Increased risk of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective cohort study in China

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the risk of developing common cancers in the Chinese population. METHODS: A population-based retrospective cohort study was carried out in the Nan-Hu district of Jiaxing city, Zhejiang province, China. The incidence of cancer cases among type 2 diabetic patients from January 2002 to June 2008 was identified through record-linkage of the Diabetic Surveillance and Registry Database with the Cancer Database. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and its 95% CI (confidence interval) were used to estimate the risk of cancer among the patients with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: The overall incidence of cancer was 1083.6 x 105 in male T2DM patients and 870.2 x 105 in females. Increased risk of developing cancer was found in both male and female T2DM patients with an SIR of 1.331 (95% CI=1.143-1.518) and 1.737 (95% CI=1.478-1.997), respectively. With regard to cancer subtypes, both male and female T2DM patients had a significantly increased risk of pancreatic cancer with the SIRs of 2.973 (95% CI=1.731-4.21.) and 2.687 (1.445-3.928), respectively. Elevated risk of liver and kidney cancers was only found in male T2DM patients with SIRs of 1.538 (1.005-2.072) and 4.091 (1.418-6.764), respectively. Increased risk of developing breast cancer (SIR: 2.209 [1.487-2.93]) and leukemia (SIR: 4.167 [1.584- 6.749]) was found in female patients. CONCLUSIONS: These finding indicated that patients with T2DM have an increased risk of developing cancer. Additional cancer screening should be employed in the management of patients with T2DM.     

Vitamin supplement use and diabetes mellitus incidence among adults in the United States

In some studies, use of vitamin supplements has been inversely associated with the risk of several chronic diseases, but little is known about whether vitamin use affects the risk of diabetes mellitus. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, the author examined whether vitamin use was related to diabetes incidence in a cohort of United States adults aged 25--74 years. In the analytic sample of 9,573 participants, 1,010 participants developed diabetes mellitus during about 20 years of follow-up. A smaller percentage of participants with incident diabetes (21.4%) reported using vitamins during the previous month at baseline compared with participants who remained free of this disease (33.5%) (p < 0.001). After multiple adjustment, the hazard ratios for participants using vitamin supplements were 0.76 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63, 0.93) for all participants, 0.70 (95% CI: 0.54, 0.92) for men, and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.11) for women. Sex did not modify the association between vitamin use and diabetes incidence. Whether specific vitamins or other factors closely correlated with vitamin use account for this observation is unclear.     

Varicella seroepidemiology in United States air force recruits: A retrospective cohort study comparing immunogenicity of varicella vaccination and natural infection

Background/ObjectivesInfection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) produces lifelong immunity, but duration of post-vaccination immunity has not been established. The purpose of this study is to determine if a difference exists in the long-term seropositivity of anti-VZV antibodies in a cohort of young adults who were vaccinated against varicella as compared to a similar cohort with a history of chickenpox disease, and to determine which variables best predict waning seropositivity following varicella vaccination.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study captures immunization and serology data from approximately 10,000 recruits who entered basic military training between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2015, and who have childhood immunization records in the Air Force Aeromedical Services Information Management System. Varicella vaccine immunogenicity was determined relative to the immunogenicity of chickenpox disease, as measured by multiplex flow immunoassay. Among vaccine recipients, waning seroimmunity was modeled and adjusted for several important covariates.ResultsBasic military trainees who received varicella vaccine in childhood were 24% less likely to be seropositive to VZV than trainees who were exempt from vaccine due to a history of chickenpox disease. There was no significant difference in seropositivity between male and female trainees. The odds of a vaccinated trainee being seropositive to VZV decreased by 8% with each year elapsed since vaccination. Seroprevalence declined below estimated herd immunity thresholds in vaccinated trainees born after 1994, and in the cohort as a whole for trainees born after 1995.ConclusionDespite prior vaccination, seroimmunity in a large cohort of young adults unexposed to wild-type VZV failed to meet the estimated threshold for herd immunity. If vaccination in accordance with the current US VZV vaccination schedule is inadequate to maintain herd immunity, young adults not previously exposed to wild-type VZV may be at increased risk for varicella outbreaks.     

妊娠期糖尿病与母婴结局的回顾性对照研究

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)与母婴结局的关系及相关的处理措施。方法:回顾性收集2007年1月～2010年12月在广西医科大学第一附属医院产科住院分娩的GDM单胎孕产妇病案资料232例作为GDM组,随机选择同期分娩的非GDM单胎孕产妇243例作为对照组,对两组相关资料进行对照分析。结果:GDM组孕产妇剖宫产、妊娠期高血压疾病、产后出血的发生率均高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);GDM组巨大儿、胎儿生长受限、新生儿低血糖、新生儿高胆红素血症的发生率和新生儿转新生儿科治疗率均高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);GDM组新生儿窒息发生率高于对照组,但两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:及时发现GDM并对GDM孕妇进行合理治疗,有利于降低剖宫产率,减少母婴并发症。     

Yellow fever vaccine usage in the United States and risk of neurotropic and viscerotropic disease: A retrospective cohort study using three healthcare databases

BackgroundYellow fever (YF) vaccines are highly effective and have a well-established safety profile despite the risk of rare serious adverse events (SAEs), vaccine-associated neurotropic (YEL-AND) and viscerotropic disease (YEL-AVD). This study aimed to describe US civilian YF vaccine usage, the population characteristics and pre-existing immunosuppressive medical conditions among those vaccinated, and to provide updated risk estimates of neurotropic and viscerotropic disease post-vaccination.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted using de-identified patient information from Optum Electronic Healthcare Record (EHR) (2007–2019), Optum Clinformatics Data Mart (CDM) (2004–2019) and IBM MarketScan (2007–2019) databases. YF vaccine recipients were identified using relevant vaccination and procedural codes. Demographic characteristics and pre-existing medical conditions were described. Incidence proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of neurotropic and viscerotropic diseases occurring ≤ 30 days post-vaccination, after exclusion of unlikely cases based on current clinical guidelines of YEL-AND and YEL-AVD, were calculated.ResultsA total of 92,205, 46,539 and 125,235 YF vaccine recipients were retrieved from Optum EHR, Optum CDM and IBM MarketScan databases, respectively. The majority of vaccine recipients were aged < 60 years (highest proportion aged 18–29 years) with a higher proportion of females overall. Few vaccine recipients (<1%) had conditions predisposing them to immunosuppression. Four non-fatal cases of neurotropic disease and zero cases of viscerotropic disease were identified. The incidence proportion of post-vaccination neurotropic disease was 1.41 (95% CI: 0.15–6.61) and 3.04 (95% CI: 0.86–8.11) per 100,000 vaccine recipients in Optum EHR and IBM MarketScan, respectively, with no events identified in Optum CDM.ConclusionsThis study provides updated insights into current YF vaccine usage in US civilian recipients and supports the safety profile of YF vaccines in US practice. The low frequency of pre-existing immunosuppressive medical conditions among vaccine recipients suggests good adherence to vaccination guidelines by healthcare practitioners. The risk of developing neurotropic and viscerotropic disease post-vaccination remains rare.     

孕早期生活方式和妊娠期糖尿病关系的前瞻性队列研究

目的  分析我国孕妇妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM)的发病率及不健康生活方式在孕妇人群中的分布, 并探究二者之间的关联性, 以期为降低孕期合并症提供理论依据。 方法  收集2018年12月31日前分娩的中国孕产妇队列中纳入的孕妇, 通过调查问卷收集孕妇孕早期的体力活动、久坐、烟草暴露、酒精摄入、饮食及睡眠水平共6项生活方式指标, 并收集孕妇GDM发病情况。采用二分类Logistic回归分析模型分析不健康生活方式与GDM之间的关联性。 结果  在3 162例孕妇中有372例孕妇被诊断为GDM。单因素分析结果显示缺乏体力活动(RR=1.015, 95%CI=1.005~1.279, P=0.046)和低睡眠水平(RR=1.019, 95%CI=1.004~1.196, P=0.047)是GDM的独立危险因素。与无不健康行为的孕妇相比, 6种全部有表现者有更高的GDM发病风险(RR=1.530, 95%CI=1.263~8.880, P=0.036)。 结论  我国孕妇的GDM发病率为11.76%, 缺乏体力活动和低睡眠水平会增加GDM的发病风险, 有多种不健康生活方式会增大GDM风险。适量运动、戒烟戒酒、合理饮食等多种健康生活方式是预防GDM合理有效的方式。     

A cohort mortality study among titanium dioxide manufacturing workers in the United States.

Although titanium dioxide (TiO2) is generally regarded as a nontoxic mild pulmonary irritant, some laboratory studies have reported lung adenomas in rats exposed to high levels of TiO2. Limited data on health effects among humans exist. A retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted among 4241 TiO2 workers who were employed for at least 6 months, on or after January 1, 1960, at four TiO2 plants in the United States. Exposure categories, defined by plant, job title, and calendar years in the job, were created to examine mortality patterns in those jobs where the potential for TiO2 exposure is greatest. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to compare the mortality pattern of the workers with the general background population. Relative risks were estimated and trend tests were conducted to examine risk of disease among different exposure level groups in internal analyses. Workers experienced a significantly low overall mortality (SMR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.8-0.9). No significantly increased SMRs were found for any specific cause of death. Deaths from lung cancer were as expected, and SMRs for this cancer did not increase with increasing TiO2 levels. Workers in jobs with greatest TiO2 exposure had significantly fewer than expected total deaths (SMR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.6-0.9). Internal analyses revealed no significant trends or exposure-risk associations for total cancers, lung cancer, or other causes of death. Results from our study indicate that the exposures at these United States plants are not associated with increases in the risk of death from cancer or other diseases. Moreover, workers with likely higher levels of TiO2 exposure had similar mortality patterns to those with less exposure, as internal analyses among workers revealed no increase in mortality by level of TiO2 exposure.     

Heterogeneity in management of diabetes mellitus among Latino ethnic subgroups in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Recent debate suggests that general racial/ethnic categories may obscure potentially important subgroup differences within minority groups. The purpose of this study was to examine the quality of diabetes care among ethnic subgroups of the Latino population in the United States while accounting for aspects of acculturation and access to care. METHODS: We evaluated adults (> or =18 years old) with previously diagnosed diabetes in the 2003 National Health Interview Survey (n = 2136; United States population estimate = 13,471,587). The Latino subgroups (n = 373; United States population estimate = 1,556,259) were Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Other Latinos. Through a series of logistic regressions we examined ethnic group and quality of care for diabetes while controlling for demographics, access to care, and acculturation. RESULTS: Among Latinos, 43% conducted their interview in Spanish and 59% were immigrants to the United States. Ethnic group differences were apparent in the analyses. In a logistic regression analysis including all Latinos, with Puerto Ricans as the reference group, Mexicans (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.07-0.85) and Other Latinos (odds ratio, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.04-0.58) were significantly less likely to have only one doctor for their diabetes care. Mexicans were less likely than Puerto Ricans (odds ratio 0.39; 95% CI, 0.18- 0.84) to know about glycosylated hemoglobin. Similarly, among Latino immigrants, Mexicans (odds ratio, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.02-0.81) and Other Latinos (odds ratio, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01-0.63) were significantly less likely than Puerto Ricans to have only one doctor for their diabetes care and management. Measures of acculturation and immigration were not independent predictors of diabetes quality of care. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in diabetes management exist between Latino ethnic subgroups; treating Latinos in the United States as one homogenous category may be a barrier to the appropriate provision of care.     

2型糖尿病在腹主动脉瘤长度延展中作用的研究

目的 探讨2型糖屎病在腹主动脉瘤(abdominal aortic aneurysm,AAA)长度延展中的作用.方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院2000年1月至2010年4月收治的460例AAA患者病历资料,年龄(70.56±11.7)岁,患者在观察期内至少住院2次,并且每次住院均接受腹主动脉超声检查.结果 2型糖尿病和A...     

成人睡眠时间与2型糖尿病相关性队列研究的meta分析

目的 系统回顾睡眠时间长短与2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM）发生相关性队列研究,通过meta分析研究睡眠时间长短与T2DM发生相关性,为预防T2DM提供理论基础。方法 检索PubMed、Web of science、Scopus、Embase、Cochrane Library、ProQuest、CNKI、万方、维普、SinoMed建库至2020年5月,由2位研究者按照纳入与排除标准独立检索、筛选文献、质量评价与提取资料。利用RevMan 5.3进行meta分析、发表偏倚分析等。结果 共纳入17项队列研究,共计737 002名成人。T2DM发生率短睡眠时间组(short sleep duration, SSD)（t≤6 h）4.73%,正常睡眠时间组(normal sleep duration, NSD)（6 h＜t＜9 h）4.39%,长睡眠时间组(long sleep duration, LSD)（t≥9 h）4.99%。meta分析显示SSD与NSD相比患T2DM风险增加（RR = 1.22,95% CI:1.15～1.29,P＜0.001）,LSD与NSD相比患T2DM风险增加（RR = 1.26,95% CI:1.15～1.39,P＜0.001）。各研究间敏感性稳定,发表偏倚小。结论 SSD或LSD均增加T2DM发病风险。     

A retrospective cohort study assessing relative effectiveness of adjuvanted versus high-dose trivalent influenza vaccines among older adults in the United States during the 2018–19 influenza season

PurposeTo evaluate the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) against influenza-related hospitalizations/emergency room (ER) visits, influenza-related office visits, and cardio-respiratory disease (CRD)-related hospitalizations/ER visits and compare all-cause and influenza-related costs associated with two vaccines specifically indicated for older adults (≥65 years), adjuvanted (aTIV) and high-dose trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV-HD), for the 2018–19 influenza season.MethodsA retrospective analysis of older adults was conducted using claims and hospital data in the United States. For clinical evaluations, adjusted analyses were conducted following inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to control for selection bias. Poisson regression was used to estimate the adjusted rVE against influenza-related hospitalizations/ER visits, influenza-related office visits, and any CRD-related hospitalizations/ER visits. For the economic evaluation, treatment selection bias was adjusted through 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM). All-cause and influenza-related costs associated with hospitalizations/ER, physician office and pharmacy visits were adjusted using generalized estimating equation (GEE) models.ResultsAfter IPTW and Poisson regression, aTIV (n = 561,315) was slightly more effective in reducing influenza-related office visits compared to TIV-HD (n = 1,672,779) (6.6%; 95% CI: 2.8–10.3%). aTIV was statistically comparable to TIV-HD (2.0%; 95% CI: −3.7%-7.3%) in preventing influenza-related hospitalizations/ER visits but more effective in reducing hospitalizations/ER visits for any CRD (2.6%; 95% CI: 2.0–3.2%). In the PSM-adjusted cohorts (n = 561,243 pairs), following GEE adjustments, predicted mean annualized all-cause and influenza-related total costs per patient were statistically similar between aTIV and TIV-HD (US$9676 vs. US$9625 and US$18.74 vs. US$17.28, respectively; both p > 0.05). Finally, influenza-related pharmacy costs were slightly lower for aTIV as compared to TIV-HD ($1.75 vs $1.85; p < 0.0001).ConclusionsDuring the 2018–19 influenza season, influenza-related hospitalization/ER visits and associated costs among people aged ≥ 65 were comparable between aTIV and TIV-HD. aTIV was slightly more effective in preventing influenza-related office visits and any CRD event as compared to TIV-HD in this population.     

Assessing the effectiveness of zoster vaccine live: A retrospective cohort study using primary care data in the United Kingdom

BackgroundHerpes zoster (shingles) is a common viral disease increasing in risk and severity with age. Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), a complication of shingles, causes severe pain impacting quality of life (QoL). Zoster Vaccine Live (ZVL), a licensed vaccine for the prevention of shingles in the United Kingdom (UK), is part of the national immunisation programme (NIP) for adults aged 70–79. Public Health England (PHE) reports show shingles vaccine coverage varies, but is typically 50–60% across eligible cohorts.Materials/methodsThis retrospective, matched cohort study was conducted using The Health Improvement Network (THIN) UK primary care database. Individuals aged 70–79 were classified based on their vaccination status between September 2013 and May 2016. Risk and incidence rates for shingles were calculated for both groups over the duration of the study (mean 1.2 years). Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated using the equation 1-relative risk (RR) for shingles and PHN.ResultsWithin the total cohort (n = 295,135), 70,867 (24%) were vaccinated and 224,268 (76%) were unvaccinated. 2435 (0.83%) patients developed shingles: 241 (0.34%) among the vaccinated and 2194 (0.98%) among the unvaccinated. The VE for preventing shingles was 65.3% (95% CI: 60.3–69.6%). The incidence rate in the vaccinated group was 2.95 (95% CI: 2.59–3.34) vs 8.02 (95% CI: 7.68–8.36) per 1000 person years in the unvaccinated group. Risk of PHN was 0.02% and 0.06% in the respective vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. The VE for preventing PHN was 72% (95% CI: 50.0–83.9%). PHN incidence rates were 0.16 (95% CI: 0.08–0.27) and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.44–0.62) per 1000 person years in the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, respectively.ConclusionsZVL reduced the risk of shingles among an elderly population. Given the negative impact of shingles and PHN on QoL, the benefits of vaccination are clear. Improving uptake in the UK is needed in this population.     

Predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus using haemoglobin A1c: A community-based historic cohort study

Background: The ADA 2010 guidelines added HbA1c ≥ 6.5% as a criterion for diagnosing diabetes mellitus type 2.

Objective: To evaluate the HbA1c test in predicting type 2 diabetes in a high risk population.

Methods: A community-based historic cohort study was conducted including 10 201 patients, who had not been diagnosed with diabetes, and who underwent HbA1c test during the years 2002–2005. Data was retrieved on diabetes risk factors and the onset of diabetes (according to the ADA 2003 criteria), during a follow-up period of five-to-eight years.

Results: Mean age was 58.25 ± 15.58 years; mean HbA1c level was 5.59 ± 0.55% and 76.8% had a BMI > 25 kg/m² (mean: 30.74 ± 8.30). In a Cox proportional hazards regression model, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes was 2.49 (95% CI: 1.29–3.71) for 5.5% ≤ HbA1c < 6% at baseline, 4.82 (95% CI: 2.83–8.20) for 6% ≤ HbA1c < 6.5% at baseline and 7.57 (95% CI: 4.43–12.93) for 6.5% ≤ HbA1c < 7% at baseline, compared to HbA1c < 4.5%. The risk of developing diabetes was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.05–1.25) for male gender, 1.16 (95% CI: 1.04–1.28) for cardiovascular diseases and 2.06 (95% CI: 1.80–2.35) for overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m²) at baseline. Neither age nor low socio-economic status was associated with increased risk of diabetes.

Conclusion: Levels of HbA1c ≥ 5.5% were associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes during a five-to-eight-year follow-up period. Findings support the use of HbA1c testing as a screening tool in populations at risk of developing diabetes.     

地特胰岛素与瑞格列奈治疗老年2型糖尿病的体会

目的:探讨地特胰岛素+瑞格列奈在老年2型糖尿病中的应用价值.方法:选择老年2型糖尿病病患74例,采用数字抽签的方式将之随机等分成A、B两组.其中,A组联合应用地特胰岛素与瑞格列奈,B组应用预混胰岛素.观察两组用药后相关血糖指标的变化情况,比较低血糖发生率等指标.结果:A组治疗后的2hBG、MACE、FBG与HbAlc指标水平均明显优于B组(P<0.05).A组的低血糖发生率(2.7％)比B组(21.62％)更低(P<0.05).结论:积极对老年2型糖尿病病患施以地特胰岛素+瑞格列奈治疗,有助于促进其血糖水平的降低,提高用药安全性.