库拉索芦荟多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞一氧化氮生成的影响

目的研究库拉索芦荟多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞一氧化氮(NO)生成的影响。方法用G riess法测定巨噬细胞一氧化氮的生成量。结果库拉索芦荟多糖在25～400μg/mL浓度范围可显著促进正常巨噬细胞的NO生成,在50～400μg/mL浓度范围可抑制LPS激活的巨噬细胞的NO生成。结论库拉索芦荟多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞一氧化氮的生成具有双向调节作用。     

香菇多糖对巨噬细胞一氧化氦和一氧化氦合酶活性的影响

目的 研究香菇多糖(LTN)诱导巨噬细胞的一氧化氮(NO)生成和一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的活性，探讨LTN的免疫调节作用机理。方法 采用Griess反应和荧光法测定不同剂量的LTN作用小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞后NO的生成量和iNOS活性。观察mRNA转录抑制剂、蛋白质合成抑制剂和iNOS抑制剂对巨噬细胞NO的生成和iNOS活性的影响。结果 LTN能使小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO生成增加，iNOS活性增高，并呈作用剂量依赖关系。3种抑制剂均能抑制LTN诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO的生成和iNOS活性。结论 LTN能刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞提高iNOS活性和NO的生成。提示LTN的免疫调节作用机制可能与LTN刺激巨噬细胞NO生成有关。     

香菇多糖对巨噬细胞一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

目的研究香菇多糖(LTN)诱导巨噬细胞的一氧化氮(NO)生成和一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的活性,探讨LTN的免疫调节作用机理.方法采用Griess反应和荧光法测定不同剂量的LTN作用小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞后NO的生成量和iNOS活性.观察mRNA转录抑制剂、蛋白质合成抑制剂和iNOS抑制剂对巨噬细胞NO的生成和iNOS活性的影响.结果LTN能使小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO生成增加,iNOS活性增高,并呈作用剂量依赖关系.3种抑制剂均能抑制LTN诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞N0的生成和iNOS活性.结论LTN能刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞提高iNOS活性和NO的生成.提示LTN的免疫调节作用机制可能与LTN刺激巨噬细胞NO生成有关.     

香菇多糖对巨噬细胞一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

目的研究香菇多糖(LTN)诱导巨噬细胞的一氧化氮(NO)生成和一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的活性,探讨LTN的免疫调节作用机理.方法采用Griess反应和荧光法测定不同剂量的LTN作用小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞后NO的生成量和iNOS活性.观察mRNA转录抑制剂、蛋白质合成抑制剂和iNOS抑制剂对巨噬细胞NO的生成和iNOS活性的影响.结果LTN能使小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO生成增加,iNOS活性增高,并呈作用剂量依赖关系.3种抑制剂均能抑制LTN诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞N0的生成和iNOS活性.结论LTN能刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞提高iNOS活性和NO的生成.提示LTN的免疫调节作用机制可能与LTN刺激巨噬细胞NO生成有关.     

胸腺肽对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放一氧化氮的影响

目的研究胸腺肽对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放一氧化氮的影响。方法一氧化氮以Griess试剂测定。结果以多肽计浓度为 83.3～ 333.3μg /ml的胸腺肽能显著抑制小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞一氧化氮释放。 结论胸腺肽对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放一氧化氮的调节可能是其保肝作用机制之一。     

细脚拟青霉多糖诱导小鼠巨噬细胞一氧化氮生成和iNOS mRNA的表达

目的研究单一组分细脚拟青霉多糖(Paecilomyces tenuipespolysaccharide,PTPS)诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的免疫调节活性及其作用机制。方法应用水提、乙醇沉淀、DEAE-纤维素色谱,对PTPS进行提取并分级;用CCK-8试剂检测PTPS对小鼠脾细胞的增殖作用,硝酸盐还原酶法检测小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞一氧化氮(NO)的生成量和RT-PCR半定量法检测iNOS mRNA的表达。结果从细脚拟青霉菌丝体中分离出含糖量为92%的中性多糖PTPS,可促进脾细胞的增殖,并在一定浓度下显示剂量依赖效应;能明显诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO的生成和iNOS mRNA的表达。结论PTPS通过诱导小鼠巨噬细胞NO合成和iNOS的转录,表明其具有免疫调节和潜在的抗肿瘤活性。     

酵母多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞产生一氧化氮和白细胞介素-1的影响

目的探讨酵母多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞产生一氧化氮 (NO)和白细胞介素 1(IL 1)的影响。方法将不同剂量的酵母多糖加入体外培养的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞中 ,取细胞培养上清液根据Griess反应检测NO-2 的量 ,间接反映巨噬细胞产生NO的生成量 ,并用溴化四唑蓝 (MTT)比色法检测上清液中IL 1的生成量。结果酵母多糖可明显促进小鼠腹腔巨细胞产生NO和IL 1,NO的生成量呈现剂量依赖关系。结论酵母多糖可诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞产生NO和IL 1,可能是酵母多糖调节机体免疫功能、杀伤病原微生物和抗肿瘤的重要途径     

青蒿琥酯增加小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内化内毒素、大肠埃希菌的作用及可能机制

目的:观察青蒿琥酯(artesunate,AS)对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内化清除脂多糖/内毒素(li-popolysaccharide/endotoxin,LPS)和吞噬大肠埃希菌的影响,并初步探讨其可能的作用机制。方法:MTT法检测不同浓度网格蛋白抑制剂(monodansylcadaverine,MDC)、内体酸化抑制剂氯喹(chloroquine,CQ)对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活力的影响,以选择恰当的药物工作浓度;激光共聚焦法检测青蒿琥酯及MDC、CQ对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内化FITC-LPS的影响;分别采用激光共聚焦和菌落集落形成计数实验观察青蒿琥酯对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内化大肠埃希菌的影响;逆转录PCR检测青蒿琥酯对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞清道夫受体A(class A scavenger receptor,SR-A)mR-NA表达的影响。结果:MDC和CQ浓度分别小于25μg/mL和20μg/mL时对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活力无影响;MDC、CQ可抑制小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内化LPS,青蒿琥酯可增加小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞对LPS的内化,而且青蒿琥酯可增加MDC和CQ处理的巨噬细胞内化LPS的功能。激光共聚焦和菌落集落形成计数实验均显示青蒿琥酯可增加小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞对大肠埃希菌的内化能力。逆转录PCR结果显示青蒿琥酯可增强LPS处理或未处理的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞SR-A mRNA的表达。结论:青蒿琥酯可增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内化LPS、大肠埃希菌的能力,该作用可能与SR-A mRNA表达升高有关。     

黄芪提取物抑制小鼠巨噬细胞一氧化氮生成及对α-葡糖苷酶活性的影响作用

目的:研究黄芪提取物抑制小鼠RAW264.7巨噬细胞一氧化氮(NO)生成及对α-葡糖苷酶活性的影响作用。方法:以400、200、100、50μg/ml黄芪提取物,20.0、10.0、5.0、2.5μg/ml黄芪甲苷,4、2μg/ml姜黄素作用于细胞。以不同质量浓度药液培养细胞2 h后,加入脂多糖(LPS,0.05μg/ml)培养细胞22 h;Griess法测定NO含量及计算对NO生成的抑制率。以2 000、1 500、750、375μg/ml黄芪提取物,250.0、125.0、62.5、31.5μg/ml黄芪甲苷,2.50、1.25、0.63、0.32μg/ml阿卡波糖作用于α-葡糖苷酶;以4-甲基-伞形酮-β-D-半乳糖苷(4-MUG)为反应底物,以4-MUG被酵母α-葡糖苷酶水解后产生的4-甲基-伞形酮(4-MU)为荧光探针,测定样品对α-葡糖苷酶活性的抑制率及半数抑制浓度(IC50)。结果:400、200μg/ml黄芪提取物,20、10μg/ml黄芪甲苷与4、2μg/ml姜黄素可明显减少模型细胞NO含量(P<0.01);各质量浓度对NO产生均有一定抑制作用。2 000、1 500、750、375μg/ml黄芪提取物对α-葡糖苷酶活性有明显抑制作用(P<0.01);黄芪提取物、黄芪甲苷、阿卡波糖的IC50分别为(1 686.00±810.00)μg/ml、(132.90±10.50)μg/ml、(1.75±0.42)μg/ml。结论:黄芪提取物具有抑制LPS活化小鼠RAW 264.7巨噬细胞生成NO及抑制α-葡糖苷酶活性的作用,其中的黄芪甲苷可能为有效成分。     

黑灵芝多糖对体外培养的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响

目的研究黑灵芝多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响。方法用不同浓度的黑灵芝多糖作用于正常的和LPS活化的腹腔巨噬细胞;测定巨噬细胞代谢MTT活力;Griess法测定NO的产生;ELISA法检测巨噬细胞培养上清中TNF-α、IL-1β的分泌水平。结果黑灵芝多糖对细胞代谢MTT活力有增强作用;在20～160mg·L-1范围内,多糖呈剂量依赖性地促进正常的巨噬细胞分泌NO、TNF-α、IL-1β,增强免疫;而巨噬细胞经LPS激活后,与LPS组比较,多糖不同程度地抑制NO、TNF-α、IL-1β的过量分泌。结论黑灵芝多糖能有效地增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的免疫,可改善LPS对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的诱导作用。     

Induction of redox changes, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 by chronic cadmium exposure in mouse peritoneal macrophages

Redox changes and the secretion of inflammatory mediators were investigated in resident peritoneal macrophages of mice chronically exposed to cadmium (Cd, 15 ppm for 2 months) through drinking water. Our results showed that in vivo Cd exposure altered the redox balance in mouse peritoneal macrophages, leading to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that overwhelmed the antioxidant defenses. It also led to increased lipid peroxidation and arachidonic acid (AA) release, higher nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production, and induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 compared with control macrophages. Oxidative stress and inflammation could be important processes operating in the modulation of mouse macrophage physiology induced by chronic Cd exposure.     

地塞米松抑制巨噬细胞产生氧自由基和一氧化氮

为探讨糖皮质激素对巨噬细胞功能的影响，观察了地塞米松对巨噬细胞产生氧自由基和一氧化氮的作用。结果表明地塞米松明显抑制巨噬细胞杀伤念珠菌以及抑制巨噬细胞产生氧自由基（Ｐ＜０．０１），减少内毒素诱导的一氧化氮生成（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示了地塞米松抑制巨噬细胞杀菌功能的机制。     

Ternatin, an anti-inflammatory flavonoid, inhibits thioglycolate-elicited rat peritoneal neutrophil accumulation and LPS-activated nitric oxide production in murine macrophages

Ternatin, an anti-inflammatory flavonoid from Egletes viscosa Less., was examined for its possible influence on thioglycolate-elicited neutrophil influx into the rat peritoneal cavity in vivo and nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages ex vivo. The neutrophil influx induced by thioglycolate was found to be significantly lower in ternatin (25 and 50 mg/kg, s. c.) pre-treated rats with a similar magnitude of inhibition produced by dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, s. c.), a known anti-inflammatory agent. Also, peritoneal macrophages from ternatin (25 mg/kg)-treated mice that were exposed to LPS demonstrated significantly less production of nitric oxide (NO). These results suggest that ternatin exerts its anti-inflammatory action, at least in part, through inhibition of neutrophil migration and modulation of macrophage function.     

何首乌对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响

为了解何首乌对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响,采用微量浊度法测定小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞介导的细胞毒活性;采用小鼠胸腺细胞检测法测定小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞白细胞介素-1的分泌活性;采用姬姆萨染色法检测小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能。结果表明,各药物实验组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞介导的细胞毒作用及泌白细胞介素-1的分泌活性明显增强(P<0.01);各药物实验组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能明显增强(P<0.01),提示何首乌能促进小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞功能。     

羊胎盘免疫调节因子对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响

目的探讨羊胎盘免疫调节因子(GPIF)对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响。方法采用巨噬细胞体外培养的方法。分3个实验组,对腹腔巨噬细胞分别给予0 .0 5 ,0 .1和0 .5mg/mlGPIF进行体外培养,培养结束后,测定腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬中性红的能力、对溴化四唑蓝(MTT)的还原能力,以及分泌一氧化氮(NO)和白细胞介素 1(IL-1)的量。结果与对照组比较,各浓度GPIF均有促进腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬中性红能力作用,且能显著提高腹腔巨噬细胞对MTT的还原能力,增加NO和IL-1的分泌量(P <0 .0 5 )。结论GPIF具有非特异性免疫增强作用     

Effect of endocrine disrupting chemicals on lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide production by mouse macrophages

Little is known about the development of infectious diseases during exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), although several studies have reported on the effect of EDCs on the immune function of the human body. To assess the effect of EDCs on the development of infectious disease, we investigated the effect of eighteen possible EDCs on mouse macrophage production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and nitric oxide (NO) in response to bacterial endotoxin in vitro and ex vivo. Of chemicals we examined, simazine, nitrofen, and benzyl butyl phthalate inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-alpha production by mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264 in vitro. Carbaryl, alachlor, nonylphenol, octylphenol, tributyltin, and triphenyltin inhibited LPS-induced NO production in vitro, whereas 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and bisphenol A enhanced its production. Zineb and alachlor, on the other hand, enhanced LPS-induced TNF-alpha production by mouse peritoneal macrophages ex vivo, while alachlor inhibited LPS/interferon-gamma-induced NO production ex vivo. These results indicate that some EDCs exert modulatory activity on endotoxin-induced macrophage activation either positively or negatively, suggesting that these compounds may affect the development of infectious diseases. This is the first report that systematically compared the effect of EDCs on LPS action.     

Anti-inflammatory effect of Sosihotang via inhibition of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

Sosihotang (SO) is an herbal medication, which has been widely used to treat fever, chill and vomiting due to common cold in east-Asian countries. In this study, to provide insight into the effects of SO on inflammation, we investigated its effect on pro-inflammatory mediator production in RAW 264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. SO significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 as well as gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), its synthesizing enzyme. In addition, SO inhibited nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and suppressed extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 and c- Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation. Furthermore, we found SO suppresses the production of NO and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophage cells. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed SO contains many active anti-inflammatory constituents such as liquiritigenin, baicalin, baicalein, glycyrrhizin and wogonin. We first elucidated the inhibitory mechanism of SO on inflammation induced by LPS in macrophage cells. Our results suggest SO has potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent for various inflammatory diseases.     

Immunoactive peptides, FK 156 and FK 565. IV. Activation of mouse macrophages

We investigated the effects of the immunoactive peptides, FK 156 and FK 565, on functions of mouse macrophages. FK 156 and FK 565 given parenterally or orally to mice enhanced spreading of peritoneal macrophages, phagocytosis of latex particles and intracellular killing of bacteria by peritoneal macrophages. FK 156 and FK 565 also enhanced the production of superoxide anion and lysosomal enzyme activities of macrophages. The peptides also activated mouse spleen macrophages, and the kinetics of this activation differed from that of the peritoneal macrophages. In addition, both drugs directly enhanced the production of superoxide anion by mouse peritoneal macrophages treated in vitro and enhanced the functions of peritoneal macrophages of athymic nude mice. Both these phenomena suggest that direct activation might be one of the mechanisms of macrophage activation by the peptides.     

Oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory responses induced by silica nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro

Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses induced by silica nanoparticles were evaluated both in mice and in RAW264.7 cell line. Single treatment of silica nanoparticles (50 mg/kg, i.p.) led to the activation of peritoneal macrophages, the increased blood level of IL-1β and TNF-α, and the increased level of nitric oxide released from the peritoneal macrophages. mRNA expressions of inflammation-related genes such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 were also elevated in the cultured peritoneal macrophages harvested from the treated mice. When the viability of splenocytes from the mice treated with silica nanoparticles (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 250 mg/kg, i.p.) was measured, the viability of splenocytes was significantly decreased in the higher dose-treated groups (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg i.p.). However, cell proliferation without cytotoxicity was shown in group treated with relatively low dose of 50 mg/kg i.p. When leukocyte subtypes of mouse spleen were evaluated using flow cytometry analysis, it was found that the distributions of NK cells and T cells were increased to 184.8% and 115.1% of control, respectively, while that of B cells was decreased to 87.7%. To elucidate the pro-inflammatory mechanism of silica nanoparticles in vivo, in vitro study using RAW 264.7 cell line which is derived from mouse peritoneal macrophage was done. Treatment of silica nanoparticles to the cultured RAW264.7 cells led to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation with a decreased intracellular GSH. In accordance with ROS generation, silica nanoparticles increased the level of nitric oxide released from the cultured macrophage cell line. These results suggested that silica nanoparticles generate ROS and the generated ROS may trigger the pro-inflammatory responses both in vivo and in vitro.