利多卡因对冠状动脉搭桥术患者体外循环致全身炎性反应的影响

目的探讨利多卡因对冠状动脉搭桥术患者体外循环(CPB)致全身炎性反应的影响。方法择期CPB下行冠状动脉搭桥术患者20例,男13例,女7例,年龄47-67岁,体重62-82 kg, ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机分为对照组(C组)和利多卡因组(L组),每组10例。L组在切开心包时开始持续静脉泵注利多卡因4 mg/min至术毕,CPB预充液中另加入利多卡因4 mg/kg,C组以同样速率输入等量生理盐水。L组随机选取5例患者,分别于CPB开始后10、60 min和术毕取桡动脉血,用气相色谱法测定血浆利多卡因浓度。分别于CPB前切开心包时(T0)、主动脉开放心脏复跳后1 min(T1)、10 min (T2)、60min(T3)抽取桡动脉血,测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素- 10(IL-10)浓度,并进行中性粒细胞(PMN)计数。结果 L组CPB开始后10、60 min、术毕时血浆利多卡因浓度分别是4．1±0．5、4．6±0．7、(5．9±0．9)μg/ml。CPB可引起血浆TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10浓度及PMN 计数升高,利多卡因可减轻CPB所致全身炎性反应。结论利多卡因可减轻冠状动脉搭桥术患者 CPB致全身炎症反应。     

Inflammatory response and oligo-element alterations following cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting

Oligo-elements such as zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and copper (Cu) have a significant influence on the function of the immune system. Various immunological and inflammatory changes are known to occur in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in serum oligo-elements levels during and following cardiopulmonary bypass. The serum levels of Zn, Se and Cu were determined in 67 consecutive patients, with coronary artery disease admitted for coronary artery bypass grafting. Blood samples for oligo-elements, analysis were withdrawn into metal-free tubes just prior to the start of cardiopulmonary bypass; at 30, 60 and 90 min into cardiopulmonary bypass; following weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass; 30 min after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass; at 24 h; and on the 5th postoperative day. Trace elements analyses were performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Interleukin 6 and 8, as well as serum albumin, creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase-MB fractions were also analyzed. The mean age was 63±9 years and 91% (61) were men. The mean preoperative left ventricular function was 52±12%, Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) angina class was 3.7±0.5 and 30% (20) of the operations were re-do's. All patients had normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass-time was 85±31 min. One patient was lost for the recovery sampling (hospital mortality, 1.5%). Nine patients had a postoperative cardiac index <2.0 liter/min per m², which required pharmacological support and additional intra-aortic balloon pump in two of them. Other postoperative complications were few. There was a rapid depletion of S-selenium and S-Zn levels, which were halved at 30 min after cardiopulmonary bypass and remained low throughout the study period.The Cu/Zn ratio increased significantly at the start of cardiopulmonary bypass, which indicated an inflammatory reaction and was not normalized until the 5th postoperative day. Length of ischemia time, presence of diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia did not influence the results, while a prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass-time >120 min resulted in a higher Cu/Zn ratio than observed for shorter cardiopulmonary bypass-times. This indicates a more profound inflammatory response. Inflammatory parameters responded in the same manner as described earlier by others. These data indicate that severe loss of various oligo elements occur in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and suggests that a supplementary administration of zinc and perhaps also selenium could be appropriate during cardiopulmonary bypass.     

异丙酚对体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术病人的脑保护作用

目的观察异丙酚对体外循环(CPB)下冠状动脉搭桥术(CABG)病人的脑保护作用。方法择期CPB下行CABG病人40例,年龄50～65岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机分为2组(n=20)：异丙酚组(P组)和芬太尼组(F组)。两组常规麻醉诱导,麻醉诱导后即刻P组持续静脉输注异丙酚4～6 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),F组持续静脉输注芬太尼0．7～10μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)。P组术中间断静脉注射芬太尼,F组间断静脉注射咪唑安定,两组术中均间断静脉注射维库溴铵及吸入异氟烷维持麻醉。桡动脉、右颈内静脉穿刺球部置管,用于监测平均动脉压、中心静脉压和采集血液标本。分别于麻醉诱导后30 min(T_1)、CPB开始5 min(T_2)、降温结束后5 min(T_3)、复温结束后5 min(T_4)、CPB结束(T_5)采集颈内静脉球部血,进行血气分析。分别于,T_1、T_2、T_5、术后4 h(T_6)、24 h(T_7)、48 h(T_8)、72 h(T_9)采集颈内静脉球部血,测定血浆S-100B浓度。术后10 d内进行精神状态量表(MMSE)评分,MMSE评分1～24分为有精神神经系统并发症(POMD)组,MMSE评分大于24分为对照组(C组)。结果P组、F组血浆S-100B浓度在T_(6,8)时高于,T_1,T_7时P组血浆S-100B浓度低于F组(P＜0．05)；术后P组POMD发生率(2／20)低于F组(6／20)(P＜0．01),但是两组脑损伤症状均于术后10 d恢复正常；与T_1比较,P组与F组SjvO_2在T_3时升高,T_4时下降(P＜0．05),T_4时P组颈静脉血氧饱和度(SjvO_2)高于F组(P＜0．05)；与T_1比较,POMD组、C组SjvO_2在T_3时升高,T_4时下降(P＜0．05),T_4时C组SjvO_2高于POMD组(P＜0．05)。结论异丙酚可减轻CPB下CABG病人脑损伤。     

The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Remifentanil is a potent opioid with a short duration of action. It has the potential for large-dose opioid anesthesia without an obligatory prolonged period of mechanical ventilation. However, because of high clearance and rapid tissue distribution, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may influence its pharmacokinetics and alter drug requirements. We administered remifentanil by continuous infusion to 68 patients having coronary artery bypass graft surgery during CPB with hypothermia to describe the effects of these interventions on its pharmacokinetics. Remifentanil concentrations were measured before, during, and after CPB. Disposition was best described by a two-compartment model. The volume of distribution increased by 86% with institution of CPB and remained increased after CPB. Elimination clearance decreased by 6.37% for each degree Celsius decrease from 37 degrees C. IMPLICATIONS: Remifentanil concentrations decrease with the institution of cardiopulmonary bypass because of an increase in the volume of distribution. The decrease in elimination clearance with hypothermia results in increased total remifentanil concentrations during cardiopulmonary bypass if the infusion rate is not altered. More constant blood remifentanil levels may be obtained by reducing remifentanil infusion rate by 30% for each 5 degrees C decrease in temperature.     

七氟醚预处理对体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术病人围术期心肌的保护作用

目的探讨七氟醚预处理对体外循环(CPB)下冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)病人心肌的保护作用。方法择期CPB下CABG病人40例,ASAⅡ级或Ⅲ级,随机分为2组(n=20):七氟醚组(S组)或异丙酚组(P组)。麻醉维持:P组靶控输注异丙酚,血浆靶浓度2～3μg/L,静脉输注芬太尼2～3μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1);S组夹闭主动脉前,吸入0.5%～2%七氟醚,静脉输注芬太尼2～3μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),夹闭主动脉后靶控输注异丙酚,血浆靶浓度2～3μg/L,静脉输注芬太尼2～3μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)。于切皮前即刻、CPB前即刻、CPB后即刻、回ICU后即刻、6、12h记录心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、肺动脉楔压(PCWP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、心脏指数(CI)、体循环血管阻力指数(SVRI)。于麻醉诱导前、回ICU后即刻、6、12、24h采集静脉血,测定血清心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)浓度。记录术后不良事件的发生情况。结果2组各时点MAP、PCWP、CVP、HR和SVRI比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与切皮前即刻和P组比较,S组回ICU后各时点CI升高(P<0.05)。与P组比较,S组回ICU后各时点cTnI浓度降低(P<0.05)。2组病人术后均无死亡;2组心肌梗塞、房颤和心肌缺血的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);S组cTnI浓度>2ng/ml的发生率低于P组(P<0.05)。结论七氟醚预处理对体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术病人围术期心肌具有一定的保护作用。     

氨甲环酸对体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者的血液保护作用

目的 评价氨甲环酸对体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者的血液保护作用.方法 本研究为前瞻性、随机、双肓、对照、临床研究,择期行体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者200例,年龄18～64岁,体重50～ 100 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅳ级.采用随机双盲法,将患者随机分为2组(n=100):对照组(C组)和氨甲环酸组(T组).麻醉诱导后T组静脉输注氨甲环酸负荷量10 mg/kg(输注时间20min),然后以10 rg·kg-1·h-1的速率静脉输注至术毕;C组给予等容量生理盐水.记录术后总引流量、术后大出血及二次开胸止血情况.记录围术期异体血使用情况、围术期并发症发生情况.结果 与C组比较,T组术后总引流量、大出血发生率、二次开胸止血率降低(P＜0.05),异体浓缩红细胞、血小板和新鲜冰冻血浆输入量和使用率均降低(P＜0.05).两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 氨甲环酸对体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者具有血液保护作用,可显著减少术后出血与异体输血.     

体外循环旁路洗入七氟醚对冠状动脉旁路移植术患者心肌损伤的影响

目的 评价体外循环(CPB)旁路洗入七氟醚对冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者心肌损伤的影响.方法 择期CPB下行CABG的患者40例,年龄50 ～ 64岁,体重53～90 kg,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组(n=20):对照组(C组)和七氟醚组(S组).S组于CPB开始即刻通过体外循环机洗入1.0％ ～2.0％七氟醚,持续到CPB结束,C组不给予七氟醚.于麻醉诱导后5 min(T0)、术后6 h(T1)、12 h(T2)及24 h(T3)时采集血样,测定血浆心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)浓度和磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)活性.于主动脉阻断前和CPB结束时取右心耳组织,电镜下观察心肌超微结构,并行心肌细胞线粒体损伤评分.结果 与C组比较,S组T2和T3时血浆cTnI浓度,CPB结束时心肌细胞线粒体损伤评分降低(P＜0.05),血浆CK-MB活性差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).S组心肌病理学损伤较C组减轻.结论 CPB旁路洗入七氟醚可减轻CABG术患者的心肌损伤.     

七氟醚对冠状动脉旁路移植术患者心肺转流后右心室功能的影响

目的评价七氟醚对冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者心肺转流(CPB)后右心室收缩功能的影响。方法选择择期CPB下行CABG的冠心病患者18例,男13例,女5例,年龄50~80岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。麻醉维持采用静脉麻醉,于CPB后15min开始在静脉麻醉基础上持续吸入七氟醚1 MAC 60min。记录麻醉诱导后锯胸骨前(T1)、停CPB后15min开始吸入七氟醚前(T2)、停CPB后吸入七氟醚1 MAC 30min(T3)、60min(T4)时的HR、MAP、CVP、心输出量(CO)、外周血管阻力(SVR)和三尖瓣环收缩期位移(TAPSE)、三尖瓣瓣环收缩期速度(TAPSV)。结果与T1时比较,T2时CO明显升高(P0.05);与T2时比较,T3、T4时CO明显下降(P0.05或P0.01)。与T1时比较,T2时TAPSE、TAPSV明显增大(P0.05或P0.01);与T2时比较,T3、T4时TAPSE、TAPSV明显减小(P0.05)。结论择期CPB下行CABG的患者,停CPB后吸入七氟醚1 MAC可降低右心室收缩功能,但仍在临床正常范围。     

体外循环下冠脉搭桥术患者术前口服尼可地尔的脑保护作用

目的 评价术前口服尼可地尔对体外循环(CPB)下冠脉搭桥术(CABG)患者的脑保护作 用。方法 择期CPB下CABG患者30例,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机分为2组,尼可地尔组(N组)和对照组 (C组),每组15例。N组麻醉前30min口服尼可地尔10 mg,C组麻醉前不给予尼可地尔。术前24 h (术前)、术后24 h行神经功能(MMSE)评分;并于麻醉诱导前(T1)、CPB后30 min(T2)、术后6 h(T3)、术 后24 h(T4)抽取静脉血,ELISA法测定血清神经特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)和S100β蛋白(S100β)浓度。结 果 两组术后24 h MMSE评分均较术前降低,术前、术后24 h MMSE评分差值N组高于C组。T2,3时 两组血清NSE浓度均高于T1,N组T2,3NSE浓度升高幅度低于C组。C组T2-4血清S100β浓度高于 T1,N组T4高于T1(P<0．05)。N组T2,3血清S100β浓度升高幅度低于C组(P<0．05或0．01)。结论 术前口服尼可地尔对CPB下CABG患者术后脑功能有一定的保护作用。     

瑞芬太尼预处理对冠状动脉旁路移植术患者体外循环期间的脑保护作用

目的 探讨瑞芬太尼预处理对冠状动脉旁路移植术患者体外循环期间的脑保护作用.方法 择期行体外循环(CPB)冠状动脉旁路移植术的患者40例,ASA Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,随机分为4组(n=10):对照组(C组)和不同剂量瑞芬太尼预处理组(R_(1～3)组).R_(1～3)组于麻醉诱导后30 min时分别静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.6、1.2和1.8 μg·kg~(-1)min~(-1),输注时间5 min,重复3次,间隔5 min;C组以生理盐水代替瑞芬太尼.于麻醉诱导前(T_0)、CPB开始前(T_1)、CPB 30 min(T_2)、CPB结束(T_3)时取颈内静脉血样3 ml,采用ELISA法测定血浆S-100β蛋白浓度,采用比色法测定血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)浓度.结果 与T_0时比较,T_(1～3)时各组血浆S-100β蛋白和MDA浓度升高,SOD活性降低(P<0.05或0.01);与C组比较,R_3组T_(2,3)时血浆S-100β蛋折和MDA浓度降低,SOD活性升高(P<0.05),R_1组和R_2组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼(1.8μg·kg~(-1)min~(-1))预处理可减轻冠状动脉旁路移植术患者CPB诱发脑损伤,其机制可能与抑制脑脂质过氧化反应有关.     

不同机械通气方式对冠状动脉旁路移植术后机体炎症介质浓度的影响

目的 观察大潮气量低呼吸终末压力(H.Vt/L-PEEP)和低潮气量高呼吸终末压力(LwH_PEEP)两种不同机械通气方式对冠状动脉旁路移植术后机体炎症介质IL--6和IL-8浓度的影响,寻找冠状动脉旁路移植术后更为合理的机械通气方式.方法 40例择期行冠状动脉旁路移植术者在相同的麻醉和体外循环条件下,按大潮气量低呼吸终末压力和低潮气量高呼吸终末压力机械通气方式随机分为两组,分别于开胸前(TO)、体外循环结束(T1)、体外循环停止机械通气6 h(r12)采集支气管灌洗液和中心静脉血样本,观察3个时点两组Ⅱ,6及IL-8在支气管灌洗液和血浆中的浓度变化.结果 两组支气管灌洗液及血浆炎症介质IL-6、IL-8浓度在Tl时显著增高.机械通气6 h后(12)L-VdH.PEEP组支气管灌洗液及血浆Ⅱ,6、IL-8浓度无明显改变,而H-VdL-PEEP组则显著升高(P相似文献   

尼卡地平或乌拉地尔在冠状动脉旁路移植术转流中控制血压效果的研究

目的　比较尼卡地平或乌拉地尔在体外循环中控制血压的效果及其对血液动力学的影响。方法　 60例冠状动脉旁路移植术 ( CABG)病人在体外循环 ( CPB)中平均动脉压 ( MAP)升至80 mm Hg( 1k Pa=7.5 mm Hg)时接受尼卡地平或乌拉地尔治疗。60例病人随机分为尼卡地平组或乌拉地尔组 ,每组 3 0例 ;另设同时期同类病人 3 0例作为对照组。观察两药起效时间 ,维持 MAP在 ( 70±5 ) mm Hg所需剂量 ,降压期间对人工肺血面的影响 ,停机后的血液动力学及混合静脉血氧饱和度( SvO2 )变化。结果　将 MAP从 80 m m Hg降至 70 m m Hg,应用尼卡地平 4μg· kg- 1 · min- 1 所需时间为 ( 2 .4± 1.1)分 ,维持 MAP在 ( 70± 5 ) m m Hg所需剂量为 ( 1.1± 0 .5 ) μg·kg- 1· m in- 1。应用乌拉地尔 90 μg· kg- 1· min- 1所需时间为 ( 2 .8± 1.0 )分 ,维持 MAP在 ( 70± 5 ) mm Hg所需剂量为 ( 5 0 .8±14 .4 ) μg· kg- 1· min- 1 ,但有 2例耐药 ,需不断增加剂量方能控制血压。尼卡地平组 19例 ( 63 % ) ,乌拉地尔组 2 2例 ( 73 % )心脏自动复跳 ,两组的自动复跳率均高于对照组 ( 4 6.2 % ) ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,但两组之间无差异 ( P>0 .0 5 )。停机后两组外周阻力 ( SVR)较 CPB前均明显下降 ( P<0 .0 1) ,每搏量 ( SV)     

体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术患者尼可地尔术前用药的心肌保护作用

目的 评价尼可地尔术前用药对体外循环(CPB)下冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者的心肌保护作用.方法 择期CPB下CABG患者30例,年龄45～64岁,体重45～90 kg,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级.随机分为2组(n=15):对照组(C组)和尼可地尔组(N组).N组麻醉前30 min口服尼可地尔10 mg,C组麻醉前不给予尼可地尔.于手术开始时(T1)、停CPB后即刻(T2)、30 min(T3)、60 min(T4)、术毕(T5)时记录HR、MAP、平均肺动脉压(MPAP)、肺毛细血管楔压(PCWP)、中心静脉压(CVP)和心排血量(CO),计算每搏指数(SI)、左室每搏功指数(LVSWI)、右室每搏功指数(RVSWI)、周围血管阻力(SVR)和肺血管阻力(PVR).于麻醉诱导前(T0,基础状态)、T3、术后6 h(T6)、24 h(T7)时采集静脉血样8ml,采用ELLSA法测定血清心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnⅠ)浓度.结果 与C组比较,N组T7时血清cTnⅠ浓度降低(P<0.05).与基础值比较,C组其余各时点血清cTnⅠ浓度升高(P<0.01),N组其余各时点血清cTnI浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).与C组比较,N组SVR降低(P<0.05),其余血液动力学指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 术前30 min口服尼可地尔10 mg对体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术患者具有一定程度的心肌保护作用.     

七氟醚后处理对体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术病人心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 探讨七氟醚后处理对体外循环(CPB)下冠状动脉旁路移植术病人心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 择期行冠状动脉旁路移植术病人40例,性别不限,年龄55～64岁,BMI＜30 kg/m2,NYHA心功能分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,随机分为2组(n=20):对照组(C组)和七氟醚后处理组(S组).S组于主动脉开放即刻通过体外循环机吸入2%七氟醚,持续15 min,C组不给予任何处理.分别于麻醉诱导后、CPB转流前、停机后10 min、术毕、术后6和24 h时,记录MAP、HR、CVP、平均肺动脉压、肺动脉楔压、CO和S(v)O2,计算CI、SVI、体循环血管阻力指数和肺循环血管阻力指数.分别于主动脉阻断前、复灌6 h和术后24 h时,中心静脉取血样,测定血浆肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性以及肌钙蛋白I(TnI)浓度.分别于主动脉阻断前和CPB停机时,取右心耳心肌组织,观察心肌细胞超微结构,并对心肌细胞损伤程度进行评分.结果 两组间各时点血液动力学和心功能指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与C组比较,S组复灌6 h时血浆CK-MB和LDH活性降低,术后24 h时血浆CK活性和TnI浓度降低,CPB停机后心肌细胞损伤程度评分降低(P＜0.05).结论 七氟醚后处理可减轻CPB下冠状动脉旁路移植术病人心肌缺血再灌注损伤.     

Pulmonary function and inflammatory markers in patients undergoing coronary revascularisation with or without cardiopulmonary bypass

Lung injury after cardiac surgery is believed to result from cardiopulmonary bypass and its pro-inflammatory effects. To test this hypothesis, we compared the oxygenation ratios, extravascular lung water indices and systemic and pulmonary tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-8 at predetermined intervals in coronary artery surgery patients with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. No differences in oxygenation ratios or extravascular lung water indices were found. Serum values of TNF-α and IL-8 increased in both groups but were higher in the cardiopulmonary bypass group (end of surgery: mean (SD) TNF-α 3.68 (2.5) vs 2.20 (1.2) pg.ml⁻¹ (p  =  0.043 (CI 0.05–2.9)) and mean (SD) IL-8 19.45 (10.8) vs 6.31 (5.3) pg.ml⁻¹ (p  =  0.001 (CI 6.9–19.3)). In broncho-alveolar lavage fluid, TNF-α and IL-8 increased in both groups with no differences between the groups.     

Reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass

Between October 1995 and Feburary 1997, 2 men and 4 women aged 53 to 75 years (mean, 66.3) underwent reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. Isolated reoperative circumflex or intermediate artery bypass was performed through a left thoracotomy (n=2), reoperative bypass to the left anterior descending coronary aretery was performed through a median sternotomy (n=3), and bypass to the right coronary artery was performed through an upper median laparotomy (n=1). Single coronary bypass grafting utilizing arterial grafts (left internal thoracic artery: 3, right gastroepiploic artery: 3) was performed in all cases. There were no operative deaths. All cases required neither cathecolamine nor intraaortic balloon pumping). Peri/post operative blood transfusion was necessary in only one case. Postoperative coronary angiography revealed that the 6 arterial grafts were patent. Reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass can be performed with low perioperative morbidity and mortality, easy postoperative management, satisfactory graft patency, and good symptomatic improvement.     

Anesthetic management of cardiac pheochromocytoma resection and coronary artery bypass grafting under cardiopulmonary bypass

We experienced pheochromocytoma resection and coronary artery bypass grafting under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The patient was a 69-year-old man who was first diagnosed with atherosclerotic angina. During operation, his blood pressure increased at induction and manipulation of the tumor under CPB, associated with an increased serum noradrenaline concentration. Starting operation, we monitored using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and used that view for diagnosis and anesthetic or hemodynamic management. It was especially useful after tumor resection. Surgical and hemodynamic management was facilitated by TEE. TEE was useful to make a diagnosis of cardiac pheochromocytoma, to determine the area of resection, to determine the surgical repair, and to make a decision of hemodynamic management in this complicated patient. We suggest that perfoming these cases under CPB and TEE is recommended for stabilization of hemodynamic states.     

Subclavian artery reconstruction in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

The presence of occlusive disease of the subclavian artery (SCA) proximal to the origin of the internal thoracic artery (ITA) influences the operative strategy and the outcome of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Of 780 patients who underwent CABG, concomitant SCA occlusive lesions were reconstructed in 13 patients (nine males, four females). The affected SCAs were left-sided in 11 patients, and right-sided and bilateral in one, each. An aortoaxillary bypass utilizing an 8-mm PTFE graft was constructed in nine patients and a carotid-subclavian (C-S) transposition in two, simultaneously with CABG. Percutaneous balloon angioplasty with a stent was performed in two patients prior to CABG. With follow-up periods ranging from 4 to 8.4 years (mean, 6.3 years), aortoaxillary bypass grafts were patent in all patients. Other reconstructive procedures, including a C-S transposition and balloon angioplasty, were performed safely and effectively in off-pump CABG patients. In six patients, the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) could be used as a graft to the coronary artery after SCA reconstruction. Aortoaxillary bypass using an 8-mm PTFE graft is a safe and effective way for simultaneous subclavian reconstruction in patients undergoing CABG. Mid-term patency of the graft is satisfactory. The LITA can be used as a graft to the coronary arteries in selected patients. Preoperative brachial angiography is mandatory in these patients.