花苷在0.0211～0.1053 mg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9996),平均回收率为97.1%,RSD为1.3%(n=6)。结论该方法简便、测定结果准确,重复性好,可用于肾炎清片中蒙花苷的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定野菊花注射液中绿原酸的含量

目的建立野菊花注射液中绿原酸的含量测定方法。方法用HPLC法,分析色谱柱为ODS(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1mol/L磷酸二氢钠溶液(23:77)为流动相;检测波长327nm。结果精密度试验(n=6)RSD为0.55%,重现性实验(n=6)RSD为2.12%;平均回收率(n=6)为:92.23%,RSD=1.54%。三批野菊花注射液中绿原酸的含量为175.02￣188.58μg.ml-1。结论该法简单,可靠,可用来测定野菊花注射液中绿原酸的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定野菊花中绿原酸和蒙花苷的含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定野菊花中绿原酸和蒙花苷的含量。方法:色谱柱:Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相:甲醇-乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长:326 nm;流速:1.0 ml·min^-1;进样量:10μl;柱温:35℃。结果:绿原酸和蒙花苷的线性范围分别为3.476×10^-2～0.695 2μg（r=1.000 0,n=7）和8.957×10^-2～1.792μg（r=1.000 0,n=7）;提取回收率分别为98.79%（RSD=1.0%,n=6）和99.39%（RSD=0.5%,n=6）。结论:本法操作简便、快速、结果准确,可用于野菊花的质量控制。     

防芷鼻炎片的质量标准提高研究

目的建立防芷鼻炎片的质量标准,为2015年版中国药典修订提供数据资料。方法采用薄层色谱法对方中野菊花、防风、苍耳子、白芍进行定性鉴别,建立防芷鼻炎片中蒙花苷含量的HPLC测定方法。结果薄层色谱鉴别专属性强,斑点清晰,蒙花苷与其他成分能达到良好的分离,在0.040 99~0.614 9μg内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 9,n=5),平均回收率在101.7%~103.5%(n=3)。结论建立的方法简便,所得结果可靠,适用于防芷鼻炎片的质量控制。     

复方感冒灵片中蒙花苷的含量测定研究

目的建立复方感冒灵片中蒙花苷的含量测定方法。方法采用HPLC法测定处方中蒙花苷的含量。结果蒙花苷在0.40715μg~2.4429μg之间线性良好,精密度试验RSD为0.55%(n=6),回收率为100.6%,RSD=1.11%(n=6)。结论方法简便、准确,能有效控制该制剂的质量。     

妇安消疹洗液中蒙花苷的含量测定

目的建立妇安消疹洗液中蒙花苷含量的测定方法,为完善系统质量控制标准奠定基础。方法使用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:Diamonsil-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-水-冰醋酸(26∶23∶1),检测波长334 nm,流速1.0 mL/min,进样量10μL,柱温30℃。结果蒙花苷在1.25～40.0μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为97.1%,RSD为1.07%(n=6)。结论所建方法简便快捷,专属性强,适用于妇安消疹洗液中蒙花苷的质量控制。     

聚酰胺柱色谱分离纯化野菊花中黄酮苷研究

目的:研究聚酰胺柱色谱分离纯化野菊花中黄酮苷类-蒙花苷的工艺条件.方法:以野菊花中蒙花苷的解析率与纯度为指标,通过考察静态、动态吸附试验,优化聚酰胺分离纯化野菊花中蒙花苷的工艺条件.结果:聚酰胺对黄酮苷有良好的分离效果,其优化工艺为:最佳上柱样品溶液质量浓度2.0 mg· ml-1,吸附流速2 BV· h-1,10%乙醇除杂液和50%乙醇洗脱液分别以1 BV· h-1速度洗脱.蒙花苷动态饱和吸附量7.582 mg·g-1,蒙花苷动态解析率为91.27%,纯度达到12.63%.结论:聚酰胺对野菊花中蒙花苷分离纯化性能较高,纯度提高了5.2倍.可用于野菊花中黄酮苷类-蒙花苷的进一步分离与纯化.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.