Osteotome sinus floor elevation technique without grafting material: 3-year results of a prospective pilot study

Objective: In a prospective pilot study, short≤10 mm ITI-SLA implants were placed in the resorbed posterior maxilla by means of an osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) procedure without grafting material. This paper presents 3-year data assessing bone-level changes around implants.
Material and methods: Twenty-five implants were placed in 17 patients to rehabilitate 16 molar and nine premolar sites. The mean residual bone height (RBH) was 5.4 ± 2.3 mm. A healing period of 3–4 months was allowed before abutment tightening. Most implants (21/25) were 10 mm long, and the others were 8 and 6 mm long. At the 3-year control, endo-sinus bone gain, implant length protruding into the sinus and crestal bone loss (CBL) were measured on periapical radiographs.
Results: All implants fulfilled the survival criteria. Despite the absence of grafting material, implants were embedded into newly formed bone tissue. All implants gained endo-sinus bone; the mean gained bone was 3.1 ± 1.5 mm. The residual protrusion length decreased from 4.9 ± 2.1 to 1.8 ± 2.1 mm. CBL was 0.9 ± 0.8 mm.
Conclusions: This study confirms that the OSFE procedure without grafting material is sufficient to create bone beyond the natural limit of the sinus. On the mid-term of 3 years, the technique was found to be predictable in the posterior maxilla when the RBH is limited. Implants gained endo-sinus bone despite the lack of grafting material. Bone gain was still improving over the first-year control. No shrinkage of the augmented area was observed.     

不植骨上颌窦内提升术种植的临床疗效观察

目的 评价不植骨上颌窦内提升术在剩余牙槽骨高度为（RBH）3-8mm的患者种植修复中应用的临床效果。方法 对上颌后牙缺失,接受上颌窦内提升术,同期植入种植体但未进行植骨的10例患者进行回顾调查研究,这些病例术前的RBH范围均处于3~8 mm范围内。参照Cochran提出的种植体成功标准进行临床随访。通过影像资料测量术前种植体近远中位置RBH,并与术后1年相同位置进行对比,分析骨量变化。结果 10例病例的种植体均存留,根据标准评价1年种植成功率100%。病例术前RBH处于3.0-7.2mm之间,术后1年种植体边缘骨高度为3.6-9.2 mm,两者比较存在统计差异（P＜0.05）,种植区骨变化量（1.1±0.5）mm。结论 上颌窦内提升术在不植骨的条件下对于RBH 3-8mm的患者具有较好的短期临床效果。     

上颌窦内提升术用于严重骨萎缩患者种植修复3年疗效观察

目的：研究单纯上颌窦内提升术用于严重骨萎缩患者种植修复的临床疗效。方法：对2008～2009年上颌后牙缺失伴缺牙处余留骨高度不足5 mm的22例患者行单纯上颌窦内提升术,同期植入Straumann？？ SLA种植体32颗。术后6、12、24、36个月复查并行X线片检查。结果：所有种植体均于术后3~6个月成功负载,其中1颗种植体在负载12个月时脱落,其余种植体稳固,无相关并发症出现。种植体在36个月时的存留率为96.88%。术后6、12、24、36个月的根尖片显示,上颌窦内种植体周围骨高度持续稳定增加,36个月时骨高度增加 （3.41±0.42） mm,边缘骨丧失（1.21±0.46） mm。结论：单纯上颌窦内提升同期植入种植体,能有效解决上颌后牙区严重骨萎缩时的牙种植修复问题。     

Osteotome sinus floor elevation with or without grafting: a preliminary clinical trial

Objectives: This clinical trial aimed (1) to evaluate the predictability of the osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) technique, (2) to study the influence of simultaneous grafting on the clinical success of placing dental implants in the posterior maxilla using OSFE and (3) to observe the bone changes in the elevated space with OSFE without grafting. Material and methods: Two hundred and eighty Straumann^® implants were placed in the posterior maxillae of 202 patients using OSFE. One hundred and ninety‐one implants were placed in 125 patients without grafting. The implants were allowed to heal for 3–4 months for non‐grafted implants and for 6–8 months for grafted cases. For radiographic analyses, periapical and panoramic radiographs were taken of 30 implants at 3 and 9 months to assess the bone changes for the elevated sites without grafting. Results: Two hundred and sixty‐eight of 280 implants fulfilling the survival criteria represented a cumulative survival rate of 95.71%. The residual bone height (RBH) was 5.6±2.5 mm for the non‐grafted group and 4.7±2.1 mm for the grafted group. The perforation rate was 4.29%. No significant differences were found between the two groups in RBH, survival rate or membrane perforation rate. The radiographic analyses demonstrated that new bone formation in the elevated sinus was visible and the endo‐sinus bone gain was 2.26±0.92 mm and 2.66±0.87 mm at 3‐ and 9‐ month follow‐up, respectively. Crestal bone loss (CBL) was 0.89±0.5 and 1.2±0.48 mm at 3 and 9 months. For the two test groups, RBH did not have a significant influence on the survival of the implants. At the 9‐month follow‐up, the endo‐sinus bone gain and CBL were not significantly correlated to RBH. The implant protrusion length was significantly correlated to the endo‐sinus bone gain. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that uneventful osseointegration may be predictable on applying OSFE whether with or without grafting in atrophic posterior maxilla. Spontaneous new bone formation seemed to be expected with implants placed using OSFE without simultaneous grafting. To cite this article:
Lai H‐C, Zhuang L‐F, Lv X‐F, Zhang Z‐Y, Zhang Y‐X, Zhang Z‐Y. Osteotome sinus floor elevation with or without grafting: a preliminary clinical trial.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21 , 2010; 520–526.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01889.x     

用盘钻经牙槽嵴提升上颌窦底手术的临床效果观察

目的 观察并评估应用盘钻行经牙槽嵴上颌窦底提升同期种植体植入术的临床效果.方法 上颌后牙缺失患者37例,种植区剩余牙槽骨高度为3～8 mm,平均(5.61±1.61) mm,应用盘钻行上颌窦底提升,同期植入种植体51枚,评估手术安全性及舒适度.术后3～6个月行上部结构修复,随访3～24 个月,观察种植体稳定性、骨结合及种植体周围骨量变化情况.结果 本组术中提升上颌窦底高度2～8 mm,平均(4.75±1.55) mm;所有病例均未发生上颌窦黏膜穿孔,患者主观感觉良好,痛苦指数为(2.22±0.98).随访期内,所有病例均未出现上颌窦感染等并发症,骨结合良好,种植体及修复体无松动、脱落,留存率100%.种植体根方骨量于术后6个月趋于稳定,术后1年颈部骨吸收(1.20±0.72) mm.结论 应用盘钻行经牙槽嵴上颌窦底提升同期种植体植入术,近期效果满意.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of the disk-up sinus reamer (DSR) applied to transcrestal maxillary sinus floor elevation with simultaneous placement of implants. Methods Thirty-seven patients underwent transcrestal maxillary sinus floor elevation with fifty-one implants placed simultaneously using the DSR. The residual bone height(RBH) was 3 to 8 mm, (5.61±1.61) mm on average. The safety of this technique and the pain index during the operation was evaluated. The final prostheses were restored in 3-6 months postoperatively. The follow-up period was 3 to 24 months. The stability and osseointegration of the implants were clinically evaluated, and the endo-sinus bone gain around the implants were measured. Results The elevation height ranged from 2 to 8 mm, with an average of (4.75±1.55) mm. There was no detectable sinus membrane perforation, no serious suffering or uncomfortable subjective sensation in any patients during operation with a pain index of (2.22±0.98). During the follow-up period, no sinus complication was observed. Favorable osseointegration was obtained. There were no implants or prostheses which were loose or lost. The survival rate was 100%. The radiographic results demonstrated that the endo-sinus bone gain tended to reach stabilization after 6 months and the marginal bone loss was(1.20±0.72) mm after 12 months. Conclusions Transcrestal maxillary sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant placement by DSR is a safe, invasive and handy technique, with higher elevation height,fewer clinical complications and less pain. It shows satisfactory clinical results in short term and a long-term observation is still needed.     

Resonance frequency analysis of stability on ITI implants with osteotome sinus floor elevation technique without grafting: a 5-month prospective study

Objective: The aim of the present study was to (1) monitor the stability changes of ITI implants placed in atrophic posterior maxillary ridges with osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) without grafting during the first 5 months of healing utilizing resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and (2) determine the factors that affect the implant stability quotient (ISQ) at placement and healings. Material and methods: Forty‐two ITI implants were placed in the posterior maxilla in 32 patients with OSFE without bone grafting. The residual vertical bone height ranged from 4 to 8 mm (average 6.36 mm). Bone type was classified into one to four groups according to the Lekholm and Zarb index. ISQ was tested on the day of surgery and consecutively at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks by RFA. Results: The 40 osseointegrated implants represented a survival rate of 95.2%. All the 40 implants achieved good primary stability and reached a comparably high stability at 16 weeks postoperation with a dip between 2 and 6 weeks in the stability curve. There was no significant difference of ISQ between type3 and type4 bone at implant placement and follow‐up. The mean ISQ and its changing pattern did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference according to the pretreatment vertical bone height and implant length. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that uneventful osseointegration may be predictable applying OSFE alone with no grafting in atrophic posterior maxilla. Residual bone height (RBH), implant length, and bone type did not seem to affect the implant stability in this clinical situation.     

两种上颌窦底提升术的短期临床效果研究

目的 研究上颌后牙区剩余牙槽骨高度为3～<4 mm时,行经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升或侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升同期种植体植入的短期临床效果。方法 选择2016年1月至2018年12月于西安交通大学口腔医院种植科行经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升和侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升同期种植体植入的患者45例（50侧上颌窦,上颌后牙区剩余牙槽骨高度为3～<4 mm）,于术前、术后当日或术后第2天及术后6～9个月的愈合期后行影像学检查,比较两种术式的上颌窦底新骨形成高度、上颌窦底黏膜穿孔率及种植体早期成功率。结果 采用经牙槽嵴顶上颌窦底提升或侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升同期种植体植入的分别有19例和26例（上颌窦分别为21、29侧）患者;上颌窦底黏膜穿孔率分别为4.76%和0,差异无统计学意义（P> 0.05）。经过6～9个月的愈合期,两种术式上颌窦底新骨形成高度分别为（5.18±0.48）mm和（7.32±0.84）mm,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;两种术式种植体早期成功率分别为95.83%和100%,差异无统计学意义（P> 0.05）。结论 当上颌后牙区剩余牙槽骨高度为3～<4 mm时...     

上颌窦外提升不植骨术的临床以及影像学评估

目的:通过随机对照试验评价上颌窦外提升不植骨术的临床效果以及从影像学上评估其成骨效果。方法:纳入需接受上颌窦外提升治疗的患者20例,随机分为两组:1)实验组10例接受上颌窦外提升不植骨同期种植术;2)对照组10例接受上颌窦外提升植入羟基磷灰石同期种植术。术后定期随访进行种植体成功率,影像学,种植稳定系数(Implant stability quotient,ISQ)评估。结果:随访期内两组均未出现种植体松动脱落。术后即刻实验组近中剩余牙槽骨高度(residual bone height,RBH)为(4.50±0.21) mm,3个月上升至(6.88±0.85) mm(P<0.05),6个月为(7.42±0.66) mm,至12个月时稳定于(7.55±0.55) mm:对照组近中术后即刻RBH为(11.29±0.64) mm,3个月下降至(10.11±0.62) mm,6个月为(9.51±0.39) mm(P<0.05),到12个月时稳定在(9.59±0.39) mm。两组远中RBH变化与近中相似,各时间点对照组RBH均高于实验组(P<0.05)。二期手术时,实验组ISQ由术后即刻(53.92±7.31)上升至(64.77±9.22),对照组由(56.23±8.05)上升至(67.29±8.34)(P<0.05)。结论:上颌窦外提升不植骨术短期内能获得较理想的临床效果以及一定的成骨效果。     

冲压式上颌窦底提升术同期种植临床分析

目的:探讨上颌后牙区采用冲压式上颌窦底提升术植骨与不植骨同期种植的效果。方法:2001年1月—2007年12月,共完成冲压式上颌窦底提升种植修复病例91例,男35例,女56例,随机分为2组,植骨组47例,植入57颗种植体;不植骨组44例,植入种植体51颗,共植入108颗种植体。上颌窦底剩余牙槽骨高度为5～11mm,提升幅度为2～6mm。平均随访56.8个月。35例患者(41颗种植体)于后期随访中行锥形束CT(CBCT)和根尖片,观察种植体新骨形成量和种植体突出窦底高度,应用SPSS17.0软件包对数据进行方差分析和t检验。结果:植骨组7颗种植体脱落,存留率为87.7%;不植骨组3颗种植体脱落,存留率为94.1%。CBCT扫描显示,提升幅度为2～4mm时,植骨组新骨形成高度为(2.7±1.3)mm,不植骨组为(2.4±1.5)mm,2组间无统计学差异;提升幅度为4～6mm时,植骨组新骨形成高度为(3.5±1.3)mm,不植骨组为(1.3±0.4)mm,植骨组比不植骨组新骨形成高度显著增加。结论:在上颌后牙缺失区采用冲压式上颌窦底提升、不植骨同期种植是安全可行的,植骨材料对于促进新骨形成并非必须,然而提升幅度较大时,植骨能获得更多的骨量。     

Dental implants placement in conjunction with osteotome sinus floor elevation: a 12-year life-table analysis from a prospective study on 588 ITI implants

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the clinical success of placing ITI dental implants in the posterior maxilla using the osteotome technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All implants were placed following a one-stage protocol (elevating the sinus floor and placing the implant at the same time). Five hundred and eighty-eight implants were placed in 323 consecutive patients with a residual vertical height of bone under the sinus ranging from 6 to 9 mm. The mean observation follow-up period was 59.7 months (with a range of 12-144 months). This prospective study not only calculated the 12-year cumulative survival and success rates for 588 implants by life-table analysis but also the cumulative success rates for implant subgroups divided per implant length and the percentage of sinus membrane perforation were evaluated. RESULTS: The 12-year cumulative survival and success rates were 94.8% and 90.8%, respectively. The analysis of implant subgroups showed slightly more favourable cumulative success rates for 12 mm long implants (93.4%) compared with 10 and 8 mm long implants (90.5% and 88.9%, respectively). During the study period, only 13 perforations of the Schneiderian membrane were detected with a perforation rate of 2.2% (13 perforations/601 treated sites). Ten perforations out of 13 were caused during the first half of the study period and of these, seven were detected during the first 3 years of this prospective study. CONCLUSION: Based on the results and within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that ITI implant placement in conjunction with osteotome sinus floor elevation represents a safe modality of treating the posterior maxilla in areas with reduced bone height subjacent to the sinus as survival and success rates were maintained above 90% for a mean observation period of approximately 60 months. Shorter implants (8 mm implants) did not significantly fail more than longer ones (10 and 12 mm implants): the differences were small compared with the number of events; hence, no statistical conclusion could be drawn. But, from the clinical point of view, the predictable use of short implants in conjunction with osteotome sinus floor elevation may reduce the indication for complex invasive procedures like sinus lift and bone grafting procedures.     

Maxillary sinus floor augmentation using bioactive glass granules and autogenous bone with simultaneous implant placement. Clinical and histological findings

This clinical study was undertaken to: 1) evaluate the use of bioactive glass Biogran combined with autogenous bone as grafting material for maxillary sinus augmentation with simultaneous implant placement using radiography and histology; and 2) document the short-term post-loading success of implants inserted in sinus cavities augmented with this material. Unilateral or bilateral sinus augmentation was performed in 12 patients with 3-5 mm of alveolar crestal bone height in the posterior maxilla prior to grafting. The sinuses were grafted with bioactive glass mixed in a 4:1 ratio with autogenous bone. Simultaneously, 2-3 threaded titanium implants were inserted into the augmented sinuses. Second stage surgery was carried out 9 to 12 months post implantation. At abutment connection, 10 core biopsy specimens were taken from different grafted sites and evaluated histologically. All 27 implants were clinically stable at second stage surgery. A mean increase in mineralized tissue height of 7.1 +/- 1.6 mm was evident when comparing the pre-surgical CT scans with those performed 9-12 months following the sinus augmentation procedure. Evaluation of the cores yielded a mean of 30.6 +/- 5.7% of bone tissue in the grafted sites. One implant failed during the prosthetic phase while the remaining 26 implants were stable 12 months post loading. This study suggests that Biogran/autogenous bone graft combination used in one-stage sinus augmentation yields sufficient quality and volume of mineralized tissue for predictable simultaneous implant placement in patients with 3-5 mm of bone height prior to grafting.     

Influence of Sinus Floor Configuration on Grafted Bone Remodeling After Osteotome Sinus Floor Elevation

Background: This study investigates influence of the sinus floor configuration on dimensional stability of grafted bone height after the osteotome sinus grafting procedure. Methods: Forty single‐tooth dental implants inserted after placement of bioglass and/or allograft into the sinus area using an osteotome technique in 37 patients were evaluated in this retrospective study. Periapical radiographs were taken using the long‐cone technique before and after implant placement. Specifically, radiographic measurements of grafted bone height at the mesial and distal side of each implant were taken, and the sinus floor configuration was classified into concave, angle, and flat according to the sinus floor profile at the implant site. Furthermore, the intruding angle, defined as the angle between the implant axis and sinus floor, was measured. Results: All implants were clinically stable during a mean follow‐up period of 39.2 months. Mean initial gain of sinus grafted bone height was 7.0 ± 1.9 mm, and later it was reduced to 4.6 ± 1.9 mm at follow‐up (P <0.001). A greater reduction in grafted bone height was revealed in the flat sinus group compared with the concave group (P <0.001). Results from the linear regression showed larger intruding angles were statistically significantly associated with a greater reduction in grafted bone height (r² = 0.55, P <0.001). Conclusion: All bioglass and/or allograft placed in the maxillary sinus after the osteotome technique underwent remodeling and shrinkage; however, the outcome of the procedure was more predictable in sinuses with a concave floor and small implant‐intruding angles.     

Transalveolar maxillary sinus floor elevation using osteotomes with or without grafting material. Part II: radiographic tissue remodeling

Objectives: To evaluate the pattern of tissue remodeling after maxillary sinus floor elevation using the transalveolar osteotome technique with or without utilizing grafting materials.
Methods: During the period of 2000–2005, 252 Straumann^® dental implants were inserted using the transalveolar sinus floor elevation technique in a group of 181 patients. For 88 or 35% of those implants, deproteinized bovine bone mineral with a particle size of 0.25–1 mm was used as the grafting material, but for the remaining 164 implants, no grafting material was utilized. Periapical radiographs were obtained with a paralleling technique and digitized. Two investigators, who were blinded to whether grafting material was used or not, subsequently evaluated the pattern of tissue remodeling.
Results: The mean residual bone height was 7.5 mm (SD 2.2 mm), ranging from 2 to 12.7 mm. The mean residual bone height for implants placed with grafting material (6.4 mm) was significantly less compared with the implants installed without grafting material (8.1 mm). The implants penetrated on average 3.1 mm (SD 1.7 mm) into the sinus cavity. The measured mean radiographic bone gain using the transalveolar technique without grafting material was significantly less, 1.7 mm (SD 2 mm) compared with a mean bone gain of 4.1 mm (SD 2.4 mm), when grafting material was used. Furthermore, the probability of gaining 2 mm or more of new bone was 39.1% when no grafting material was used. The probability increased to 77.9% when the implants were installed with grafting material.
Conclusion: When the transalveolar sinus floor elevation was performed without utilizing grafting material, only a moderate gain of new bone could be detected mesial and distal to the implants. On the other hand, when grafting material was used, a substantial gain of new bone was usually seen on the radiographs.     

三斜磷钙石糊剂封闭牙本质小管的体外研究

体外评价三斜磷钙石糊剂对牙本质小管的封闭作用,为牙本质敏感症的治疗提供新的手段。     

单纯经牙槽嵴顶入路上颌窦底提升术应用于后牙区严重骨高度不足的临床效果分析

目的 探讨上颌后牙区严重剩余骨高度(residual bone height, RBH)不足,即RBH在4 mm左右时应用单纯经牙槽嵴顶入路上颌窦底提升术,同期植入种植体的临床效果。方法 选择2017—2019年期间于南通市口腔医院种植科进行上颌后牙区种植修复的患者46例(51枚种植),分为不植骨组(21枚)、植骨组(15枚)、浓缩生长因子(concentrated growth factor, CGF)组(15枚),对术后即刻、术后6个月、1年、2年的骨增量变化、种植体稳定系数(implant stability quotient, ISQ)、种植体机械及生物并发症等进行观察,并进行了术后即刻和术后2周患者的满意度调查问卷。运用SPSS21.0软件对数据进行统计学分析。结果 三组术后、6个月的ISQ值比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);上颌窦骨增量方面,三组和术前相比,骨增量的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),植骨组和CGF组增量大于不植骨组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在随访问卷中,患者对于单纯经牙槽嵴顶入路上颌窦底提升术具有更高的满意度,差异具有统计...     

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??Objective    To evaluate the clinical results of osteotome sinus floor elevation??OSFE?? combining simultaneous implants placement in different residual bone height ??RBH????especially when the RBH is less than 5 mm. Methods   ??From June 2013 to June 2016??30 patients undergoing osteotome sinus floor elevation were included in the study??who simutaneously received 30 Ankylos implants??4.5 mm × 8.0 mm??in maxillary posterior region. These patients were divided into two groups??group A ??3 mm≤ RBH < 5 mm??15 patients?? and group B ??5 mm ≤ RBH < 8 mm??15 patients??. The implant stability quotient??ISQ??was tested immediately after surgery??4 months ??secondary stage?? and 6 months after implant placement ??before repair????RBH was measured immediately after surgery??6 months and 12 months after implant placement. The data were analyzed by using SPSS 13.0 software package. Results??No significant difference in implant stability was found between the two groups immediately after surgery??4 months or 6 months??P > 0.05?? later. The RBH of 6 months and 12 months after implant placement was significantly different from that after surgery??P < 0.05??. Conclusion    OSFE and simultaneous dental implantation is proved to have good implant stability and short-term satisfactory result at 3 mm ≤ RBH < 5 mm.     

不同牙槽嵴剩余骨高度行单纯冲顶式上颌窦内提升术同期种植修复效果比较研究

目的    探讨上颌窦底不同剩余骨高度（residual bone height,RBH）,特别是RBH < 5 mm时采用冲顶式上颌窦内提升术同期种植体植入的修复效果。方法    选择2013年6月至2016年6月于济宁医学院附属医院口腔科接受上颌后牙区单纯冲顶式上颌窦内提升术的患者30例,均同期植入4.5 mm × 8.0 mm型号Ankylos种植体。根据牙槽嵴RBH分为3 mm ≤ RBH < 5 mm组（15例）与5 mm ≤ RBH < 8 mm组（15例）,在术后即刻、4个月（二期）、6个月（修复前）测量种植体稳定性,同时在术后即刻、6个月、12个月测量RBH变化。应用SPSS 13.0软件对数据进行统计学分析。结果    两组在术后即刻、4个月、6个月的种植体稳定性比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P > 0.05）;两组术后6个月、12个月RBH与术后即刻相比,差异均有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）。结论    单纯冲顶式上颌窦内提升术同期种植体植入在3 mm ≤ RBH < 5 mm时仍可获得良好的种植体稳定性,短期观察修复效果较为满意。     

Osteotome sinus floor elevation and simultaneous placement of implants--a 1-year retrospective study with Astra Tech implants

Background: The bone support for implants in the posterior part of the maxilla is often poor. This condition may be treated with augmentation of the maxillary sinus floor. The most common technique used is to elevate the sinus floor by inserting a bone graft through a window opened in the lateral antral wall, although less invasive techniques with osteotomes have been used since 1994. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome of implants placed in the posterior maxilla with the osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) technique without grafting. Materials and Methods: The study population comprised 36 consecutive patients in whom 53 implants were inserted with the OSFE technique. The indication for sinus floor elevation was that the bone height below the maxillary sinus was considered to be 10 mm or less. Results: The mean height of the alveolar process in the intended implant sites was 6.3 ± 0.3 mm, and the mean elevation of the sinus floor was 4.4 ± 0.2 mm. At the 1‐year follow‐up, two implants had been lost, both in edentulous patients. The remaining 51 implants inserted were in function, giving a 1‐year cumulative survival rate of 96%. Implants used in single‐tooth replacements and in partially edentulous cases had a 100% survival rate. The mean marginal bone level at the time of loading of the implants was 0.1 ± 0.04 mm below the reference point. One year later, the corresponding value was 0.5 ± 0.06 mm. The mean bone loss between the two examinations was 0.4 ± 0.05 mm. Conclusions: The OSFE technique, without bone grafts, was found to produce predictable results in the treatment of 36 patients with restricted bone volume in the posterior part of the maxilla.     

A prospective 3-year study of fixed bridges linking Astra Tech ST implants to natural teeth

BACKGROUND: Connecting teeth and osseointegrated implants in fixed reconstructions is not generally recommended because of differences in their response to loading. AIM: The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical and radiographic performance of the teeth and implants used to support three unit fixed bridges subjected to normal functional loads. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Nineteen subjects (10 males, nine females, age range 27-65 years) with an edentulous posterior free end saddle in either maxilla or mandible (Kennedy Class 2), and opposing natural teeth or a tooth-supported fixed bridge were treated and completed the 3-year trial. An Astra Tech ST implant (length: 9 mm (n=2), 11 mm (n=9) or 13 mm (n=8); diameter: 4.5 mm) was placed immediately distal to the last tooth or leaving a single premolar sized space. The distal tooth received a gold coping and the implant was restored with a customised Prepable abutment (Astra Tech Profile BiAbutment: diameter 5.5 or 7 mm). A fixed bridge was placed linking the gold coping and implant abutment either with the pontic as a distal cantilever (n=6, length 7-8 mm) or as a fixed-fixed design (n=13, length 6-12 mm). Standardised radiographs and clinical records were taken at delivery of the prosthesis (baseline BL) and annually. RESULTS: Plaque scores at implant sites increased between BL and subsequent years (P<0.02). Statistically significant increases in probing depth were observed at both abutment teeth and implants between baseline and subsequent years (P<0.001). Marginal bone levels (mm) at the implant and tooth were stable between BL, 1-, 2- and 3-year examinations (implant: BL 0.65+/-0.42, 1 year 0.63+/-0.47, 2 years 0.88+/-0.55, 3 years 0.78+/-0.64; tooth: BL 2.29+/-0.82, 1 year 2.41+/-0.8, 2 years 2.38+/-1.02, 3 years 2.68+/-0.86). No signs of the intrusion of the abutment teeth were detected. One case of abutment screw loosening occurred. Eight bridges required re-cementation with a permanent cement in place of the temporary cement. There were eight subjects presenting with fractures/chips to the composite component of the bridges. CONCLUSION: The 3-year results demonstrate fully functional successful restorations with no evidence of tooth intrusion and with stable bone levels at both teeth and implants.     

平台转换即刻负重的X线测量分析

目的：对比即刻负重种植体应用平台转换基台与平齐对接基台时种植体周围边缘骨的变化。方法：beagl e犬5只,拔除双侧下颌第四前磨牙（PM4）。3个月后,植入种植体并立即接入基台以保证即刻负重。采用自身对照,实验侧采用平台转换设计基台,对照侧采用传统的平齐对接基台。术后当日及3个月时拍摄X线根尖片,测量X线根尖片上种植体近中及远中边缘骨吸收量。结果：植入后3个月时,即刻负重成功的4只实验动物,种植体螺纹与骨组织结合紧密,但种植体颈部骨质有不同程度的吸收。种植体周围边缘骨吸收量,在实验侧近中平均值为0.41mm,远中平均值为0.15mm;对照侧近中平均值1.44mm,远中平均值1.42mm。结论：即刻负重采用平台转换技术,可有效地减少种植体周围边缘骨的吸收,有利于即刻负重后种植体周围牙槽骨的保存。